• Refine Query
  • Source
  • Publication year
  • to
  • Language
  • 128
  • 89
  • 12
  • 11
  • 11
  • 9
  • 6
  • 5
  • 3
  • 1
  • 1
  • 1
  • Tagged with
  • 307
  • 103
  • 70
  • 32
  • 30
  • 26
  • 26
  • 26
  • 24
  • 24
  • 23
  • 23
  • 23
  • 23
  • 21
  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
211

Effets des sensibilisants sur la synthèse de la prostaglandine E2 : Mécanismes et intérêt dans la prédiction de l’allergie de contact / Sensitizers'effects on prostaglandin E2 synthsis : mecanisms of action and potential to predict allergic contact dermatitis

Del Bufalo, Aurelia 20 January 2012 (has links)
Les sensibilisants de contact sont des molécules réactives électrophiles qui ont la capacité de modifier des protéines de la peau pour former un antigène. Au delà de ce mécanisme d'hapténisation, le signal de danger induit par les sensibilisants conduisant à l'activation des cellules dendritiques (DC) est un élément déterminant dans l'induction de cellules T spécifiques de l'haptène. Dans le contexte du 7ième amendement à la directive cosmétique européenne, la mise en place d'une batterie de tests in vitro permettant de prédire le potentiel sensibilisant de molécules est indispensable pour l'industrie cosmétique. Tandis que la plupart des études in vitro étudient les signaux de danger induits par les sensibilisants dans des modèles homéostasiques, nous nous sommes intéressés à l'effet des sensibilisants sur la mise en place d'une réponse inflammatoire. Lorsque la lignée U937 est différenciée avec du PMA et stimulée avec du LPS, les facteurs de transcription NF-κB et Nrf2 sont activés et l'acide arachidonique (AA) est métabolisé au travers de la cascade cPLA2 / COX-2. L'ensemble de ces voies activées conduit à la production par les U937 d'un grand nombre de médiateurs inflammatoires (IL-1β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, PGE2, PGD2, TxB2). Dans ce modèle, nous avons analysé l'effet de 6 sensibilisants de potentiels variés (DNCB, PPD, HQ, PG, CIN, EUG) et montré que de façon inattendue, tous les sensibilisants étudiés diminuent significativement et de façon spécifique la production de tous les prostanoïdes et en particulier de PGE2 induite par PMA/LPS. Nous avons de plus démontré que selon les sensibilisants, les cibles de cette inhibition au sein de la cascade métabolique de l'AA diffèrent, même si elles se focalisent la plupart du temps (sauf pour le DNCB) sur l'enzyme COX-2 (inhibition de son expression et/ou de son activité). Pour le DNCB, le mécanisme d'inhibition semble plutôt impliquer sa capacité à réagir fortement avec les groupements résidus thiols, ce qui se traduit en particulier par la déplétion du GSH intracellulaire et engendrerait l'inhibition des synthases dépendantes du GSH pour leurs activités. En parallèle de cette étude mécanistique, nous avons appréhendé la problématique du point de vue statistique et vérifié sur un set plus important et diversifié de molécules (160 molécules) que le paramètre « inhibition de PGE2 » pouvait être un bon test de prédiction de l'HSRC. L'étude statistique a permis de déterminer le modèle prédictif du test PGE2 et de mettre en évidence de bonnes performances (78%) par rapport aux prédictions du LLNA. Au-delà, une certaine complémentarité du test PGE2 avec d'autres tests in vitro (MUSST, Nrf2-HTS) a pu être mise en évidence. En conclusion, au travers de cette étude, nous avons pu mettre en évidence de nouvelles propriétés biochimiques des sensibilisants. Même si la signification biologique de la diminution de PGE2 par les sensibilisants de contact demeure complexe d'interprétation, ce paramètre a permis le développement d'un test qui prédit avec de bonnes performances le caractère sensibilisant de molécules et dont la position au sein d'une batterie prédictive d'évaluation de l'allergie de contact reste à être précisée. / Contact sensitizers are defined as reactive molecules (electrophilic) which have the ability to modify skin proteins to form an antigen (hapten). In addition to the haptenation mechanism, danger signals, leading to the activation of dendritic cells, are described to be crucial for the effective induction of an hapten-specific T cell immune response. In the context of the 7th amendment to the Cosmetic Directive, the cosmetic industry is concerned by the challenge of finding non-animal approaches to assess the sensitizing potential of chemicals. While danger signals induced by sensitizers in steady-state conditions have already been analyzed, we chose to investigate the impact of sensitizers on the course of an inflammatory response. For this purpose we used the U937 cell line differentiated with PMA and activated with LPS. In these conditions, cells produce a large amount of inflammatory mediators (IL-β, TNF-α, IL-6, IL-10, IL-8, PGE2, PGD2, TxB2) through the activation of pathways leading to the activation of the transcription factors NF-κB and Nrf2 and through AA metabolism by the cPLA2/COX-2 cascade. Interestingly, we showed that 6 contact sensitizers with various potential (DNCB, PPD, HQ, PG, CIN, EUG) significally and specifically decrease the production of prostanoïds and in particular of PGE2 induced by PMA/LPS. We further demonstrated that there is no unique inhibition profile of the sensitizers even if the majority (except for DNCB) of the effects applies on COX-2 (i.e. inhibition of the expression and/or activity). For DNCB, inhibition mechanism appears to be dependant of its capacity to react with thiols residues and in particular to deplete intracellular glutathione possibly leading to the inactivation of the PG-synthases. In parallel, we assess a statistical analysis on 160 molecules that allow us to define the test parameters (a molecule is a sensitizer if the PGE2 inhibition at 24h is more than 60%) and to calculate the test performance toward LLNA (78%). Moreover we demonstrated that the PGE2 test could be complementary to other already existing in vitro tests like MUSST or Nrf2-HTS. In summary, we add here a new insight into the multiple biochemical effects described so far for sensitizers. Even if the underlying biological relevance remains unclear, the parameter “PGE2 inhibition” is good test for skin sensitization evaluation. Further studies will precise how this parameter could be implemented into an alternative testing strategy for the evaluation of skin sensitization.
212

Der Einfluss von Glykosaminoglykanen auf die Bildung und Freisetzung von Prostaglandin E2

Grahl, Katrin 16 November 2015 (has links) (PDF)
Diese Arbeit verdeutlicht die Wirkung von Chondroitinsulfat auf die Synthese von Prostaglandin E2 in humanen mesenchymalen Stromazellen in Abhängigkeit ihres Sulfatierungsgrades. MSC zeichnen sich durch ihre antiinflammatorischen Eigenschaften aus und haben damit einen modulierenden Effekt auf Wundheilungsprozesse. Als Vorläuferzellen von Osteoblasten sind sie direkt an der Knochenneubildung beteiligt. Eine persistierende Entzündung hat eine kontinuierliche Freisetzung von Zytokinen, wie IL-1 zur Folge. Es konnte gezeigt werden, dass IL-1 in hMSC zu einer Freisetzung von PGE2 führt. Unter kurzzeitiger Wirkung stimuliert PGE2 die Knochenneubildung. Eine langanhaltende Präsenz leitet dagegen die Bildung des Faktors RANKL, einen die Osteoklastogenese stimulierenden Faktor, ein. Seit langem ist der positive Effekt von Chondroitinsulfat in chronischen Entzündungsprozessen, wie Rheumatoider Arthritis, bekannt. Zudem werden sie in aktuellen Studien als Beschichtungsbestandteile von Knochenimplantaten verwendet. Sie führten hier zu einer besseren Bioinduktivität und Biokonduktivität. Bisher ist dennoch der molekulare Wirkmechanismus nicht genau beschrieben. Die Schwierigkeit besteht darin, dass die molekularen Signalkaskaden für die einzelnen Kulturmoldelle Unterschiede aufweisen und kein ubiquitärer Mechanismus dargestellt wird. In hMSC führte die Stimulation mit IL-1 unter vorheriger Zugabe von Chondroitinsulfat zu einer Reduktion der PGE2 Freisetzung. Der Effekt des hochsulfatierten sCS3 war gegenüber dem nativen C4S verstärkt. Die reduzierende Wirkung von C4S setzte verzögert ein. Es ist bereits bekannt, dass die negative Ladung der CS zu einer Bindung von Zytokinen führt. Dadurch wird eventuell die Konzentration der Zytokine, wie IL-1 im Bereich der Zellrezeptoren erniedrigt und führt zu einer verringerten Stimulation der Zelle. Denkbar ist auch die Beeinflussung der intrazellulären Signaltransduktionskaskade durch die Bindung der CS an einen speziellen, bisher unbekannten, Membranrezeptor. Die entscheidenden Enzyme der PGE2 Synthese sind die Cyclooxygenase-2 (Cox-2) und die mikrosomale Prostaglandin E Synthase 1 (mPGES1). Die mRNA beider Enzyme war unabhängig vom Sulfatierungsgrad der CS reduziert. Dieser Effekt konnte auf Protein-ebene nicht belegt werden. Die produzierte Proteinmenge an mPGES1 wird durch IL-1 induziert, bleibt aber auch durch Zugabe von CS unverändert. Somit kann von einer erhöhten Translationseffizient und mRNA Stabilität der mPGES1 RNA ausgegangen werden. MAPK Kinasen sind entscheidende Schnittstellen bei der Regulation der mRNA Stabilität als auch der Aktivität von Transkriptionsfaktoren. In dieser Studie konnte die MAPK p38 als entscheidendes Enzym bei der Wirkung von CS auf die PGE2 Synthese ermittelt werden. Dabei führten sowohl das natürliche C4S als auch das hochsulfatierte sCS3 zu einer verringerten Aktivierung. Der Transkriptionsfaktor NfkB ist einer von mehreren, die an den Promotorbereichen der beiden induzierbaren PGE2 Enzyme, Cox-2 und mPGES1, binden. Es ist anzunehmen, dass die hier aufgezeigte verringerte Aktivität von NfkB als auch die verhinderte Translokation in den Zellkern eine reduzierte Transkription der jeweiligen mRNA bedingten. Abhängig vom untersuchten Modell und den verwendeten Kulturbedingungen können diese Prozesse moduliert sein. Die Erkenntnisse dieser experimentellen Arbeit liefern einen weiteren wichtigen Baustein zum Verständnis der molekularbiologischen Abläufe während entzündlicher Prozesse. Die Verwendung von Chondroitinsulfat, insbesondere hochsulfatiertes CS, in Kombination mit hMSC kann gezielt zu einer Verringerung der Entzündungsreaktion während der Implantateinheilung führen. Die durch PGE2 hervorgerufenen Symptome, wie erhöhte Gefäßpermeabilität, Schwellung und verstärktes Schmerzempfinden begründen diese positiven Effekte.
213

Efeito do exercício de força em diferentes intensidades com volume total similar sobre a dor muscular de início tardio, marcadores de lesão muscular e perfil endócrino. / The effect of different resistance exercise intensities with similar total volume upon delayed on set muscle soreness, muscle damage markers and hormonal profile.

Marco Carlos Uchida 23 June 2008 (has links)
Este estudo compara quatro diferentes intensidades com o volume total similar no exercício supino. Avaliou-se a dor muscular de início tardio (DMIT), atividade de creatina quinase (CK), as concentrações sangüíneas de interleucina (IL)-1<font face=\"symbol\">b, IL-6, fator de necrose tumoral-<font face=\"symbol\">a (TNF-<font face=\"symbol\">a), prostaglandina E2 (PGE2) e o perfil hormonal. A amostra foi composta de soldados do exército brasileiro, divididos em cinco grupos: 50%-1RM, 75%-1RM, 90%-1RM, 110%-1RM e o controle. A DMIT e a atividade plasmática de CK aumentaram significativamente (P<0,05) após a sessão de exercício. A concentração de PGE2 também teve aumento significativo (P<0,05) após a sessão (P<0,05). A concentração plasmática de cortisol após 1h do término do exercício aumentou apenas no grupo 75%-1RM (p < 0,05). Esses resultados sugerem que a intensidade no exercício supino não afeta a magnitude da DMIT, marcadores de lesão muscular, inflamação e na resposta hormonal geral, desde que haja a equalização do volume total, com exceção da concentração plasmática do cortisol, grupo 75%-1RM. / This study compared four different intensities with similar total volume of a bench press exercise for muscle soreness, creatine kinase (CK) activity, interleukin (IL)-1<font face=\"symbol\">b, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor-<font face=\"symbol\">a (TNF-<font face=\"symbol\">a), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and hormonal concentrations in the blood. Brazilian Army male soldiers were placed into five groups: 50%-1RM, 75%-1RM, 90%-1RM, and 110%-1RM, and control that did not perform the exercise. Muscle soreness and plasma CK activity increased significantly (p<0.05) after exercise. Serum PGE2 concentration also increased significantly (p<0.05) after exercise. After one hour post exercise cortisol increased in 75%-1RM group, with this response also exceeding the other intensities (p<0.05). These results suggest that the intensity of bench press exercise does not affect the magnitude of muscle soreness and blood markers of muscle damage, inflammation and largely similar hormonal responses, which may be attributed to the equalization of total volume, exception made for the 75%-1RM group for serum cortisol concentration.
214

Molecular breeding and biochemical characterization of an oleaginous fungus Mortierella alpina for prostaglandin F2α production / プロスタグランジンF2αの生産に向けた油糧糸状菌Mortierella alpinaの分子育種と生化学的解析

Mohd, Fazli Bin Farida Asras 25 March 2019 (has links)
京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(農学) / 甲第21821号 / 農博第2334号 / 新制||農||1067(附属図書館) / 学位論文||H31||N5193(農学部図書室) / 京都大学大学院農学研究科応用生命科学専攻 / (主査)教授 小川 順, 教授 植田 充美, 教授 栗原 達夫 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Agricultural Science / Kyoto University / DFAM
215

Der Einfluss langkettiger mehrfach ungesättigter Fettsäuren auf die Fettsäurenzusammensetzung einer caninen Mastocytomzelllinie

Seidel, Anja 01 November 2004 (has links)
Die Mastzellen der Haut sind bedeutende Immuneffektorzellen in der Pathogenese der Caninen Atopischen Dermatitis (CAD; OLIVRY et al. 1997). Diese Zellen schütten in der Sofort- und in der Spätphase der Überempfindlichkeitsreaktion des Typs I Entzündungsmediatoren aus. Diätetisch verabreichte Fettsäuren werden in zelluläre Membranen eingebaut und sind somit in der Lage, die Produktion und Freisetzung dieser Entzündungsmediatoren zu beeinflussen. In der Praxis konnte gezeigt werden, dass eine diätetische Ergänzung von n6- und n3-Fettsäuren im Verhältnis von 5 zu 1 eine Linderung der klinischen Symptomatik bei 40% der an CAD leidenden Hunde herbeiführte (SCOTT et al. 1997). Das Ziel der vorliegenden Arbeit war es, zu überprüfen, welche Auswirkungen der Einbau supplementierter n6- und n3-Fettsäuren auf die Fettsäurenzusammensetzung und die Prostaglandinfreisetzung caniner Mastocytomzellen (C2) hat und ob diese Zellen in Bezug auf ihren Fettsäurenstoffwechsel als Modell für die CAD geeignet sind. Die Kultivierung der Zellen erfolgte in einem Grundmedium (DEH) oder in mit 14 µM Linol- (C18:2n6, DEH-LA), Gammalinolen- (C18:3n6, DEH-GLA), Arachidon- (C20:4n6, DEH-AA), a-Linolen- (C18:3n3, DEH-LnA), Eicosapentaen- (C20:5n3, DEH-EPA) oder Docosahexaensäure (C22:6n3, DEH-DHA) angereichertem Medium. Das Wachstum der C2 wurde in allen Kulturmedien über 11 Tage kontrolliert. Für die weiteren Untersuchungen wurden die Zellen am 4. bzw. 8. Tag geerntet, zweimal mit phosphatgepufferter Kochsalzlösung gewaschen und anschließend unter Stickstoff getrocknet. Die Ermittlung der Fettsäurenzusammensetzung der C2 erfolgte mittels Gaschromatographie nach Extraktion und Umesterung der Phospholipide. Dabei wurde L-a-Phosphatidylcholin-C17:0 als Interner Standard genutzt. Für die Bestimmung der Prostaglandine (PG) D2 und E2 wurden die Zellen mit dem Wespengift Mastoparan stimuliert. PGD2 wurde mittels eines PGD2-Methoxim-Enzym-Immunoassay (EIA) und PGE2 wurde mit Hilfe eines Radio-Immunassays (RIA) bestimmt. Die C2 zeigten in allen Kulturmedien eine Vermehrung lebender Zellen bis zum 8. Kultivierungstag, danach nahm die Zahl der abgestorbenen Zellen deutlich zu. Die Fettsäurensupplementierung beeinflusste das Zellwachstum nicht. Die erhöhte Zufuhr der Fettsäuren bewirkte eine Konzentrationserhöhung der entsprechenden Fettsäuren in den C2 (LA 4,9-fach, GLA 6,9-fach, AA 6-fach, LnA 9,3-fach, EPA 6,5-fach, DHA 8,4-fach). Weiterhin wurden signifikante Erhöhungen von Fettsäurenmetaboliten, die über die Elongasen und die D6-Desaturase aus den zugegebenen Fettsäuren gebildet werden, in den C2 gefunden. Produkte der D5-Desaturase waren dagegen nur in geringen Mengen nachweisbar. Ein zeitabhängiger Effekt des Einbaus der geprüften supplementierten Fettsäuren konnte nur für LA festgestellt werden, welche nach 8 Tagen in DEH-LA kultivierten C2 signifikant stärker eingebaut wurde als nach 4 Tagen. Die vorliegenden Ergebnisse lassen die Schlussfolgerung zu, dass in den C2 eine geringe Aktivität der D5-Desaturase vorliegt. Da eine niedrige Aktivität dieser Desaturase als möglicher Pathogenesemechanismus für das Auftreten der CAD verantwortlich gemacht wird, erscheinen die C2 als Modell für weitere Untersuchungen der CAD geeignet. Die durch Mastoparan stimulierte Freisetzung von PGE2 der C2 war bei der Kultivierung der Zellen im DEH-LnA und DEH-DHA signifikant erniedrigt und im DEH-AA und DEH-EPA signifikant erhöht. Die Ursache für die unterschiedlichen PGE2-Konzentrationen in C2 nach dem Zusatz der verschiedenen n3-Fettsäuren (LnA, EPA, DHA) ist bisher unklar. Verschiedene Möglichkeiten der Beeinflussung des Prostaglandinstoffwechsels durch diese Fettsäuren werden diskutiert. Auf Grund der erhaltenen Ergebnisse können die C2 als Modell genutzt werden, um die Mechanismen der Produktion von Prostaglandinen oder anderen Entzündungsmediatoren näher zu untersuchen und somit zur Erforschung der Pathogenesemechanismen der atopischen Dermatitis des Hundes sowie des Menschen beizutragen. / Cutaneous mast cells are considered as key immune effector cells in the pathogenesis of canine atopic dermatitis (CAD; OLIVRY et al. 1997). These cells release immediate-phase and late-phase mediators of inflammation. Dietary fatty acids are incorporated in cellular membranes and seem to influence mediator production and release. A dietary intervention with n6- and n3-fatty acids with a ratio from 5 to 1 alleviated clinical symptoms in 40% of atopic dogs (SCOTT et al. 1997). The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of n6- and n3-fatty acids on the fatty acid composition and the production of prostaglandins in canine mastocytoma cells (C2) as a possible model for CAD. Cells were cultured in a basic medium (DEH) or with additional 14 µM linoleic (C18:2n6, DEH-LA), gammalinolenic (C18:3n6, DEH-GLA), arachidonic (C20:4n6, DEH-AA), a-linolenic (C18:3n3, DEH-LnA), eicosapentaenoic (C20:5n3) or docosahexaenoic acid (C22:6n3, DEH-DHA). Cell growth was examined for 11 days in all media. The cells were harvested after 4 or 8 days, washed twice with phosphated buffered saline and dried under nitrogen for fatty acid analysis. The fatty acid composition was determined by gas chromatography after extraction and transesterification of the phospholipids using di-C17-phosphatidylcholin as internal standard. For measurment of prostaglandin (PG) D2 and E2 the C2 were stimulated with the wasp venom peptide mastoparan. PGD2 was measured by PGD2-methoxim-enzymimmunoassay (EIA) and PGE2 was determined by radioimmunoassay (RIA). Cell growth increased from day 1 to 8 and decreased thereafter in all media conditions. The supplied fatty acid did not influence the cell growth. Added fatty acids increased the concentration of these fatty acids in C2 (LA 4.9-fold, GLA 6.9-fold, AA 6-fold, LnA 9.3-fold, EPA 6.5-fold, DHA 8.4-fold). Futhermore elongated and D6-desaturated products of the corresponding fatty acids were significantly elevated, however D5-desaturated products were not measurable. An increased time dependent incorporation was only detectable for LA after culturing C2 in DEH-LA. The results let us assume that C2 has no activity of the D5-desaturase. If the assumed low activity of these desaturase is one of the mechanisms underlying the pathogenesis of CAD, C2 seems to be an adequate model for CAD. The production of PGE2 after stimulation with mastoparan was significantly reduced when C2 were cultured in DEH-LnA and DEH-DHA and was significantly increased when C2 were cultured in DEH-AA and DEH-EPA. The reason for the different PGE2-production in C2 after the treatment with the n3-fatty acids (LnA, EPA or DHA) being unsettled. The observed results suggest, that C2 could be used to investigate the mechanisms of production and release of prostaglandins or other mediators as a model to improve our understanding of the pathogenesis of canine or human atopic dermatitis.
216

THE SPICY, THE EVERLASTING AND THE UNEXPECTED: INVESTIGATING THREE COMPOUNDS THAT SUPPRESS MACROPHAGES AND MYOFIBROBLASTS TO REDUCE BIOMATERIAL-INDUCED FIBROSIS

Truong, Tich 06 1900 (has links)
Capsaicin, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and polydopamine (PDA) were used to target macrophage and myofibroblast activity to reduce biomaterial-induced fibrosis. The lifetime and efficacy of implantable biomedical devices are determined by the foreign body response. Immediately after implantation, proteins nonspecifically adsorb onto the material and initiate inflammation. Macrophages recruited to the site can differentiate into M1 and M2 phenotypes and upregulate inflammation and fibrosis which interferes with the intended function. M1 macrophages secrete pro-inflammatory mediators that induce chronic inflammation and promote myofibroblast differentiation while M2 macrophages are wound healing cells that suppress inflammation and regulate fibroblast activity. The fibrotic tissue is developed by myofibroblasts which produce collagen in an unregulated fashion. Collagen thickening and biomaterial encapsulation decreases efficacy and sensitive of biomedical devices. We investigated the in vitro and in vivo effects of capsaicin, PGE2 and polydopamine surface modification on macrophages and myofibroblasts. Capsaicin and PGE2 reduced poly(lactic-co-glycolic) acid (PLGA)-induced fibrosis by promoting M2 macrophage phenotype to secrete anti-inflammatory IL-10 and suppressing myofibroblast marker α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Capsaicin decreased collagen by 40% and upregulated IL-10 secretion by 35% while PGE2 reduced collagen by 55% after 14 days of implantation and 40% less collagen after 42 days. PDA was used to bind an anti-fibrotic compound to the surface of a poly(dimethyl siloxane) (PDMS-PDA) to reduce fibrosis. However, PDMS-PDA controls gave an unexpected result by reducing fibrosis to the same extent as anti-fibrotic compound bound PDMS- v PDA. PDA modification reduced cellularity by 50% and significantly decreased collagen thickness by 30%. Overall, our results showed that biomaterial-induced fibrosis can be reduced by promoting M2 macrophage activity and inhibiting myofibroblast differentiation. This research demonstrates three compounds that have potential to reduce fibrosis and extend the lifetime and efficacy of implantable biomedical devices. / Thesis / Master of Applied Science (MASc) / Capsaicin, prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and polydopamine were used to reduce scar tissue development around implanted polymers. Biomedical devices implanted in the body can undergo severe scar tissue formation, or fibrosis, and fail. Fibrosis is described by the accumulation of collagen and encapsulation of an implanted polymer. Macrophages regulate fibrosis by secreting pro-fibrotic compounds and myofibroblasts produce unregulated amounts of collagen. In this thesis, capsaicin, PGE2 and polydopamine were incorporated into implants to target macrophage and myofibroblast activity and reduce fibrosis in mice. Capsaicin and PGE2, released from a degradable polymer, altered macrophages to secrete anti-fibrotic compounds and decreased collagen by 40% and 55%, respectively. Polydopamine surface modified implants gave an unexpected result and suppressed overall cell activity to reduce fibrosis by 30%. The research conducted shows the potential of these compounds to reduce fibrosis and extend the lifetime of implantable devices.
217

Students using isolated uterine and other preparations show bimatoprost and prostanoid FP agonists have differently activated profiles

Marshall, Kay M., Abbas, F., Senior, J., Woodward, D.F. January 2009 (has links)
No / The pharmacology of bimatoprost, a synthetic prostaglandin-amide, was examined in prostaglandin F2¿ (PGF2¿)-sensitive preparations. Bimatoprost potently contracted the rabbit isolated uterus (pEC50=7.92±0.16). In contrast, bimatoprost exhibited weak excitatory activity in human myometrium from pregnant and nonpregnant donors, mouse uterus, rat uterus, and endothelium-intact rabbit jugular veins, and did not stimulate DNA synthesis in mouse fibroblasts. The possibility that the effects of bimatoprost may reflect partial agonism at prostanoid FP receptors was examined and the contractile effects of full agonists, 17-phenyl PGF2¿ (FP) and U-46619 (TP, a control), were determined in the absence and presence of 1 ¿M bimatoprost on the mouse uterus. Analyses of the agonist¿agonist functional studies showed no antagonism, indicating that bimatoprost is not a partial agonist. Bioassay metabolism studies of bimatoprost and latanoprost (FP receptor agonist prodrug) in the rabbit uterus were conducted using recipient mouse uterus. Results indicated that the potent responses to bimatoprost in the rabbit uterus are produced by the intact molecule and not by its putative free acid metabolite, 17-phenyl PGF2¿. Some hydrolysis of latanoprost to latanoprost free acid appears to have occurred in the rabbit uterus, according to biological detection. The pharmacology of bimatoprost could not be explained by its interaction with known prostanoid FP receptors and was independent of species-, tissue-, or preparation-related factors. The potent contractile effects of bimatoprost in the rabbit uterus provide further pharmacological evidence for the presence of a novel receptor population that preferentially recognises bimatoprost.
218

Prostaglandin D2 production in FM55 melanoma cells is regulated by ¿-melanocyte stimulating hormone and is not related to melanin production.

Masoodi, Mojgan, Nicolaou, Anna, Gledhill, Karl, Rhodes, L.E., Tobin, Desmond J., Thody, Anthony J. January 2010 (has links)
No / This study shows that prostaglandins in human FM55 melanoma cells and epidermal melanocytes are produced by COX-1. Prostaglandin production in FM55 melanoma cells was unrelated to that of melanin suggesting that the two processes can occur independently. ¿-Melanocyte stimulating hormone (¿-MSH), which had no effect on melanin production in FM55 cells, stimulated PGD2 production in these cells without affecting PGE2. While cAMP pathways may be involved in regulating PGD2 production, our results suggest that ¿-MSH acts independently of cAMP, possibly by regulating the activity of lipocalin-type PGD synthase. This ¿-MSH-mediated effect may be associated with its role as an immune modulator. / The Wellcome Trust
219

The role of eicosanoids in the human skin's response to ultraviolet radiation

Gledhill, Karl January 2009 (has links)
Erythema is a hallmark skin response to excessive ultraviolet radiation (UVR) and is associated with cutaneous inflammation. Both are mediated by inflammatory mediators including nitric oxide (NO), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) and chemoattractants such as 12-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (12-HETE) leading to vasodilation and increased leukocyte infiltration. The erythematous response is more pronounced in individuals with low basal melanin levels or who fail to respond to UVR with a robust up-regulation of melanogenesis. While melanin production is a key function of melanocytes, these cells can also produce NO and PGE2, and are located in close proximity to the dermal vasculature. It has been hypothesized that melanocytes with poor melanogenic capacity may participate in the inflammatory response to UVR. The aim of this project was to investigate the inflammatory response in the skin of individuals with either skin phototype (SPT) 1 or 4 to UVR. Sixteen normal healthy individuals were selected for study (8 SPT-1 & 8 SPT-4). Buttock skin was investigated by immunohistochemistry for leukocyte subtypes, eicosanoid producing enzymes and NO synthases under basal and UVR-stimulated conditions. In addition primary cultures of epidermal melanocytes (EM) were established from 16 individuals (8 SPT-1 & 8 SPT-4) and assessed for the presence of eicosanoid-producing enzymes, melanogenic enzymes and NO synthases, by immunocytochemistry, Polymerase Chain Reaction and Western Blotting and for the production of the main pro-inflammatory eicosanoid PGE2 by ELISA and Mass Spectrometry. Moreover, the fatty acid composition of cultured melanocytes was assessed by Gas Chromatography. Results showed that individuals with SPT-1 had significantly greater neutrophil infiltration into the epidermis than those with SPT-4 at 24 hrs post-UVR. Moreover, CD3+ lymphocyte infiltration into the dermis was significantly greater in individuals with SPT-4 than those with SPT-1 at 24 and 72 hrs post-UVR. NOS-1, NOS-3, 12-LOX and COX-2 expression were significantly increased in SPT-1 skin, while NOS-2 and 15-LOX were significantly increased in SPT-4 skin. As 12-LOX and COX-2 products are chemoattractive (for neutrophils) and pro-inflammatory respectively these data could explain the greater observed neutrophil infiltration in SPT-1. The 15-LOX product (15-HETE) is anti-inflammatory and may suggest that 15-LOX up-regulation in SPT-4 skin may aid resolution of the sunburn response, which in part may be mediated by CD3+ lymphocytes and a class-switch in eicosanoid production from COX to LOX products. Melanocyte primary cultures surprisingly showed that SPT was not correlated with melanin content or melanogenic enzyme expression/activity suggesting that all melanocytes in vitro contained the necessary cellular machinery to produce melanin. This finding may reflect also their equal treatment under these enriched culture conditions, which may or may not be available to these cells in situ. Moreover, all melanocytes expressed the necessary machinery (PLA2, COX-1, cPGES) to produce PGE2. However, only some cultures did so at baseline and in response to UVR, and this was not correlated with SPT. A positive correlation was found however between expression level of dopachrome tautomerase (DCT) and protection against PGE2 production in response to UVR, which may suggest a novel role for DCT unrelated to melanogenesis. In summary this research project has generated data that highlights differences between the skin of individuals with SPT-1 and those with SPT-4, and may provide evidence that the keratinocyte partner contributes significantly to the SPT-associated response. This research may also suggest DCT as a novel therapeutic target to protect EM from participation in the UVR-associated inflammatory response in skin.
220

Prostaglandine E2 et mesures du flux mésentérique par Doppler à la suite d’un traitement du canal artériel à l’ibuprofène par voie intraveineuse et entérale chez les bébés prématurés

Dorval, Véronique G 08 1900 (has links)
En dépit du nombre croissant d’études cliniques sur le canal artériel (CA), des failles méthodologiques entretiennent plusieurs incertitudes concernant l’efficacité et la sécurité des traitements chez les bébés nés prématurés. L’objectif de cette recherche était de comparer les concentrations de prostaglandine E2 (PGE2) et les mesures du flux mésentérique par échographie Doppler chez les enfants nés prématurément et ayant un canal artériel traité à l’ibuprofène par voie intraveineuse ou entérale, en utilisant la méthodologie randomisée contrôlée et à double insu. Dans notre étude pilote, 20 nouveau-nés prématurés de moins de 34 semaines ayant un CA symptomatique confirmé par échocardiographie, furent randomisés au traitement à l’ibuprofène par voie intraveineuse ou entérale. La voie d’administration fut maintenue à l’insu de l’équipe traitante, des cardiologues et des investigateurs. Des dosages des prostaglandines plasmatiques ont été mesurés avant le début du traitement ainsi que 3, 24 et 48 h après le début du traitement. Les mesures du flux mésentérique ont été effectuées avant le traitement à l’ibuprofène ainsi que 1 h et 3 h après le traitement. Nous avons démontré à partir de nos observations que les niveaux plasmatiques de prostaglandines E2 diminuent chez les patients ayant répondu au traitement à l’ibuprofène, indépendamment de la voie d’administration. Nous n’avons pas observé de changement dans l’évolution des dosages de PGE2 chez les patients qui n’ont pas répondu au traitement. Les paramètres mesurés par échographie Doppler au niveau de l’artère mésentérique supérieure n’étaient pas affectés par la voie d’administration du traitement à l’ibuprofène, intraveineuse ou entérale. La présente étude suggère ainsi que le traitement du CA par ibuprofène intraveineux ou entéral n’influe pas sur le flux sanguin mesuré par échographie Doppler. La baisse de la prostaglandine E2 coïncide avec la fermeture du CA, et son dosage pourrait jouer un rôle dans la gestion du traitement. Nous avons démontré la faisabilité d’une étude clinique randomisée à double insu dans le traitement du canal artériel; une méthodologie qui devrait désormait être employé dans la recherche clinique sur les traitements de la persistance du CA. / Despite the growing body of research on the patent ductus arteriosus (PDA), issues with clinical research methodology impairs much of our understanding regarding treatment efficacy and safety in the preterm population. The purpose of this study was to determine plasma prostaglandin E2 (PGE2) concentrations in preterm infants with symptomatic persistence of the ductus arteriosus treated with IV and oral ibuprofen, and measure Doppler flow parameters in the superior mesenteric artery, utilizing randomized controlled and double-blind methodology. Twenty patients age < 34 wks with a symptomatic PDA confirmed by echocardiography randomized to oral vs intravenous ibuprofen regimen. Treating physician, cardiologists and study investigators were blinded to treatment allocation. Plasma PGE2 levels were measured prior to ibuprofen treatment and at 3, 24 and 48 h after treatment. Mesenteric Doppler measurements were taken prior to ibuprofen treatment, and 1 h and 3 h after treatment. Our results showed that plasma PGE2 levels decreased over time in patients that exhibited ductal closure after IV or oral ibuprofen treatment; no time-dependent changes in PGE2 were seen in subjects that failed to respond to ibuprofen. Superior mesenteric artery Doppler flow measurements were not affected by ibuprofen treatment (IV or oral), regardless of efficacy on ductal closure and of PGE2 changes. We conclude that treatment with oral or intravenous ibuprofen does not impact on superior mesenteric artery blood flow measured by Doppler ultrasound. Decreases in plasma PGE2 concentrations coincide with ibuprofen efficacy, and may be more cost-effective to monitor than ultrasound. This study also demonstrated the successful use of double blinded randomized controlled research methodology, which should be more strictly applied in future clinical research on PDA treatment.

Page generated in 0.064 seconds