Studies on delinquency fall into two groups, a statistical orientation and a qualitative approach. This study adopted the latter approach using Maslow's theory to investigate the relationship between unmet needs and stealing. It also attempted to explicate the function of stealing for each individual and focused upon interpersonal and intrapersonal aspects. The Rorschach, Thematic Apperception Test and the Draw a Person Test were administered to four white male adolescents who had stolen. Their ages ranged from 14 to 17 years. An analysis of each test was completed focusing upon the needs of the individual. In addition the case history and impressions gained during testing were included. It was found that unmet needs had resulted in stealing. Their personalities displayed common characteristics but differences were also evident. A summary was provided and the implications for therapy were then discussed.

Instrumentos de avaliação psicológica constituem-se em métodos sistemáticos de investigação e de compreensão de componentes estruturais e funcionais do comportamento humano, com diversificados objetivos e estratégias técnicas, respeitando-se especificidades das etapas do desenvolvimento. Em processos de avaliação psicológica de características da personalidade, os métodos projetivos, como o Método de Rorschach e o Desenho da Figura Humana, são recursos amplamente utilizados, contribuindo para a compreensão e elaboração de intervenções terapêuticas em variados campos de aplicação, como na área da obesidade infantil. Nesse contexto, este trabalho teve por objetivo identificar e comparar características psicológicas de crianças com obesidade em relação a eutróficas, a partir de métodos projetivos de investigação da personalidade. Foram examinadas 60 crianças de sete a 11 anos de idade, sendo 30 crianças diagnosticadas como obesas e em tratamento específico para o transtorno (Grupo 1 - G1) e 30 crianças com peso normal (Grupo 2 - G2), sem atraso acadêmico, sem limites cognitivos e sem histórico de outras doenças físicas. Os participantes de G1 foram recrutados em instituições de saúde voltadas ao tratamento da obesidade infantil e G2 foi constituído a partir de parceria estabelecida com instituição de ensino bem como a partir de contatos informais da pesquisadora e de seu grupo de pesquisa (técnica da \"bola de neve\"), buscando-se balanceamento dos grupos por sexo e idade. Os seguintes instrumentos de avaliação psicológica foram aplicados individualmente nas crianças: Teste das Matrizes Progressivas Coloridas de Raven (critério de seleção de participantes, incluindo-se na amostra apenas crianças com resultados intelectuais médios ou superiores), o Desenho da Figura Humana e o Método de Rorschach (Escola Francesa). Os pais das crianças participantes responderam ao Questionário de Capacidades e Dificuldades (SDQ) para caracterização da amostra. Os resultados foram examinados conforme padronização específica dos respectivos manuais técnicos dos instrumentos, realizando-se análises descritivas e inferenciais, a fim de examinar possíveis associações entre variáveis clínicas e demográficas e indicadores de características de personalidade das crianças. Foram efetuadas análises correlacionais entre resultados no DFH e no Rorschach, considerando também a classificação nutricional da criança. Os achados permitem compreender características do funcionamento psíquico envolvidas na obesidade infantil, de modo a favorecer estratégias futuras de intervenção terapêutica com crianças. (CAPES) / Psychological assessment instruments consist in methods of systematic research and of understanding the structural and functional components of human behavior, with diverse goals and technical strategies, respecting the specificities of the development. Projective techniques such as the Rorschach Method and the Human Figure Drawing are widely used resources in psychological evaluation processes of personality characteristics, contributing to the understanding and development of therapeutic interventions in various application fields, such as in the childhood obesity area. In this context, this study aimed to identify and compare psychological characteristics of children with obesity compared with those of normal weight, using projective methods of personality assessment. In this study were examined 60 children aged seven to 11 years old, 30 children diagnosed as obese and under specific treatment for the disorder (Group 1 - G1) and 30 children with normal weight (Group 2 - G2), with no academic delay, without cognitive limitation and with no history of other physical ailments. G1 participants were recruited from health institutions devoted to treatment of childhood obesity and G2 was formed by a partnership established with a teaching institution and a research group, intending to balance some characteristics of the two groups (sex and age). The following psychological assessment instruments were applied individually in children: Raven´s Coloured Progressive Matrices Test (constituted on selection criteria of participants, being included only the children sample with average intellectual results or higher), the Human Figure Drawing (DFH) and the Rorschach Method (French School). The parents of children answered the Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) to characterize the sample. The results were examined according to specific standardization of the respective technical manuals of the instruments. Descriptive and inferential analyses were performed in order to examine possible associations between clinical and demographic variables and indicators of personality characteristics of the children. Correlation analyzes were made of the main results in DFH and Rorschach in accordance with the child\'s nutritional classification. The findings illuminate possible features of psychic functioning involved in childhood obesity process in order to facilitate future strategies for therapeutic intervention with children. (CAPES)

No contexto da pesquisa e utilização prática das técnicas de autoexpressão, o Teste de Apercepção Temática (TAT) apresenta reconhecidas vantagens. Apesar de linhas de pesquisa bastante desenvolvidas internacionalmente, não existem estudos atuais sobre as propriedades deste instrumento no Brasil, levantando a necessidade de conhecer seus alcances e limites nesse contexto cultural. Desse modo, o desenvolvimento de normas que descrevam o desempenho típico de uma população não clínica se mostra um importante passo inicial rumo à retomada da pesquisa com o TAT e sua adoção por profissionais. Tendo em vista que a validação das técnicas de autoexpressão se refere aos sistemas de classificação e não aos instrumentos em si, o presente estudo adotou, dentre a miríade de sistemas de categorização das histórias do TAT descritos na literatura, o sistema proposto por Monique Morval, que foi desenvolvido para estudantes e profissionais com pouca experiência com o TAT, utilizando pressupostos da Personologia de Henry Murray, Psicologia Cognitiva e Psicologia do Ego, possibilitando leituras objetivas e qualitativas do material. Considerando o potencial de utilização desse sistema por parte dos psicólogos brasileiros - visto sua semelhança com o atual sistema aprovado para uso pelo Sistema de Avaliação dos Testes Psicológicos (SATEPSI) do Conselho Federal de Psicologia - foram feitos aprimoramentos no assim chamado sistema morvaliano, possibilitando sua adoção no estudo normativo proposto pelo presente projeto. Tais aprimoramentos consistiram na revisão e adição de categorias e subcategorias, a partir de trabalhos brasileiros e internacionais sobre o instrumento. Desta forma, o presente estudo teve por objetivo desenvolver normas para o TAT (Sistema Morvaliano) em adultos, a partir de uma amostra não clínica, aleatória e estratificada por critérios de idade, sexo, escolaridade e nível socioeconômico (NSE) da cidade de Ribeirão Preto (SP). Os participantes foram 100 adultos (25 a 44 anos de idade), selecionados através de visita a domicílios sorteados em bairros de diferentes NSE. Foram realizadas entrevistas de avaliação psicológica individuais, utilizando um roteiro de entrevista semiestruturada, o Teste de Inteligência Geral Não-Verbal (TIG-NV) e 20 cartões do TAT, pré-selecionados de acordo com as recomendações do manual original do instrumento. As histórias do TAT foram categorizadas no sistema morvaliano revisado e seus dados passaram por análises estatísticas e sínteses qualitativas em busca de diferenças de desempenho relacionadas ao sexo, escolaridade e NSE. Os resultados mostram poucas diferenças entre os grupos que justifiquem a elaboração de normas específicas; apesar disso, foi identificada uma tendência (ainda que pequena) de o nível de escolaridade e o NSE favorecerem um melhor desempenho nas variáveis relativas à organização formal das histórias. São discutidas as implicações dos dados obtidos em termos do perfil normativo de desempenho nas variáveis do sistema morvaliano, suas evidências preliminares de validade e futuras direções para estudos sobre o TAT nesse sistema. / Within the context of research and practice with self-expression techniques, the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) presents several advantages widely acknowledged. However, in spite of well-developed research with this instrument being seen in other countries, no recent Brazilian studies have been carried out up to date. Such situation arise the need of efforts in order to show the properties of the TAT in the current Brazilian cultural context, so that its strengths and weaknesses can be known. In this sense, the development of norms on the typical performance of a non-clinic population is an important first step toward resuming the Brazilian studies on the TAT, at the same time such norms could be used by applied professionals. Considering that the validation of self-expression techniques is related to classification systems (and not the instruments themselves), the present project adopts - among the myriad of categorizing systems for TAT stories - the one proposed by Monique Morval, which was developed for students and professionals with no experience with the TAT. Such system adopts assumptions from Henry Murray\'s Personology, Cognitive Psychology and Ego Psychology, providing both objective and qualitative data on the stories. Due to resemblance of this system with the one currently approved for use by the Evaluation System of Psychological Tests (Sistema de Avaliação dos Testes Psicológicos, SATEPSI) of the Brazilian Federal Council of Psychological, there is a potential for the adoption of such system by Brazilian psychologists. In order to carry out the present project, the now called morvalian system was improved by revising and adding new categories and subcategories, which was based on both Brazilian and international studies regarding. The present project, thus, aimed to develop norms for the TAT (morvalian system) in adults from a randomized, non-clinical sample, which was stratified in terms of age, gender, schooling and socialeconomical levels. The study was carried out in the city of Ribeirão Preto (Brazilian state of São Paulo), with a n = 100 sample (25-44 years of age). Participants were invited to take part of the study during visits to randomly selected houses, located in regions of different socialeconomical levels. Participants were individually assessed, using a semi-structured interview script, a measure of intelligence (the TIG-NV - General Non-Verbal Intelligence Test) and 20 TAT cards, selected according to the original manual of this instrument. Data was compiled with the morvalian system\'s categories and went through both statistically and qualitative analyzes in search for performance differences related to gender, schooling and socialeconomical levels. The results showed few differences across the groups, which do not support for the elaboration of specific norms. However, results also showed a significant (although small) trend for better performance of groups with better schooling and socialeconomical levels on the variables related to stories\' formal organization. Such results are discussed in terms of their implication for describing the normative performance on the morvalian system, preliminary validity evidence and future directions for the TAT within this system.

O presente estudo teve como objetivo a avaliação psicológica de crianças hospitalizadas por meio do Desenho da Figura Humana (DFH) e do Desenho da Pessoa Doente (DPD) usando os Indicadores Emocionais e Indicadores Maturacionais de Koppitz (1973) e o levantamento de elementos complementares relativos à doença e à hospitalização. A amostra foi composta por 120 crianças de ambos os sexos, com faixa etária de 7 a 11 anos, divididas em dois grupos, um grupo de crianças hospitalizadas e outro de escolares. Os resultados indicaram que os dois desenhos das crianças hospitalizadas apresentaram um número maior de Indicadores Emocionais do que as escolares e menor média nos Indicadores Maturacionais, mostrando um maior comprometimento no primeiro grupo. Os Indicadores Emocionais com diferenças significantes no DFH foram figura pequena e pernas fechadas, mais freqüentes nas crianças hospitalizadas. Quanto aos Indicadores Maturacionais foram observadas diferenças significantes entre os dois grupos, a favor do grupo de escolares, tanto no DFH como no DPD. Nos dois grupos e também na amostra total, o DFH apresentou uma produção mais elaborada, em comparação com o DPD. No DPD os Indicadores Emocionais com maior freqüência do que no DFH foram integração pobre, sombreamento no rosto, sombreamento no corpo/membros, sombreamento no rosto/pescoço, figura pequena, mãos cortadas e omissão de pescoço. No DPD das crianças hospitalizadas ficou evidente a presença dos elementos complementares caracterizando doenças mais graves em relação ao DPD dos escolares, com mais representação do ambiente hospitalar, de objetos de procedimentos hospitalares, restrição de atividade, figura debilitada, expressão de tristeza e expressão de choro/dor. Pode-se concluir que o uso do DPD como instrumento de avaliação psicológica de crianças hospitalizadas permite emergir maior quantidade de indicadores de perturbação emocional em comparação ao DFH. Portanto, pode-se considerar que o DPD mostra-se como uma técnica eficaz para a avaliação de crianças hospitalizadas. / This study had the purpose to assess psychologically hospitalized children by the Human Figure Drawing (HFD) and by the Patient Person Drawing (PPD) using Koppitz Emotional and Maturational Indicators (1973) and by the survey of complementary elements related to illness and hospitalization. Sample was composed by 120 children, half of each sex, with age ranging from 7 to 11 years old, divided in two groups, one of hospitalized children and the other from schools. Results indicated that the hospitalized children drawings presented a bigger number of Emotional Indicators than school children and lower mean of Maturational Indicators, showing more emotional problems in the first group. The Emotional Indicators that had significant differences between groups were tiny figure and legs pressed together. In relation to Maturational Indicators were observed significant differences, in behalf of school children in HFD and in PPD. In both groups and in the whole sample, the HFD presented a more elaborate drawing than the PPD. In PPD the Emotional Indicators with more frequency than in HFD were poor integration, shading of face, shading of body and/or limbs, tiny figure, hands cut off and neck omission. In hospitalized children PPD it became evident the presence of complementary elements, characterizing serious illness in relation to PPD of school children, with more representation of hospital environment, hospital procedures objects, activity restriction, debilitated person, sadness and cry/pain expression. It can be concluded that the PPD use as a tool of psychological assessment with hospitalized children permits to emerge more indicators emotional disturbs comparing with the HFD. Therefore it can be considered that the PPD is a more efficient procedure to assess hospitalized children.

A presente pesquisa tem por objetivo verificar se o Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias se constitui como instrumento válido e preciso para diagnosticar Transtorno Depressivo Maior. A amostra foi composta por 60 sujeitos adultos, divididos igualmente em dois subgrupos, ou seja, 30 pacientes com diagnóstico de Transtorno Depressivo Maior Moderado e 30 sujeitos sem a patologia e com ausência de histórico de Depressão. Os instrumentos utilizados foram o Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias, o Inventário de Depressão Beck (BDI) e a entrevista clínica estruturada para o DSM-IV-TR, também conhecida como SCID-NP, com a finalidade de evitar diagnósticos de falsos negativos e falsos positivos nos resultados do Inventário (BDI), facilitando o diagnóstico diferencial de Transtorno Depressivo Maior sem comorbidades. Depois de definidos os participantes da amostra e aplicados os três instrumentos nos mesmos, convidaram dois juízes, para avaliar os dados dos Desenhos- Estórias. As análises foram feitas em três etapas: na primeira, os avaliadores deveriam separar os protocolos às cegas pautando-se somente nos desenhos do procedimento. Na segunda, deveriam separar os protocolos, pautando-se somente nas histórias e, na terceira, deveriam, utilizando pautas de análise, separar os 60 protocolos, levando-se em conta tanto os desenhos quanto as histórias. Para tanto, utilizou-se um total de 94 itens extraídos da literatura que possibilitam observar a patologia em técnicas projetivas. Posteriormente a essa análise, procedeu-se ao estudo de precisão, e um terceiro juiz também foi convidado para avaliar os protocolos. Nessas análises, os juízes deveriam avaliar os protocolos, atribuindo zero, se os 94 itens estivessem ausentes e um, se estivessem presentes. A partir disso, foram comparadas as análises dos mesmos da seguinte maneira: no estudo de validade, foram correlacionadas, por meio do Coeficiente Produto-Momento de Pearson, as avaliações dos juízes entre si e dos juízes com o critério externo. Também foram utilizados o Qui-Quadrado, o Teste Exato de Fischer e o Teste t para verificar se os itens utilizados na pesquisa permitiam discriminar os sujeitos dos dois subgrupos. No estudo de precisão, foram comparadas as avaliações dos juízes entre si por meio do Coeficiente Produto-Momento de Pearson, e levantou-se, em alguns casos, a Porcentagem de Acordo entre as avaliações. Os resultados indicaram que os juízes conseguiram separar os protocolos, quando se basearam nas histórias e utilizaram os critérios definidos pela literatura. Além disso, foi possível observar que os itens, em sua maioria, são claros o suficiente para permitir realizar avaliações precisas. Por outro lado, os itens que permitem discriminar as populações não são muitos, o que indica ser necessária a realização de outros estudos com o instrumento, para ser possível caracterizar melhor quais são os critérios que permitem evidenciar a amostra depressiva. Contudo, considerou-se o Procedimento de Desenhos-Estórias um instrumento capaz de ser utilizado em casos em que a hipótese de Transtorno Depressivo esteja presente. / The present research have for objective to verify whether the procedure Story-Drawing is as valid and reliable to diagnose Major Depressive Disorder. The sample consisted of 60 adults, equally divided into two subgroups, this is, 30 patients diagnosed with Major Depressive Disorder Moderate and 30 subjects without pathology and with no history of depression. The instruments used were the Procedure of Drawing-Stories, the Beck Depression Inventory (BDI) and Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV-TR, also known as SCID-NP, in order to avoid false-negative diagnoses and false positives the results of the Inventory (BDI) and to facilitate the differential diagnosis of Major Depressive Disorder without co-morbidities. After drafting the participants in the sample and applied the three instruments in them, asked two judges to evaluate the data of Story-Drawing. The tests were done in three stages: first the evaluators should separate protocols blindly while observing only the drawings of the procedure. The second would separate protocols while observing only the stories and the third should now using patterns of analysis, 60 separate protocols taking into account both the drawings and stories. To this end, we used a total of 94 items taken from the literature that allow you to observe the condition in projective techniques. Following this analysis, it proceeded to the study of accuracy and a third judge was also asked to evaluate the protocols. These analyzes judges should evaluate the protocols by assigning zero if the 94 items were missing and one if they were present. From this we compared the analysis of the same as follows: the validity study were correlated by the coefficient product-moment Pearson evaluations of judges between themselves and the judges with the external criterion. We also used the Chi-square, Fischer exact test and T test to verify that the items used in the study allowed the subjects to discriminate the two subgroups. In the accuracy study, were compared the ratings of judges among themselves through the Product-Moment Coefficient of Pearson and rose in some cases the percentage of agreement between evaluations. The results indicated that judges were able to separate when the protocols were based on the stories and used the criteria defined by the literature. Furthermore, it observed that the items are mostly clear enough to allow accurate assessments. On the other hand, items that allows to determine the populations are not many, which indicates the need for further studies with the instrument to be able to better characterize what are the criteria for demonstrating the depressed sample. However, it was considered the Procedure of Story-Drawing an instrument able to be used in cases where the hypothesis of Depressive Disorder is present.

O casamento e a satisfação conjugal são aspectos importantes do desenvolvimento humano, que têm despertado o interesse de muitos pesquisadores no campo da Psicologia, principalmente na área Clínica e da Avaliação Psicológica. Este estudo teve como objetivo principal desenvolver um novo instrumento para a avaliação da satisfação conjugal, o Teste do Desenho do Casal (TDC) e estabelecer possíveis indicadores gráficos e dinâmicos para esse propósito. Assim pretendeu-se verificar por meio do TDC se existem diferenças relativas à satisfação conjugal entre pessoas com e sem filho(s) e entre homens e mulheres da cidade de São Paulo. Participaram da pesquisa 201 sujeitos, 100 homens e 101 mulheres, divididos igualmente em grupos com e sem filhos. Todos eram casados pela primeira vez por um período entre um e dez anos completos, não estavam em situação de gravidez e possuíam, no mínimo, ensino médio incompleto. A coleta de dados foi realizada individualmente. Os instrumentos foram: material gráfico para a aplicação do TDC; Formulário Complementar de Satisfação Conjugal (elaborado especialmente para esse estudo); Escala de Satisfação Conjugal (ESC); Marital Adjustement Test, adaptado à realidade brasileira (MAT-MARI) e gravador. Após a avaliação das ESCs e dos MAT-MARIs foram excluídos 27 sujeitos da amostra de análise, pois se enquadravam numa faixa neutra de avaliação da satisfação conjugal. A amostra final foi constituída de 174 sujeitos, metade de cada sexo. Os desenhos foram avaliados por sete juízes, com experiência na avaliação de técnicas projetivas gráficas. Os principais resultados em relação ao TDC foram: coeficientes de precisão acima de 0,600 na avaliação da maioria dos juízes em 28 dos 38 itens propostos; os itens de impacto da estória e impacto da avaliação global apresentaram validade para avaliação 4 da satisfação conjugal; sete itens foram considerados esperados, com freqüência >85% nos desenhos; foram identificados dez itens como indicadores de insatisfação conjugal; foi estabelecido um número mínimo de indicadores para o diagnóstico de insatisfação conjugal. Quanto às principais diferenças relativas à satisfação conjugal entre homens e mulheres, com e sem filhos, foram encontrados: 14 aspectos que diferenciaram significativamente as respostas de pessoas satisfeitas e insatisfeitas conjugalmente (p_0,02), bem como foram encontradas diferenças significativas entre homens e mulheres em relação aos aspectos que consideram importantes para a satisfação conjugal. Concluiu-se que o TDC e os dados complementares obtidos podem auxiliar profissionais na clínica de família e casais, tanto no diagnóstico da insatisfação conjugal como na proposta de medidas preventivas ao bem estar no casamento. Entretanto, verificou-se também a necessidade de aprofundamento nos estudos da avaliação psicológica e da detecção de elementos relativos à vida conjugal no curso do desenvolvimento familiar, pois tais variáveis apresentam-se, ao longo do tempo, extremamente dinâmicas e multifacetadas. / Marriage and marital satisfaction are important aspects of human development, which have raised the interest of many researchers in Psychology, especially in the areas of Clinical Psychology and Psychological Assessment. The main objective of this study was to develop a new instrument for the evaluation of marital satisfaction, the Couple Drawing Test (CDT), as well as to establish possible graphic and dynamics indicators for that purpose. We intended to verify, through CDT, whether there were differences, concerning marital satisfaction, between individuals with and without children, and also between men and women in the city of Sao Paulo. An initial number of 201 subjects took part in the research, 100 men and 101 women, equally divided in groups of individuals with and without children. They had all been married for the first time, for a period of 1-10 years, without occurrence of pregnancy during research period, and possessed a minimum educational level of incomplete high school. Data was collected individually. The assessment instruments were: graphic material for the administration of the CDT; a Marital Satisfaction complementary assessment form (especially developed for this study); Marital Satisfaction Scale (MSS); Marital Adjustment Test adapted to Brazilian context (MAT-MARI); and voice recorder. After the evaluation of the MSSs and MAT-MARIs, 27 subjects were excluded from the sample analysis because they fell in a neutral range of the marital satisfaction indicators. The final sample had 174 subjects, half of each sex. The drawings were evaluated by seven judges who were psychologists with expertise in the evaluation of projective graphic techniques. The main results concerning the CDT were: reliability coefficients higher than 0,600 in the evaluation of the majority of judges in 28 out of the 38 proposed items; the items story impact and global evaluation impact showed appropriate validity for the evaluation of marital satisfaction; seven items were considered expected, with a >85% frequency on drawings; ten items were identified as indicators of marital dissatisfaction; a minimum number of indicators was established for the diagnosis of marital dissatisfaction. Concerning the main differences in marital satisfaction for men and women, with and without children, the findings were that 14 aspects significantly distinguished the answers of maritally satisfied and dissatisfied individuals (p_0,02) and significant differences were found between men and women with regard to the issues 6 considered important for the marital satisfaction. The conclusion was that the CDT and the complementary data obtained might assist professionals in their clinical work with families and couples, not only in the diagnosis of marital dissatisfaction, but also in the suggestion of preventive actions regarding the marriage welfare. Nevertheless, we emphasize the need of further studies on psychological evaluation and identification of elements concerning marital life in the course of family development, once the variables researched proved to be, over time, extremely dynamic and multifaceted.

Bereavement of a miscarriage is complex because of factors that are unique to this loss. There is no visible child to mourn for, no memories or shared life experiences. The death is sudden and there usually a lack of recognition of the significance of such a loss by society. In addition, women who miscarry are often in need of the absent social and emotional support that is provided with other types of bereavement. The suppression of appropriate mourning due to society’s inhibitions may cause further stress and long-term emotional consequences. Prenatal loss is unique in the sense that the parents do not know the object of loss as it would be with the death of a loved one who has been part of their lives and social structure. The anticipated child is both a fantasy child and an internal entity within a woman’s body. The loss of a baby is also the loss of part of a women’s self. The researcher is of the opinion that a miscarriage is a traumatic experience which, if not thoroughly dealt with, can cause great damage to a sufferer’s life. According to her, projective techniques in the form of play therapy can encourage women to talk about their miscarriage in order to deal with suppressed emotions. The purpose of this research was to determine to what extent projective techniques could be used in respect of a mother’s emotional experience of a miscarriage. For this study the qualitative research approach was used. The participants were selected by making use of purposive sampling as a form of non-probability sampling. During the empiric research two respondents attended eight in-depth interviewes with a therapeutic component. The first interview comprised a semi-structured interview schedule. Six interviews followed where projective play therapeutic techniques were used. The empirical data was obtained from the interview schedule and the researcher was the primer instrument of gathering information. The value of meaning that the participants attached to the subject was of great importance. The empirical data showed that the two participants were better enabled to deal with their miscarriages after the interviews. Thus, regarding the experience of the two paricipants, it was possible to answer the research question positively. It seems as if projective techniques can indeed be used in respect of a mother’s emotional experience of a miscarriage. / Dissertation (MA (Play Therapy))--University of Pretoria, 2005. / Social Work / unrestricted

Text in Afrikaans / Deur hierdie ondersoek is gepoog om aan te toon dat die inkkladmetode as uitvloeisel van die Rorschach, as projeksietegniek, gebruik kan word vir diagnose en terapie. Proj~ksie is 'n belangrike aspek in kinderterapie. Herhaalde gebruik van projeksietegnieke verminder die effektiwiteit daarvan. In haar werk met kinders van verskillende kulture, is gevind dat bulle instaat is om projeksies vanuit inkkladde te maak. Dit het aanleiding gegee tot huidige navorsing. Dit word aanvaar dat deur die gebruik van die inkkladmetode: * inligting wat versamel is deur ander projeksietegnieke, en wat moontlik verlore gegaan het, weer versamel kan word; * inligting aangaande psigiese struktuur van die kind vir diagnose en terapie versamel kan word. Bevindings word geverifieer deur die gebruik van bestaande projeksietegnieke. Twintig leerlinge is gebruik tydens die navorsing. Twee idiografiese studies en eksemplariese snitte is ingesluit. Dit is bevind dat die inkkladmetode as bykomende projeksietegniek effektief in kinderterapie en diagnose gebruik kan word. / This research is aimed at showing that the inkblot method with reference to the Rorschach method - as projective technique, can be applied for diagnosis and therapy. Projection is important in child therapy. Repetative use of projective techniques prejudices the effectivity thereof. In her work with children of different cultures, the researcher found that they were inclined to do projections from their inkblots. This resulted in the present research. Through the use of the inkblot method; * information which was gathered through the use of other projective techniques, and possibly lost, can be gained; * information regarding the psychological structure of the child for diagnosis and therapy, can be gathered. These findings were verified by means of including existing projective techniques. Twenty pupils were involved in two idiographic studies and illustrative examples. It was found that the inkblot method as additional projective technique can be used effectively in child therapy and diagnosis. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Spesialisering in Voorligting)

Text in Afrikaans / Deur hierdie ondersoek is gepoog om aan te toon dat die inkkladmetode as uitvloeisel van die Rorschach, as projeksietegniek, gebruik kan word vir diagnose en terapie. Proj~ksie is 'n belangrike aspek in kinderterapie. Herhaalde gebruik van projeksietegnieke verminder die effektiwiteit daarvan. In haar werk met kinders van verskillende kulture, is gevind dat bulle instaat is om projeksies vanuit inkkladde te maak. Dit het aanleiding gegee tot huidige navorsing. Dit word aanvaar dat deur die gebruik van die inkkladmetode: * inligting wat versamel is deur ander projeksietegnieke, en wat moontlik verlore gegaan het, weer versamel kan word; * inligting aangaande psigiese struktuur van die kind vir diagnose en terapie versamel kan word. Bevindings word geverifieer deur die gebruik van bestaande projeksietegnieke. Twintig leerlinge is gebruik tydens die navorsing. Twee idiografiese studies en eksemplariese snitte is ingesluit. Dit is bevind dat die inkkladmetode as bykomende projeksietegniek effektief in kinderterapie en diagnose gebruik kan word. / This research is aimed at showing that the inkblot method with reference to the Rorschach method - as projective technique, can be applied for diagnosis and therapy. Projection is important in child therapy. Repetative use of projective techniques prejudices the effectivity thereof. In her work with children of different cultures, the researcher found that they were inclined to do projections from their inkblots. This resulted in the present research. Through the use of the inkblot method; * information which was gathered through the use of other projective techniques, and possibly lost, can be gained; * information regarding the psychological structure of the child for diagnosis and therapy, can be gathered. These findings were verified by means of including existing projective techniques. Twenty pupils were involved in two idiographic studies and illustrative examples. It was found that the inkblot method as additional projective technique can be used effectively in child therapy and diagnosis. / Psychology of Education / M. Ed. (Spesialisering in Voorligting)

Thesis (MEdPsych (Educational Psychology)--Stellenbosch University, 2008. / The study investigated the effect of using projective narratives and drawings that depict diminished fear, on the anxiety levels of a group of children living in children’s homes, by means of a mixed methodology. The sample consisted of 30 middle childhood children (mean age = 9.60 years, SD = 1.13) from three children’s homes in the Western Cape. Drawings were used to elicit content of fear or anxiety (anxiety evoking drawing/bangmaaktekening) and proposed coping (anxiety lessening drawing/bangwegvattekening). After completing the anxiety provoking drawing, participants in the experimental group were asked to tell a story to other children with a similar fear to lessen/take that fear away (projective narrative). The Spence Childhood Anxiety Scale (SCAS) was completed after each drawing, and drawings evaluated through the use of anxiety scales, to measure changes in anxiety levels according to the concept of triangulation. The categories ghosts, snakes, and people were found to be the most prevalent content of fear from anxiety provoking drawings, and undifferentiated fears were also common within this population. Control of anxiety from anxiety lessening drawings indicated a definite prevalence of emotion focused (secondary) coping strategies, specifically religious solace. The content of projective narratives echoed this finding, although proposed solutions were more differentiated. Ownership of projections also occurred. The experimental effect was not significant, although mean anxiety levels were considerably lower in the drawings in comparison with that of the SCAS. Drawings are thus seen as an effective, nonthreatening technique to study anxiety phenomena. A comparison of the mean item scores of the SCAS subscales indicated that symptoms of separation anxiety, generalised anxiety disorder, and obsessivecompulsive anxiety disorder were prevalent among this group of children in children’s homes. A clear distinction was found between markers of state- and trait-anxiety through the qualitative analysis of the drawings, with anxiety lessening drawings showing definite diminished state-anxiety, although more established markers of trait-anxiety did not necessarily change. There are also indications that transference of activated negative emotional stimuli occurred on an unconscious level between the two drawings. Introducing the combination of projective narratives in the intervention stage of the study appeared to facilitate learning or the experience of observed positive affect in anxiety lessened drawings. Future research would benefit from including a normative group to establish more clear markers of state- and trait-anxiety in drawings, and by the use of a bigger sample to investigate factor loadings of the SCAS among children in children’s homes. The high prevalence of anxiety symptoms in this population emphasises their status as a vulnerable population, and the need for possible group intervention – specifically the psycho-education of effective coping strategies for anxiety.