1 Abstract Reasons for and legal forms of the restriction of land ownership rights The purpose of my thesis is to analyse the reasons for and the legal forms of the restriction of land ownership rights. Because the land ownership rights relate to both the private law and the public law, this theme is linked with almost all fields of our legal order. The thesis consists of four chapters. Chapter One is introductory and describes the content the paper is about. Chapter Two defines basic terminology used in the thesis: the proprietary rights, the land, the allotment, the real property and the proprietary rights to land. The chapter is subdivided into three parts. Part One describes proprietary right as one of the human right, which is protected by international conventions and the Declaration of basic rights and freedom. Part Two deals with the land specialities - such as the multifunctional character, the indispensableness, the limited extent, the impossibility of multiplication, the impossibility of placing the land elsewhere, the everlasting existence, the impossibility of consumption and the natural, not human origin. This part also explains other related legal concepts. Part Three discusses the land ownership rights and is subdivided into three sections, which provide the knowledge of object, subject and...

248 f. / Submitted by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura (anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2013-07-31T14:26:22Z No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIANO LIMA FIGUEIREDO.pdf: 1277407 bytes, checksum: 4a9e492e2ca9afe642e59c6fa5a8d6d0 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Ana Valéria de Jesus Moura(anavaleria_131@hotmail.com) on 2013-07-31T14:28:27Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIANO LIMA FIGUEIREDO.pdf: 1277407 bytes, checksum: 4a9e492e2ca9afe642e59c6fa5a8d6d0 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-07-31T14:28:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 LUCIANO LIMA FIGUEIREDO.pdf: 1277407 bytes, checksum: 4a9e492e2ca9afe642e59c6fa5a8d6d0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008 / Este trabalho tem por objetivo analisar a aplicação do princípio da função social da propriedade às patentes de medicamentos. Verifica se o princípio da função social impõe aos titulares das cartas-patentes o dever de comercializar remédios a um preço razoável, o qual não gere lucros astronômicos e seja apto a tornar o bem industrial acessível à população mais pobre. Para tanto, foi dividido o trabalho em cinco temas principais, abordados em capítulos específicos: A Constitucionalização do Direito Civil; A(s) Propriedade(s); A Propriedade Industrial; As Patentes de Medicamentos; e a Função Social das Patentes de Medicamentos. Perpassa o trabalho pela migração das normas do direito civil para o bojo da Constituição Federal (constitucionalização); a existência de propriedades; o estudo da espécie propriedade industrial, com atenção às patentes; as patentes de medicamentos, seu custo e inserção da ciência para o pilar da produção; e a aplicação do princípio da função social às patentes de medicamentos. Há a análise de questões atuais, como os remédios genéricos, o patenteamento de genes e do genoma humano, as patentes de transgênicos, diversos acordos internacionais, “quebra” de patentes. Após a pesquisa realizada, concluiu-se que a função social da propriedade, núcleo duro e elemento unificador das propriedades, têm plena aplicação às patentes de medicamentos. Consiste a função social da propriedade em princípio constitucional, sendo sua maximização a observância da legalidade constitucional. Com esta premissa, parte o autor a traçar caminhos para a concretização nacional e global de acesso aos remédios, consignando no seu trabalho medidas funcionais. Devido ao caráter interdisciplinar, para a confecção do trabalho foram analisadas doutrina e legislação de direito constitucional, civil, internacional, comercial, bem como jurisprudência dos principais tribunais pátrios e de direito comparado. De igual maneira recorreu-se a referências relacionadas a questões ligadas a medicamentos e de direito alienígena, legitimando ao máximo a pesquisa realizada. / Salvador

Žemė kaimo žmonėms nuo seniausių laikų buvo ne tik pragyvenimo šaltinis, bet ir gyvenimo būdas. Lietuvos istorijos eigoje vyko labai daug žemės pertvarkymo procesų. Šiuo metu svarbiausias nuosavybės teisės įgijimo pagrindas yra nuosavybės teisių į žemę, mišką ir vandens telkinius atkūrimas. Šis procesas prasidėjo 1991 m. Lietuvos Respublikos Seimui priėmus įstatymus, reglamentuojančius nuosavybės teisių atkūrimą ir žemės reformą. Nuo žemės reformos pradžios iki 2009 m. sausio 1 d. Mažeikių rajono savivaldybės miestuose: Mažeikiuose, Sedoje, Viekšniuose nuosavybės teisės atkurtos į 87,7 % ploto, nurodyto piliečių prašymuose. Tai mažiau, nei žemės reformos rodikliai kaimo vietovėje. Tyrimų tikslas – išnagrinėti žemės reformos eigą miestuose, iškylančias problemas ir apžvelgti perspektyvas. Nustatyta, kad esminiai pokyčiai miestų žemės reformos eigoje įvyko 2001 m. Lietuvos Respublikos Konstituciniam Teismui išnagrinėjus bylą dėl Įstatymo 5 straipsnio 2, 3, 4 ir 5 dalių bei 12 straipsnio 3 punkto atitikties Konstitucijai ir Lietuvos Respublikos Seimui pakeitus įstatyme nurodytus punktus. Pripažįstama, kad žemės reformą itin neigiamai paveikė pernelyg dažna teises aktų, reglamentuojančių žemės reformą ir nuosavybės teisių atkūrimą, kaita. Po keliolika kartų buvo keisti Žemes reformos ir Piliečių nuosavybės teisių į išlikusį nekilnojamąjį turtą atkūrimo įstatymai. Dėl to nuolat buvo keičiamos jos taisyklės, nuosavybės teisių atkūrimo principai ir prioritetai. Nagrinėjant... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / From the ancient times villagers perceived land not only as a source of living but as a lifestyle. In the course of the history of Lithuania lots of processes of land reorganization were implemented. Presently, the main basis for getting land proprietary rights is the restoration of proprietary rights for land, forest and waters. This process started in 1991 when the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania adopted laws regulating the restoration of proprietary rights and land reform. From the beginning of the land reform to 1 January 2009 in the towns belonging to Mažeikiai Regional Municipality, i.e. Mažeikiai, Seda, Viekšniai, proprietary rights for 87,7% of an area indicated in the citizens’ applications were restored. This is less important than land reform rates in rural area. The aim of the research is to analyse the process of land reform and identify emerging problems as well as to review the prospects. It was found out that key changes in the process of land reform in towns took place in 2001 when the Constitutional Court of the Republic of Lithuania processed a case regarding the compliance of Article 5 Parts 2, 3, 4, 5 and Article 12 Clause 3 with the Constitution and when the Seimas of the Republic of Lithuania changed the clauses indicated in the Law. It is admitted that the land reform was especially impinged by too frequent amendments to legal acts regulating the land reform and restitution of property rights. Law on Land Reform and Law on Restitution of... [to full text]

This master´s thesis deals with a legal regulation of expropriation for construction of traffic infrastructure. Basic related terms such as ownership, property, a building, public works etc. are defined in the first part. The second part deals with the historic development of expropriation. The third part discusses the purposes and aims of expropriation, the term “public interest” and harmony of the aims and tasks of zoning. A special part is devoted to the expropriating proceedings, the principles of the expropriating proceedings, the participants of the proceedings etc. The last part deals with the possibility of expropriation for the purpose of construction of traffic infrastructure and the specifics related to this issue.

The thesis deals with the institution of expropriation and explanation of basic terms. Subsequently is explained the enactment of the institution of expropriation focusing the role of the investor and the expert. Expert sets according to the expertise report the amount of compensation for expropriation and expenses connected with it. It also specifies the participation and tasks of the investor, who enters the expropriation. The aim of this thesis is to take into account questionable aspects of participation of the investor and the expert in the expropriation proceedings and to adumbrate their possible solutions.

Digitalisering är ett ämne som ständigt diskuteras och har på senare år utvecklats på många plan. Inom byggbranschen har BIM (Byggnadsinformationsmanagement) länge setts som en digital lösning vilken kan tänkas utveckla branschen inom flera områden, men trots det är den digitala utvecklingen inom branschen relativt låg vilket kan ge indikation på lägre produktivitet. Särskilt om man jämför med vad som faktiskt kan uppnås vid implementering av BIM fullt ut genom värdekedjan i projekt. Det finns en brist på tidigare studier kring varför det finns ett informationsgap mellan aktörer genom hela värdekedjan som delvis kan förklara denna låga produktivitet. Syftet med denna studie är därmed att undersöka vilka utmaningar som finns vid implementeringen av BIM i hela värdekedjan av projekt och vad utmaningarna skapar för informationsgap mellan design/konstruktion- och förvaltningssidan inom ett projekt.     För att besvara syfte och frågeställningar har innovationsteori samt investeringsteori använts, där fokus främst riktats på innovationsteori. Med hjälp av teorierna kunde utmaningar med implementeringen av BIM och eventuella informationsgap som uppstår studeras djupare. I studien genomfördes åtta semistrukturerade intervjuer med fastighetsbolag, arkitekturbolag, konsultbolag och intresseorganisation.      De existerande utmaningarna vid implementering av BIM hos olika aktörer, som kan ligga till grund för försämrad interoperabilitet, kan förklaras med att avsaknad av gemensamma branschstandarder, avsaknad av en central BIM-samordnare och generellt sett låg utbildningsnivå kring vad BIM är. Det noteras att ett informationsgap finns mellan aktörer som arbetar på förvaltningssidan kontra design/konstruktion och detta kan dels förklaras på grund av motvilja att anpassa sig till nya lösningar enligt innovationsteori, dels på grund av avsaknad av gemensamma branschstandarder. Att en aktör i projektskedet inte anser det lämpligt att använda BIM kan förklaras eftersom kostnaden hittills inte alltid understiger nyttan.      Implementeringsfasen hos olika aktörer genom värdekedjan varierar och därmed kan branschen i vissa fall tolkas som trögflytande, bland annat på grund av frånvaro av öppna standarder och de språkbarriärer mellan program som kan uppstå vid användning av olika BIM-system. För att vidareutveckla arbetet kring ämnesfrågan behöver ytterligare studier genomföras kring proprietära rättigheter och problem vid anbudskalkylering, offentlig sektors påverkan på utveckling kring gemensamma branschstandarder, extern och intern BIM-samordning kopplat till effektivare projektledning och även hur gemensamma branschstandarder påverkar olika aktörer i hela värdekedjan av ett projekt. / Digitalization is constantly being discussed and has in recent years developed on many levels. Building information management, further described as BIM, has long been considered a digital solution in the construction and management industry. A solution that suitably would develop the industry in several areas. Despite this, digital development is relatively low which may indicate lower productivity than can be achieved. There is a lack of previous studies on why there is an information gap between stakeholders throughout the value chain that can partly explain low productivity and low effective stakeholder efficiency. The purpose of this study is thus to investigate the existing difficulties in the implementation of BIM in the entire value chain and what these difficulties lead to, such as information gaps between the design, construction and management side within a project.    The findings of the study are explained with support of innovation theory and investment theory, with main focus on innovation theory. With support of the theories, difficulties with implementation of BIM for stakeholders and any information gaps that arise have been studied more deeply. This study conducted eight semi-structured interviews with real estate companies, architecture companies, one consulting company and one interest group.   Existing challenges regarding implementation of BIM among different stakeholders, which may be the basis for impaired interoperability, can be explained in the absence of common industry standards, absence of a central BIM coordinator and generally low level of education about the subject BIM. It is noted that there is an information gap between stakeholders working on the administrative side versus design/construction and can be partly explained due to reluctance to adapt to new solutions according to innovation theory and partly due to the absence of common industry standards. The fact that the cost so far is not always less than the benefit of investing in BIM may explain why stakeholders in the project phase choose that BIM does not have to be appropriate to implement.    The implementation phase through the value chain of a project varies a lot for different stakeholders and because of that the industry may in some cases be interpreted as conservative. This could be explained due to the language barriers that can arise when using different BIM systems and due to absence of open standards. To further develop understanding on the subject issue, studies need to be carried out on proprietary rights and problems in tender calculation estimates. Moreover, studies on public sector impact regarding development around common industry standards, external and internal BIM coordination linked to more effective project management and how common industry standards affect different stakeholders in the whole value chain of a project may develop understanding on the subject issue.

Private International Law and the Issues of Securities Law Tomáš Borčin Acts No. 139/2011 Coll. and No. 172/2012 Coll. have introduced a set of brand new choice-of-law rules in respect to securities into the Czech legal system. The same set of rules has rather simultaneously been adopted by the new Act No. 91/2012 Coll., on Private International Law, coming into force on 1st of January 2014. However, despite the fact that these amendments had brought the much needed conflict of laws rules for cross border transactions involving securities, the actual subject of how the securities are treated in private international law remains mostly unexplored by Czech jurisprudence as of this date. Therefore, the core ambition of this thesis is to provide a complex legal analysis of the aforementioned rules by the means of examination of their theoretical basis as well as of practical implications of their application. The thesis consists of seven chapters of various extent and scope. The ratio behind the first chapter is to address the question of what securities are, and how are they treated pursuant to Czech legislation. The emphasis is given on the definition of securities and their respective classification, however, the chapter does not omit the upcoming changes in respect to the recodification of private...