Mammographic density, the amount of radiodense tissue on a mammogram, is a strong risk factor for breast cancer, with properties that could be an asset in screening and prevention programmes. Its use in risk prediction contexts is currently limited, however, mainly due to di culties in measuring and interpreting density. This research investigates rstly, the properties of density as an independent marker of breast cancer risk and secondly, how density should be measured. The rst question was addressed by analysing data from a chemoprevention trial, a trial of hormonal treatment, and a cohort study of women with a family history of breast cancer . Tamoxifen-induced density reduction was observed to be a good predictor of breast cancer risk reduction in high-risk una ected subjects. Density and its changes did not predict risk or treatment outcome in subjects with a primary invasive breast tumour. Finally absolute density predicted risk better than percent density and showed a potential to improve existing risk-prediction models, even in a population at enhanced familial risk of breast cancer. The second part of thesis focuses on density measurement and in particular evaluates two fully-automated volumetric methods, Quantra and Volpara. These two methods are highly correlated and in both cases absolute density (cm3) discriminated cases from controls better than percent density. Finally, we evaluated and compared di erent measurement methods. Our ndings suggested good reliability of the Cumulus and visual assessments. Quantra volumetric estimates appeared negligibly a ected by measurement error, but were less variable than visual bi-dimensional ones, a ecting their ability to discriminate cases from controls. Overall, visual assessments showed the strongest association with breast cancer risk in comparison to computerised methods. Our research supports the hypothesis that density should have a role in personalising screening programs and risk management. Volumetric density measuring methods, though promising, could be improved.

This report presents a study of the basic criteria for computer programmes that may be consideredadequate for aiding children with autism in their education and upbringing. I have based thisstudy on descriptions, opinions and proposals from people who deal with treatment and/orother issues concerning children with autism, as well as relevant literature.The study has been carried out in a major Swedish metropolitan municipality. The intervieweeswere civil servants from this municipality and representing different institutional endeavourson the issue of autism.I used a combination of both quantitative and qualitative techniques, as there was need for bothstandardization and qualitative variation. The main aim of the study was to seek suggestionson how computer programmes should be. That is, if they are to be considered appropriate föraiding children with autism develop their personality.The general conclusion of this study is that computer programmes, that may be consideredappropriate for the above mentioned purpose, should have certain characteristics of whichpedagogic usefulness and user suitability are of primary importance.

Cette thèse interroge le design depuis les pratiques de programmation en montrant qu'elles ne se réduisent pas à une industrie des programmes, qui empêche les inventions de naître tout à fait. Pour cela, elle confronte au sein d'une lecture non linéaire cinq moments de l'histoire du numérique (depuis Vannevar Bush en 1945, dont une traduction inédite est proposée en appendice, jusqu'aux usages contemporains du site web GitHub) à quatre formulations conceptuelles issues d'un corpus philosophique. Le choix d'auteurs qui n'ont pas directement voué leurs réflexions au design (comme Jacques Derrida, Hannah Arendt ou Walter Benjamin) permet de déconstruire un certain nombre de discours entourant la réception des technologies dites nouvelles. Critiquant nombre d'usages faits des notions de conception et de projet et s'appuyant finalement sur Gilbert Simondon, cette thèse s'intéresse à ce qui n'est pas prévisible dans les programmes. Elle soutient cinq axes ou directions pour une recherche dans le champ concerné: décentrer, authentifier, appareiller, traduire et désarticuler. La plausibilité de ces façons de faire du numérique, encore à l'état d'ébauche dans les productions contemporaines, peut intéresser les designers au-delà des spécialistes. Elle est avérée en fin d'ouvrage dans la description d'une fiction curatoriale. / This dissertation questions design through programming practices, showing how they cannot be summed up in program industries which prevent inventions from happening. To this end, it confronts, by a non-linear reading, five periods in the Digital History (since Vannevar Bush in 1945, including a new unpublished translation available as an appendix, to the contemporary use of the website GitHub) with four concepts extracted from a philosophical corpus. The choice of author who have not directly dedicated their writings to Design (such as Jacques Derrida, Hannah Arendt and Walter Benjamin) can deconstruct a number of discourses regarding the arrival of so-called new technologies. After redefining concept and project in design practices and project, and then supported by Gilbert Simondon, this dissertation focuses on what is not predictable in programs. It defends five lines or directions for researches in the relevant field: decentralize, certify, kit or translate and dislocate. The plausibility of these ways to make digital, still in draft form in contemporary productions, may interest designers beyond specialists. A demonstration is made at the end of the dissertation with the description of curatorial fiction.

This work is an attempt to outline prospects of theoretically and practically justified refugees' integration in its initial levels through orientation and education programmes using previous and present positive experience, but also taking into consideration the letter of International Law and Human Rights, moral and ethical perspective, so direct and prospective benefits for all the parties concerned, i.e. the EU, nation-states, communities, citizens, newcomers. The main focus is on multifaceted Orientation, Education, and Training Programmes (OETPs) that are presented as one of the most significant tools of social and structural integration into state's and public spheres. Presence of OETPs is being traced in theoretical framework, political discourse, and practical implementation of integration policies at different levels of the EU realm. There is a stress made on policy design, implementation, and evaluation provided by national governments and local authorities so role of civic sector, activities of UNHCR, and community level enterprises. .

Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo estimar os efeitos dos Programas Condicionais de Transferência de Renda (PCTR) no Brasil sobre a oferta de trabalho dos jovens inseridos na situação denominada \"nem-nem\", ou seja, aqueles que não estudam não trabalham e nem estão em busca de emprego. Tendo como base o trabalho de Foguel e Barros (2010) propõe-se verificar se os programas sociais produzem o efeito indesejável de incentivar jovens moradores de domicílios beneficiários a ofertarem menos trabalho, a partir da estimação de modelos de dados em painel aplicados aos microdados da Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD/IBGE). Foram construídos dois painéis formados pelo mesmo conjunto de municípios durante dois períodos: de 2001 a 2009 e de 2011 a 2014 e com o desenvolvimento deste projeto foi possível identificar o perfil dos jovens nem-nem no Brasil, os fatores associados a essa condição e a evolução nos últimos anos. Durante todo o período em análise o percentual de jovens nem-nem se manteve relativamente estável, mas apresentou comportamentos distintos entre os grupos avaliados neste trabalho: jovens do sexo masculino, feminino, jovens mães e não mães. De um modo geral, a maioria dos jovens nem-nem se concentra em domicílios de baixa renda, tem baixa escolaridade e destaca-se nessa condição as jovens com filho devido ainda a forte exigência da participação dessas mulheres nas atividades domésticas e cuidados com parentes e/ou crianças. Em relação ao impacto dos PCTR na probabilidade de o domicílio possuir jovens fora do mercado de trabalho e da escola observou-se que apenas para as jovens mães o resultado foi significativo - e nesse caso deve-se considerar a falta de disponibilidade de vagas nas creches e pré-escolas como um intensificador da vulnerabilidade das mulheres nessa condição. Por outro lado, embora os jovens do sexo masculino apresentem o menor percentual de nem-nem entre os grupos analisados, observou-se uma tendência de alta, principalmente entre os menos escolarizados. Dessa forma, políticas públicas de incentivo ao aumento de vagas nas pré-escolas para as crianças devem ser adotadas no sentido de garantir às jovens mães oportunidades de inserção no mercado de trabalho e/ou retorno aos estudos. Deve-se também adotar políticas voltadas para a redução do abandono escolar de jovens do sexo masculino, a fim de evitar círculo vicioso de baixa escolaridade e dificuldade de inserção no mercado de trabalho. / This research aims to estimate the effects of the Conditional Cash Transfer (CCT) programmes in Brazil on the labor supply of NEET, that is, youths neither working nor studying or looking for a job. Based on the study of Foguel and Barros (2010), this study verifies if social programs have the undesirable effect of encouraging young people from beneficiary households to offer less work, based on the estimation of panel data models applied to microdata Pesquisa Nacional por Amostra de Domicílios (PNAD / IBGE). Two panels were built by the same set of municipalities during two periods: from 2001 to 2009 and from 2011 to 2014. It was possible to identify the profile of NEET in Brazil, the factors associated with this condition and developments in recent years. Throughout the study period, the percentage of inactive youths remained relatively stable, but presented different behaviors among the groups evaluated in this study: young men, women, young mothers and non-mothers. Generally, the majority of NEET are in on low-income households, have low schooling levels and stands out in this condition the young women with children because they have a large participation in domestic activities and group of children and relative care. Regarding the impact of PCTRs on the probability that there is NEET in the household, it was observed that only for the young mothers the result was significant - and in this case one should consider the lack of availability of day care centers and pre-schools as an intensifier of women\'s vulnerability in this condition. On the other hand, although young males had the lowest percentage of idles among the groups analyzed, there was an increase trend among the less educated youths. Thus, public policies that increase the number of pre-schools for children should be adopted in order to guarantee young mothers\' opportunities to enter into the labor market and/or to return to school. Moreover, it is recommended the implementation of policies to reduce school drop-outs for young males, in order to avoid the vicious cycle of low schooling and difficulty to entering in the labor market.

Introdução: A Doença Ocupacional relacionada à pele é um importante problema de Saúde Pública atingindo milhares de trabalhadores industriais no Brasil e no mundo, trazendo sérias conseqüências econômicas e sociais, como custos com cuidados médicos, ações trabalhistas, afastamento do trabalhador do seu posto de trabalho e queda na produtividade. O objetivo geral deste estudo é realizar um levantamento bibliográfico sobre a ocorrência de dermatoses ocupacionais em trabalhadores industriais, em particular, da indústria do cimento, bem como sobre suas causas, consequências, medidas preventivas e de promoção da saúde. O objetivo específico é propor um Programa de Promoção da saúde da pele e sua possível avaliação. Materiais e Métodos - levantamento bibliográfico e elaboração de uma proposta de um programa de promoção da saúde da pele do trabalhador na indústria do cimento no Brasil. Resultados - a pesquisa registrou a literatura existente no campo da promoção da saúde do trabalhador industrial e problemas de pele relacionados ao trabalho, nesses trabalhadores. A proposta do programa foi elaborada na forma de um modelo lógico, que consistiu no reconhecimento da exposição do trabalhador aos agentes químicos presentes nos ambientes de trabalho e nos pontos de higienização das mãos, educação em saúde e implantação de um sistema adequado e específico de higienização, restauração e proteção da pele. A avaliação do resultado foi sugerida com base no monitoramento do nível de hidratação da pele dos trabalhadores, avaliações visuais da pele e fotografias das mãos, além de questionários de percepção respondidos pelos trabalhadores. / Occupational Skin Disease is an important issue in Public Health involving million of industrial workers ìn Brazil and worldwide, bringing serious economic and social consequences like healthcare assistance costs, labour proceedings, worker absence and decrease of production. The general objective of this study is to carry out a bibliographical survey on industrial workers affected by occupational dermatosis, particularly those linked to cement industry correlating causes, consequences, preventive measures and health promotion approaches. The specific objective is to propose a skin health promotion program and its possible evaluation. Methods and Material - bibliographical survey and a skin health promotion program proposal at a cement industry in Brasil. Results - the research has showed the currently literature in health promotion for industrial workers and skin problems related to the developed activities. The program suggestion was constructed in a logical model in relation to recognizing the worker exposure to chemical agents that can exist in the occupational environment and at handwashing stations, education health and one specific hand care system for hand hygiene, skin restoration and protection. The result evaluation was suggested considering the worker's skin hydration level, as well as visual evaluations and hand pictures, besides the perception questionnaires answered by the workers.

Purpose: A systematic review and meta-analysis tested the 'paranoia as a defence' model's original prediction that those experiencing persecutory delusions would take excessive credit for positive events as part of an attributional style that protects them from low self-esteem. The empirical project explored forensic mental health nurses' experiences of a Cognitive Analytic Therapy (CAT) training programme with an emphasis on complex case conceptualisation and implications for clinical practice. Methods: In relation to the systematic review and meta-analysis, those experiencing persecutory delusions were compared to those with non-paranoid psychosis, depression, and healthy controls, in terms of the magnitude of internalising attributional bias (IAB) for positive events. Correlation analysis also examined the association between magnitude of IAB and paranoia severity. In the empirical study, 10 forensic mental health nurses took part in semi-structured interviews to qualitatively explore their experiences and applications of CAT training. Results: Consistent with the model, an internalising attributional bias was present for those experiencing paranoid delusions when compared to individuals with depression. Contrary to the model, there were no differences between the other control groups and there was no significant correlation between IAB and paranoia severity. Internal attributions for positive events appear to be associated with depression, rather than paranoia. Analysis of the empirical data provided a rich account of nurses' experiences of the CAT training and how this helped them to conceptualise complex patients and promoted more positive ways of working. Conclusions: The findings from the systematic review and meta-analysis do not support the original model, but are consistent with the modified 'paranoia as a defence' model of persecutory delusions. Other cognitive models also help explain paranoia suggesting that refining the existing models further could be useful. The empirical findings suggest that CAT could be a valuable model of psychologically informed practice for nurses working in a forensic setting. Specifically, training appeared to help nurses develop a better understanding of their patients, greater self-reflection skills, and improved clinical care approaches.

The experience of disabled students in UK higher education has been the subject of research for many years, particularly following legislation in 2001 that introduced responsibilities on universities to make reasonable adjustments for disabled students. Most of this research has focused solely on the experience of disabled students, and typically only within one discipline, with limited comparison with their non-disabled peers; particularly in the context of students’ experience on practice placements where professional competencies are developed and assessed. This thesis therefore sought to address this gap in the research by investigating the experience of disabled and non-disabled students on practice placements across six professional disciplines, utilising a mixed methods research design. Students at a Scottish University who were studying medicine, nursing, dentistry, education, social work or community education were invited to participate in an anonymous online survey and a follow-up semi-structured interview. These particular disciplines were selected on the basis of enabling comparison with previous research and also to explore the dichotomy between the social and medical approaches to disability; and the potential impact of these approaches on the experience of disabled students. Over 350 students responded to the survey from all six disciplines and a total of 21 interviews were conducted with disabled and non-disabled students. The results were also compared with the student placement feedback obtained independently by the individual disciplines involved in the research. Many students provided positive feedback on their placement experience and clearly valued this as preparation for their future careers. The students’ relationship with their placement supervisor was also clearly an influence on the quality of their placement experience. However, statistical analyses revealed that disabled students’ overall rating for their placement experience was lower than that of non-disabled students, and that disabled students experienced more difficulties on placement. Subsequent thematic analysis of students’ qualitative responses revealed that, although disabled and non-disabled students reported similar issues, these were exacerbated for some disabled students by the nature of their impairment or the attitudes of others to disability. Indeed, there was evidence that a medical model approach to disability was more prevalent in the disciplines of medicine and nursing. It was also clear that some disabled students did not identify with the terms ‘disabled’ or ‘disability’. The results of this study highlighted in particular the need for a review of disability disclosure procedures in the placement context and for clarity in the role and responsibilities of placement staff. Recommendations for practice are identified that aim to enhance the placement experience of all students and to remove any barriers to access; ensuring disabled students are not disadvantaged in the placement context and their needs are appropriately met.

Introdução: A Doença Ocupacional relacionada à pele é um importante problema de Saúde Pública atingindo milhares de trabalhadores industriais no Brasil e no mundo, trazendo sérias conseqüências econômicas e sociais, como custos com cuidados médicos, ações trabalhistas, afastamento do trabalhador do seu posto de trabalho e queda na produtividade. O objetivo geral deste estudo é realizar um levantamento bibliográfico sobre a ocorrência de dermatoses ocupacionais em trabalhadores industriais, em particular, da indústria do cimento, bem como sobre suas causas, consequências, medidas preventivas e de promoção da saúde. O objetivo específico é propor um Programa de Promoção da saúde da pele e sua possível avaliação. Materiais e Métodos - levantamento bibliográfico e elaboração de uma proposta de um programa de promoção da saúde da pele do trabalhador na indústria do cimento no Brasil. Resultados - a pesquisa registrou a literatura existente no campo da promoção da saúde do trabalhador industrial e problemas de pele relacionados ao trabalho, nesses trabalhadores. A proposta do programa foi elaborada na forma de um modelo lógico, que consistiu no reconhecimento da exposição do trabalhador aos agentes químicos presentes nos ambientes de trabalho e nos pontos de higienização das mãos, educação em saúde e implantação de um sistema adequado e específico de higienização, restauração e proteção da pele. A avaliação do resultado foi sugerida com base no monitoramento do nível de hidratação da pele dos trabalhadores, avaliações visuais da pele e fotografias das mãos, além de questionários de percepção respondidos pelos trabalhadores. / Occupational Skin Disease is an important issue in Public Health involving million of industrial workers ìn Brazil and worldwide, bringing serious economic and social consequences like healthcare assistance costs, labour proceedings, worker absence and decrease of production. The general objective of this study is to carry out a bibliographical survey on industrial workers affected by occupational dermatosis, particularly those linked to cement industry correlating causes, consequences, preventive measures and health promotion approaches. The specific objective is to propose a skin health promotion program and its possible evaluation. Methods and Material - bibliographical survey and a skin health promotion program proposal at a cement industry in Brasil. Results - the research has showed the currently literature in health promotion for industrial workers and skin problems related to the developed activities. The program suggestion was constructed in a logical model in relation to recognizing the worker exposure to chemical agents that can exist in the occupational environment and at handwashing stations, education health and one specific hand care system for hand hygiene, skin restoration and protection. The result evaluation was suggested considering the worker's skin hydration level, as well as visual evaluations and hand pictures, besides the perception questionnaires answered by the workers.

Thesis (M. Ed. (Language Education)) --University of Limpopo, 2018 / Assessment is a crucial component in the learning and teaching environment. Many educators often go about assessment design by emulating their own teachers or predecessors. Gronlund (1993:1) argues that “despite the widespread use of achievement testing and the important role it plays in instructional programmes, many teachers receive little or no instruction on how to construct good achievement test.” Gronlund (1993) posits that the result is that there is no innovation towards good tests construction because many educators do not study the principles that guide effective test construction. Carey (1994:1) says that “effective teachers must also be proficient in testing, and proficiency in testing requires the synthesis of many different skills.” In Limpopo Province, especially in the under-resourced regions, the actual on-site practices by educators suggest that there are problems with the implementation of school based assessment tasks as prescribed by the National Curriculum Statement (NCS) through the Curriculum and Assessment Policy Statement (CAPS). This problem is further echoed in the sentiments of some academics that are skeptical about the authenticity of marks generated by educators and schools. This loss of confidence in the assessment practices impacts negatively on the worth of the education of the learners and their readiness to take their place in the academic and vocational spheres. The purpose of this study is to find the degree of success and failure in the implementation and management of school based assessment (SBA) in English Additional First Language in Grade 10 classes. Grade 10 is a crucial level of entry into the Further Education and Training (FET) Phase in schools because it lays the foundation for focused, rigorous and careeroriented high school learning in South Africa.