Abstract There have been few studies on brand extensions in a Pakistan context. In this thesis, we study brand extensions in Pakistan from viewpoint of Brand Managers as their analysis coupled with their personal preferences can provide interesting insights for forming a successful brand extension strategy. Since T. Gamble first published an article about brand extensions (1967) there has been a growing interest for the topic. With the passage of time the inbuilt benefits of brand extensions in terms of cost and higher success rates were captured by companies in developing countries like Pakistan. In this thesis, we make theoretical arguments for, and show empirically that growth may not be the ultimate objective for companies in Pakistan. Instead, companies are compelled to follow the bandwagon so as to match competitors. It has been indicated that small firms might be in a better position to take advantage of below-the-line promotions in comparison to larger firms. Cannibalization of sales due to brand extensions was described to be non-existent in Pakistan until a company embarks on e-commerce initiative. Successful brand extensions, as defined by the brand managers are measured in terms of independent sales and market share captured by a brand stretch. Based on how the brand managers in this study perceived brand extensions, it could be a feasible marketing strategy in Pakistan. Purpose The purpose of this thesis is to explore the use of brand extension strategies in the Pakistan context. We will try to achieve this purpose by answering the following questions. 1)      Why do companies in general and specially in Pakistan use brand extension?                                                                   2)      Do the general pros and cons of brand extension hold the same applicability in Pakistan? 3)      How brand managers in Pakistan describe a successful brand extension? Method A qualitative method was incorporated in order to achieve our exploratory purpose of the study. In total, we performed five interviews. Three extensive telephone interviews were carried out with brand managers representing three seasoned companies from the domain of healthcare (Z-Jans), retailing (Chen One) and dairy foods industries (Haleeb) for finding out brand managers viewpoint on brand extensions in Pakistan. These interviews were conducted via telephone and recorded for our thesis purposes. In addition, one of the authors visited Pakistan and conducted two face-to-face interviews with Lakson Group of Industries (media, fast food and consumer goods) and Servis Group which is operating in (Shoes, Pharmacies, Tires & Tube) businesses. Conclusion It is suggested that the concept of brand manager is in the rudimentary stages of development in Pakistan. One reason for this is that domestic companies are carrying out brand extensions under the heading of marketing managers compared with Multinationals (MNEs) whose brand extensions strategies are mostly prepared at their headquarters. It has also been indicated that small companies could benefit the most from brand extension in terms of attaining greater consumer trials, increased market share, and growth by competing in international markets as they can easily use a mixture of Below-the-line and Above-the-line promotions for their extensions. A good distribution channel coupled with a strong brand portfolio can facilitate success for brand extension as the companies can then negotiate with dealers and retailers from a position of strength. Due to the huge population in Pakistan companies might neglect the fact that their brand extensions can fail. Since, the population is very large it might be hard for small and medium sized companies to cover the whole country and to find out in reality if their brand extension was a success on a country wide basis.  It has also been concluded that majority of the consumers are photo-literate with no or very little formal education therefore they find difficult to assess brand extensions and to make educated brand buying decision in light of quality standards. The market as a whole is price sensitive (low prices) so brand extensions with good price and value for customer are more likely to perform well over Pakistan market.

<p>Abstract</p><p>There have been few studies on brand extensions in a Pakistan context. In this thesis, we study brand extensions in Pakistan from viewpoint of Brand Managers as their analysis coupled with their personal preferences can provide interesting insights for forming a successful brand extension strategy. Since T. Gamble first published an article about brand extensions (1967) there has been a growing interest for the topic. With the passage of time the inbuilt benefits of brand extensions in terms of cost and higher success rates were captured by companies in developing countries like Pakistan. In this thesis, we make theoretical arguments for, and show empirically that growth may not be the ultimate objective for companies in Pakistan. Instead, companies are compelled to follow the bandwagon so as to match competitors. It has been indicated that small firms might be in a better position to take advantage of below-the-line promotions in comparison to larger firms. Cannibalization of sales due to brand extensions was described to be non-existent in Pakistan until a company embarks on e-commerce initiative. Successful brand extensions, as defined by the brand managers are measured in terms of independent sales and market share captured by a brand stretch. Based on how the brand managers in this study perceived brand extensions, it could be a feasible marketing strategy in Pakistan.</p><p><strong>Purpose</strong></p><p>The purpose of this thesis is to explore the use of brand extension strategies in the Pakistan context. We will try to achieve this purpose by answering the following questions.</p><p>1)      Why do companies in general and specially in Pakistan use brand extension?                                                                   <strong></strong></p><p>2)      Do the general pros and cons of brand extension hold the same applicability in Pakistan?</p><p>3)      How brand managers in Pakistan describe a successful brand extension?<strong></strong></p><p><strong>Method</strong></p><p>A qualitative method was incorporated in order to achieve our exploratory purpose of the study. In total, we performed five interviews. Three extensive telephone interviews were carried out with brand managers representing three seasoned companies from the domain of healthcare (Z-Jans), retailing (Chen One) and dairy foods industries (Haleeb) for finding out brand managers viewpoint on brand extensions in Pakistan. These interviews were conducted via telephone and recorded for our thesis purposes. In addition, one of the authors visited Pakistan and conducted two face-to-face interviews with Lakson Group of Industries <em>(media, fast food and consumer goods)</em><em> </em>and Servis Group which is operating in <em>(Shoes, Pharmacies, Tires & Tube) </em>businesses<strong>.</strong></p><p><strong>Conclusion</strong></p><p>It is suggested that the concept of brand manager is in the rudimentary stages of development in Pakistan. One reason for this is that domestic companies are carrying out brand extensions under the heading of marketing managers compared with Multinationals (MNEs) whose brand extensions strategies are mostly prepared at their headquarters. It has also been indicated that small companies could benefit the most from brand extension in terms of attaining greater consumer trials, increased market share, and growth by competing in international markets as they can easily use a mixture of Below-the-line and Above-the-line promotions for their extensions. A good distribution channel coupled with a strong brand portfolio can facilitate success for brand extension as the companies can then negotiate with dealers and retailers from a position of strength. Due to the huge population in Pakistan companies might neglect the fact that their brand extensions can fail. Since, the population is very large it might be hard for small and medium sized companies to cover the whole country and to find out in reality if their brand extension was a success on a country wide basis.  It has also been concluded that majority of the consumers are photo-literate with no or very little formal education therefore they find difficult to assess brand extensions and to make educated brand buying decision in light of quality standards. The market as a whole is price sensitive (low prices) so brand extensions with good price and value for customer are more likely to perform well over Pakistan market.</p>

Thesis describes initial public offering on the stock markets. There are mentioned basic phases of this process. In this thesis is named pros & cons of this source of financing. Recommends also other ways how to gain capital for own company business acitivities. Thesis is interested about main conditions for successfull "going public". Initial Public Offering of bonds is described too. Practical part of this thesis is concern IPO in the Czech Republic -- historical data, IPO in the past on Prague Stock Exchange, commentary of well-known stock-market analysts, graphs of stock prices in comparison with the main stock index PX.

Personalen är i många fall den viktigaste resursen för olika företag. Likaså är den rekryteringsprocess som leder fram till anställning av rätt personal. Rekryteringsprocesser består av olika moment där företag kompletterar sina arbetsprofilsbedömningar medtestverktyg för att hitta de bäst lämpade kandidaterna för de vakanta tjänsterna. Två av dessa verktyg är de personlighet och begåvningstester som sökande kandidater genomför, där resultatet påverkar möjligheten till anställning. Användningen och påverkan av användningen berör företag på olika sätt, men det finns flera gemensamma nämnare vad gäller testernas roll i rekryteringen. Vi kommer i uppsatsen att ta reda på hur testerna som verktyg påverkar rekryteringen i företag genom att utreda både de positiva och negativa effekterna. Vi kommer även undersöka hur tilliten till testernas resultat och till testerna generellt ser ut. Tillvägagångssättet för att ta reda på detta kommer att ske genom intervjuer. 15 respondenter som är högst insatta i ämnet och på något sätt är eller har varit aktiva användare av testerna som verktyg, ligger till grunden för vårt underlag till empirin. Testerna som verktyg bidrar till en av oss upplevd motsägelsefullhet hos användarna. Det finns vitt skilda meningar kring validiteten i testresultaten. Det finns en sida som är positivt inställd till testerna och belyser fördelarna med användningen. Det finns en annan sida som pekar på att testerna som verktyg istället ger motsatt effekt och kan skada både rekryteringen och kandidaten som genomför testet. / In many cases, the staff is the most important resource for different companies, and the recruitment process should lead to the hiring of the most suitable staff. The recruitment process consists of different events where the company expands its job profiles with different types of test tools to find the best candidates. Two of these tools are the personality and ability tests that many applicants need to do when applying for a new job. Companies have different strategies and execution regarding the tests but there are several common denominators regarding the test rolls in recruitment. In the thesis, we will investigate test tools used in companies' recruitment processes, by calling out both the positive and negative effects. We will also examine how much trust the companies have in the results of the tests and how the tests generally contribute to recruitment. The research approach to finding out will be through interviews. All 15respondents are highly proficient in the subject and they are or have in some way been active users of the tests. The tests as tool support to a contradiction among the users. There are widely differing opinions on the validity of the test results. There is one group that is positively tuned to the tests and sees several benefits with its use. There is another group that points to the test as a tool instead gives the opposite effect and can damage both the recruitment and the person doing the test.

Syftet med arbetet är att undersöka vad det är som hindrar företag i dagsläget från att använda intermodala godstransporter med järnvägen, där frågeställningar som arbetet kommer att besvara är: Överväger fördelarna de nackdelar som finns med användningen av intermodala godstransporter på järnvägen? Samt hur ser framtiden ut för intermodala godstransporter på järnväg? För att besvara syftet har vi använt oss av kvalitativa metoder i form av intervjuer, där intervjufrågorna utformades utifrån semistrukturerade intervjuer. Det teoretiska ramverket är uppbyggt med hjälp av vetenskapliga artiklar och indelat i fyra aspekter som anses vara viktiga för kunder och deras val av transportslag vid transport av gods. Det empiriska materialet är utformat efter intervjuer med intervjupersoner som arbetar med intermodala godstransporter och där dessa arbetar på olika företag. Det empiriska materialet har sedan ställts mot det teoretiska ramverket för att ta fram en analys, där materialet analyserades genom en tematisk analysmetod. Arbetet kom fram till resultatet att hållbarhet alltid varit en av järnvägens starkaste fördelar, men järnvägens nackdelar är de som påverkar kundernas val mest. Nackdelarna är tid och leveranssäkerhet, för att motverka dessa nackdelar krävs det att man gör investeringar i järnvägsinfrastrukturen. Dessa investeringar kan vara att bygga ut eller förbättra den nuvarande järnvägsinfrastrukturen i hopp om att få fler spår och ett starkare nätverk kommer att minimera nackdelarna så att transporterna kan utföras snabbare och effektivare. Framtiden för järnvägen är lovande om investeringar och projekt planeras rätt. Förbättringar kommer leda till att godstransporter på järnväg ökar, dock överväger fördelarna i dagsläget inte nackdelarna om man är ett företag som har tidskänsliga transporter. / The purpose of this work is to investigate what prevents companies from currently using intermodal rail transportation, where the research questions to be answered are: Do the benefits outweigh the disadvantages of using intermodal rail transportation? What does the future hold for intermodal freight transportation by rail? To address the purpose, we have utilized qualitative methods in the form of interviews, where the interview questions were designed based on semi-structured interviews. The theoretical framework is built using scientific articles and divided into four aspects considered important for customers and their choice of transport mode for the transportation of goods. The empirical material is based on interviews with interviewees working with intermodal rail freight, representing different companies. The empirical material was then compared to the theoretical framework to conduct an analysis, where the material was analyzed using thematic analysis method. The study concluded that sustainability has always been one of the strongest advantages of rail transportation, but it is the disadvantages of rail transportation that have the greatest impact on customers' choices. The disadvantages include time and delivery reliability, and to counteract these disadvantages, investments in rail infrastructure are required. These investments can involve expanding or improving the current rail infrastructure, with the hope that more tracks and a stronger network will minimize the disadvantages, allowing for faster and more efficient transportation. The future of rail transportation is promising if investments and projects are planned correctly. Improvements will lead to an increase in rail freight, but currently, if a company has time-sensitive shipments, the disadvantages outweigh the benefits.

Datum: [2024-05-29]  Nivå: Kandidatuppsats i Företagsekonomi, 15 hp  Institution: Akademin för Ekonomi, Samhälle och Teknik, Mälardalens Universitet  Författare: Kevin Strömvall, Kokob Fissahaye, Adib Albandakji Titel: Digitaliseringens utveckling inom den kommunala revisionen - En studie om de förtroendevalda revisorerna i Norrköping kommun och Stockholm stad.  Handledare: Angelina Sundström  Nyckelord: Digitala utvecklingen, Kommunal revision, för- och nackdelar med digitala utvecklingen, förtroendevalda revisorer.  Forskningsfråga/or: - Hur uppfattas digitaliseringen av de förtroendevalda revisorerna i Stockholm Stad och Norrköpings kommun? - Vilka konsekvenser finns på grund av digitaliseringen för de förtroendevalda revisorerna? Syfte: Syftet med studien är att undersöka hur revisorernas arbete i kommunerna Stockholm och Norrköpings påverkas av digitaliseringen.  Metod: Denna studie genomfördes genom en kvalitativ undersökning i form av semi-strukturerade intervjuer med förtroendevalda revisorer i Stockholms Stad och Norrköpings kommun med totalt nio respondenter; fem från Stockholm och fyra från Norrköping.  Slutsats: Studien visar att de förtroendevalda revisorerna har en positiv uppfattning för digitalisering då den underlättar deras arbete genom att exempelvis få handlingar, möteskallelser och underlag skickat till sig via mejl eller via en digital plattform istället för via pappersform. Digitalisering har också gjort att de förtroendevalda revisorer kan hantera  större mängder information. Trots dessa förändringar har dock digitalisering inte påverkat de förtroendevaldas arbetet nämnvärt då större delen av arbetet sker på plats och genom olika möten. Detta arbetssätt föredras dels av den mänskliga aspekten och dels för att det är enklare att föra diskussioner. / Date: 2024-05-29 Level: Bachelor Thesis in Business Administration, 15 cr  Institution: School of Business, Society and Engineering, Malardalens University  Authors: Kevin Strömvall, Kokob Fissahaye, Adib Albandakji  Title: The evolution of digitalization within municipal auditing - A study of elected auditors in the municipalities of Norrköping and Stockholm Supervisor: Angelina Sundström Keywords: Digital developments, Municipal audit, pros and cons of digital developments, elected auditors. Research questions -How is digitalization perceived by the elected auditors in Stockholm City and Norrköping Municipality? -What are the consequences of digitalization for the elected auditors?  Purpose: The purpose of the study is to study how the elected auditors in Norrköping and Stockholm affected by digitalization.  Method: This study was conducted through a qualitative survey in the form of semi-structured interviews with elected auditors in Stockholm City and Norrköping municipality with a total of nine respondents; from Stockholm and four from Norrköping.  Conclusion: The study shows that the elected auditors have a positive perception of digitalization as it simplifies their work by, for example, having documents, meeting notices, and supporting documents sent to them via email or via a digital platform instead of via paper. Digitalization has also enabled elected auditors to handle larger amounts of information. Despite these changes, however, digitalization has not had a significant impact on the work of elected representatives, as most of the work is done on-site and through various meetings. This way of working is preferred partly because of the human aspect and partly because it is easier to hold discussions.

(in English): The goal of this thesis is to analyze mainly advantages of iPad use during lectures at special primary schools. In addition, the thesis takes a look at disadvantages of this style of education. The theoretical part includes the first four chapters. The main information source for this part is expert literature. The first step presents the basic terms from the field of education. The next step presents important information about mental retardation and autistic spectrum disorders, including the specific aspects of education of children with such mental disorders. Following are the characteristics of the iPad devices and the history of the device and its manufacturer, the Apple company. This part also includes other information and communication technology used for educational purposes at regular as well as special schools. Last chapter of this part excerpts advantages and disadvantages of iPad listed in used expert literature. The practical part uses the method of qualitative analysis, in the form of semi-structured interview to find out which positive and negative effects can iPad usage have for both parties involved - children and teachers. The analysis builds on the foundation laid in the theoretical part, checking how the answeres of the interviewees correspond to the contemporary...

TITLE: CLIL Implementation Into Primary School Teaching AUTHOR: PhDr. Petra Vallin DEPARTMENT: Department of Primary School Education, Faculty of Education, Charles University SUPERVISOR: Prof. PhDr. Vladimíra Spilková, CSc. ABSTRACT: This thesis deals with the Content and Language Integrated Learning (CLIL) which the European Union finds as a useful tool for teaching foreign languages in the 21st century. The objective of the theoretical part is to clarify the concept of CLIL and compare different interpretations and models which appears in school practice. We also focus on meta-analysis of research studies that have been undertaken in this area since 2005. The theoretical part provides insight into the history of CLIL in selected European countries including the Czech Republic. The first part concludes with a chapter on theoretical concepts which CLIL refers to and which are essential for implementation of CLIL. The aim of the empirical part is to implement CLIL into primary school teaching and describe what changes this innovation brings into practice. The empirical part is based on action research methodology which enable our active participation in the project of CLIL implementation. The main findings concerns the changes of the communication in the CLIL classroom. The results also shows that CLIL...