L’intervention en périphérie d’aire protégée visant l’amélioration de la conservation est une démarche largement partagée par les programmes de conservation depuis les années 1990. Il s’agit pourtant d’un postulat, que nous voulons réexaminer grâce à la situation du Parc du W (Bénin, Burkina Faso, Niger). Ce Parc est un complexe transfrontalier d’aires protégées, confronté à la pénétration illégale de troupeaux bovins transhumants conduits par des bergers peuls à la recherche de pâturage.Nous identifions d’abord les différents espaces où se jouent les relations entre le Parc et les pasteurs. Au-delà d’une périphérie proche, déjà prise en compte par le Parc, les espaces d’interaction dépassent, par des effets indirects, l’échelle de la mobilité des pasteurs. Ils englobent non seulement une aire d’attraction mais des espaces plus lointains, qui comprennent tous les pôles d’accueil pastoraux de la région. Nous analysons les facteurs de l’attractivité relative de ces espaces. Nous décrivons ensuite les formes de mobilité des éleveurs et leurs relations avec le Parc. A l’aide d’un modèle de décision, nous mettons en évidence les facteurs influençant les pratiques de mobilité dans leur diversité. Enfin, nous étudions les stratégies du Parc en périphérie pour examiner leur influence réelle ou potentielle sur les pasteurs. Elles souffrent du manque d’explicitation d’objectifs d’intervention basés sur l’analyse des relations entre Parc et périphérie. Au delà, nous montrons les limites de tout projet de conservation, cantonné à une ingénierie écologique, alors qu’est mise au jour la nécessité d’une ingénierie territoriale menée simultanément à de multiples échelles. / Protected area managers act on peripheral zones because they hope that it will improve conservation. This is a common behaviour of most development programs since 1990s. However, this relies on a postulate, which we try to examine thank to the case of the W Park (Bénin, Burkina Faso, Niger). This transborder park is a complex of protected area that faces with cattle herds, led by fulan herdsmen, that illegaly enters to find pasture. We identify spaces where the interactions between Parc and pastors take place. Beyond close periphery that was already took into into account by the Park, interaction spaces are even greater than the spaces where the pastors move because of indirect effects. They encompass an attraction area, and even further, all the surrounding main pastures area. We explore all factors that make the attractivity of spaces, including Park, compared to each other. Then, we describe pastors mobility types and how they affect their relationships to Park. A decision model helps us to show the factors influencing various mobility practices.Finally, we analyse Park strategies in the surrounding to evaluate its actual or potential influence on pastors. Its intervention lacks explicite goals and should be grounded on an analysis of relationships between Park and its surrounding. Deeper, we bring out that any conservation program is limited because it implements ecological engineering though a multiscale territorial engineering would be necessary.

Historically, the governance streams of fisheries and conservation management have run separately to one another, with little attempt at integration despite their similar goals. Efforts to integrate the two have increased as a result of their similarities and the potential benefits that may arise, but a requirement for additional research was identified to determine the effectiveness of this approach. This thesis therefore took an interdisciplinary approach, seeking to combine knowledge and methods from ecological, social and economic disciplines to provide a holistic evaluation of the potential for success. Marine Protected Areas (MPAs) were chosen as a management tool to evaluate for this purpose. Ecological research used underwater video methods to show that potting may be compatible with the conservation objectives of a multi-use MPA, but that this will depend on the level of impact and what is deemed ‘acceptable’ by regulators. An evaluation of social acceptance of MPAs using Q methodology stressed the importance of stakeholder engagement and transparency in decision making. Stakeholder acceptance can be facilitated by provision of clear evidence of the need for management, and of the benefits it may bring. Economic research evaluated the potential economic benefits of multi-use MPAs through quantification of change in quantity and value of landings for potting fisheries finding landings increased following MPA implementation. Finally, the thesis considered the effectiveness of ecosystem based fisheries management using a questionnaire designed to gather the opinions of stakeholders. This highlighted the potential role of co-management and the value of the ecosystem approach and emphasised the need for responsive, adaptive management which considers all stakeholders and all three disciplines. Overall the thesis highlighted the strength of taking an interdisciplinary approach, finding that whilst there is evidence for successful integration seen through designation of well managed multi-use MPAs, success may be limited by fundamental differences in the goals of the two streams. Further success may be facilitated by increased evidence for the benefits of integration for both governance streams, and provision of adequate resources to ensure management measures are reactive and adaptive.

I follow up a large topic in the thesis: a bird. A bird that is living in wildlife. A bird that is appearing in the Protected Area of Třeboňsko. A bird, as a fiery Fénix. A bird that is appearing in a picture of Vincent van Gogh. I have tried to explain historical perceiving of birds in the beginning of the thesis. I have concentrated on birds in general in a second half of the thesis, I have described what kinds of birds return to the Czech Republic after winter and which ones spend winter here. Because my drinking place for birds is placed to our garden that is in the Protected Area of Třeboňsko I have concentrated on other characteristic of this area and of garden biotope. Then I have solved important conditions that the ideal drinking place for birds must meet. In the other half of the thesis, I have devoted to mythic animals inspired by birds and art where birds are holders of a hidden symbol. After that I have made a drinking place for birds from ceramic that is corresponding with all important conditions and I have placed it to exterior. I have chosen our garden.

Communities of epigeic beetles were studied on two localities: Třebovice in the military area Boletice and Vadkov in the foodhill of Blanský les Landscape Protected Area in South Bohemia. The distance between localities is 7,25 km. Six biotopes were studied in both localities: grasslands, wetlands, fields, coniferous forest habitat, habitat mixed forest and deciduous forest habitat. Pitfall traps were used for collecting of material in period May - November 2012. Together 5 families (Carabidae, Elateridae, Silphidae, Curculionidae, Geotrupidae), 18 species and 1426 specimen of epigeic beetles were collected. Species were divided according to their ecological requirements of anthropogenic tolerancy into three groups (I and II relics and eurytopic species) (Boháč, 1999). In the monitored area Trebovice I found a total of 5 families with 16 species, compared to 3 for the families of the 11 species in Vadkov. The activity of beetles was very similar in both localities (Trebovice - 726 specimen, Vadkov - 700 specimen). The dominant families in number of species at both monitored localities family Carabid (Třebovice 9 species of Carabid, Vadkov 7 species Carabid). On the other side by carabid individuals was the activity distinctly higher in Třebovice (239 specimen carabid) than in Vadkov (38 specimen carabid). Adaptable species (RII 13 species) prevailed over expansionnists (E 5 species) in both localities. In the locality Třebovice was found 29.4% expansive species (E) against the area Vadkov 18.2% expansive species (E). Species that are tied to the habitats moderately influenced by man, known as relics of the second order (RII), in the vicinity of Třebovice occurred in 70.6% and in 81.8% Vadkov. Groups relics of the first order (RI) in the monitored areas were not detected. Index of human impact showed slightly better values at locations on the outskirts of Blanský les (Vadkov) (50%) than in the military area Třebovice (49,17%). Greater species diversity (Třebovice 16 species, Vadkov 11 species) and abundance (Třebovice 726 specimen, Vadkov 700 specimen) of beetles was in fond in the military area. This demonstrates that military area Boletice habitats are important for the survival of many species and serves as a source of biodiversity for neighboring stations.

abstract: This research assessed the sustainability of protected area-based tourism systems in Nepal. The research was composed of three interrelated studies. The first study evaluated different approaches to protected area governance. This was a multiple-case study research involving three protected areas in Nepal: the Annapurna Conservation Area, Chitwan National Park, and the Kanchenjunga Conservation Area. Data were collected from various published and unpublished sources and supplemented with 55 face-to-face interviews. Results revealed that outcomes pertaining to biodiversity conservation, community livelihoods, and sustainable tourism vary across these protected areas. The study concluded that there is no institutional panacea for managing protected areas. The second study diagnosed the sustainability of tourism in two destination communities: Ghandruk and Sauraha, which are located within the Annapurna Conservation Area and Chitwan National Park, respectively. A systemic, holistic approach--the social-ecological system framework--was used to analyze the structures, processes, and outcomes of tourism development. Data collection involved 45 face-to-face semi-structured interviews and a review of published and unpublished documents. Results revealed that tourism has several positive and a few negative sociocultural, economic, and ecological outcomes in both communities. Overall, tourism has progressed towards sustainability in these destinations. The third study examined tourism stakeholders' perspectives regarding sustainable tourism outcomes in protected areas. The study compared the responses of residents with residents, as well as tourists with tourists, across the Annapurna Conservation Area and Chitwan National Park. Tourism sustainability was evaluated with six tourism impact subscales measuring negative and positive ecological, economic, and social impacts. Data were collected using the survey method. Respondents included 230 residents and 205 tourists in Annapurna, and 220 residents and 210 tourists in Chitwan. The findings revealed that the residents across these protected areas perceived positive and negative impacts differently, as did the tourists, suggesting that the form of tourism development affects the sustainability outcomes in protected areas. Overall, this research concluded that protected areas and tourism are intricately related, and sustainable management of a protected area-based tourism system requires a polycentric adaptive approach that warrants a broad participation of relevant stakeholders. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Community Resources and Development 2014

Par un regard géographique sur les espaces protégés urbains, cette thèse propose d’appréhender les politiques de protection comme des choix de production de naturalité métropolitaine. Le propos, qui s’appuie sur l’étude de cinq métropoles nordiques (Oslo, Göteborg, Stockholm, Copenhague, Helsinki) situées dans quatre contextes nationaux différents (Norvège, Suède, Danemark, Finlande), développe un raisonnement sur les fondements, les pratiques et les représentations relatifs aux espaces et aux spatialités de la protection. La thèse ne propose pas une compilation monographique, et c’est de manière transversale et critique qu’elle invite à considérer l’espace protégé comme un espace urbain à part entière. À l’aune de la nordicité, elle questionne l’existence, les modalités et les spécificités d’un supposé modèle scandinave qui transparaîtrait à travers les politiques de protection. La démonstration suggère surtout un renversement des schèmes habituels de la protection : ici, la ville n’est pas comprise comme une menace pour la nature, elle est au contraire questionnée comme un facteur protecteur. En retour, la protection peut renforcer certaines fonctions urbaines et peut même apparaître comme un levier de métropolisation. En mobilisant différentes formes d’observation et divers matériaux, ce travail de géographie sociale et politique de l’environnement est aussi une réflexion épistémologique plus large sur les notions de ville et de nature, et sur les liens qu’elles entretiennent. En confirmant l’indispensable dépassement des dualismes issus de la modernité, cette thèse questionne les formes spatiales hybrides produites par l’instauration de réglementations protectrices au sein des espaces métropolitains. Alors que la protection peut apparaître comme un moyen de régulation de l’urbanisation, elle est surtout un vecteur de valorisation de certains espaces urbains et, à ce titre, elle renforce souvent l’urbanité. Parmi la diversité des situations rencontrées, l’urbanité des espaces naturels devient même parfois la raison d’être de la protection. En somme, certains espaces protégés urbains sont davantage des espaces urbains protégés. Initiée politiquement, la protection se doit néanmoins d’être validée socialement pour vraiment exister. En portant une attention particulière aux pratiques des habitants, ce travail constate des décalages entre les assignations politiques de la protection et leur réception par les citadins. Ainsi, l’espace protégé peut déborder du simple périmètre réglementaire de protection ou être condensé en certains lieux : les limites normalement bien établies de cet objet spatial se meuvent et les lignes de la protection s’avèrent labiles. Étudier les politiques de production et de protection des espaces naturels et les modalités d’appropriation des espaces protégés s’avère donc être un angle d’approche original et fécond du fait urbain et des logiques métropolitaines. En filigrane, cette thèse est aussi une réflexion sur la mise en œuvre d’une démarche géographique et sur la construction d’un regard de géographe.Mots-clés : espaces protégés urbains, politiques de protection, ville, urbanisation, métropolisation, urbanité, nature, environnement, naturalité, Europe du Nord, nordicité / Through a geographical approach to urban protected areas, this doctoral dissertation proposes to consider conservation policies as production choices of metropolitan naturality. Based on the study of five northern European metropolises (Oslo, Gothenburg, Stockholm, Copenhagen, Helsinki) in four different national contexts (Norway, Sweden, Denmark, Finland), it develops a reasoning on the foundations, practices and representations relating to spaces and spatialities of conservation. We do not propose a monographic compilation, and it is in a transversal and critical way that we invite to consider the protected space as an urban space in its own right. In the light of nordicity, this doctoral thesis questions the existence, the modalities and the specificities of a supposed Scandinavian model which would show through the conservation policies. The demonstration suggests above all a reversal of the usual patterns of conservation: here, the city is not understood as a threat to nature; rather, it is questioned as a protective factor. In return, conservation can strengthen some urban functions and may even appear to be a leverage of metropolisation. By mobilizing different forms of observation and various materials, this work of social and political geography of the environment is also a wider epistemological reflection on the notions of city and nature and on the links they maintain. By confirming the necessary overcoming of the dualisms resulting from modernity, this dissertation questions the hybrid spatial forms produced by the introduction of protective regulations within metropolitan spaces. Thus, conservation may appear as a means of regulating urbanization, but it is above all a means of enhancing the value of certain urban spaces and, as such, it can often strengthen urbanity. Among the diversity of situations encountered, preserving the urbanity of natural spaces sometimes becomes the primary objective of protection. In short, some urban protected areas are more protected urban spaces. Conservation is politically initiated, but it must nevertheless be socially validated in order to truly exist. Thus, by paying close attention to the practices of the inhabitants, this work has observed mismatches between the political objectives of conservation and their reception by city dwellers. As a result, the protected space may extend beyond the ordinary protective perimeter or be condensed in certain places: the normally established boundaries of such an object move and the lines of conservation are labile. Studying the policies for the production and conservation of natural spaces and the ways in which protected areas are appropriated thus proves to be an original and fruitful approach to urban development and metropolitan logics. Finally, this doctoral dissertation is also implicitly a reflection on the implementation of a geographical approach and on the construction of a way of being a geographer.

Description of Juniperus communis. Description of general natural conditions in studied area and their relation to referred species. List of characteristics surveyed on each specimen. Statistical evaluation of all data which I collected during my fieldwork. Outcome comparison with other similar works on given topic.

In this work, I ´ve been monitoring occurrence of Juniperus communis in south part of {\clqq}CHKO Třeboňsko``, which is protected area. At first I´ve been studying literature specialized in focusing on problems of occurence Juniperus communis in the world and in this concrete area. Than I was systematically creating a net of all the exemplars in proper area, I ´ve been noting their characteristics and taking a photos. I was statistically analyzing the data and compare with other works, which are engaged in this issue.

Dissertação(mestrado) - Universidade Federal do Rio Grande, Programa de Pós–Graduação em Gerenciamento Costeiro, Instituto de Oceanografia, 2012. / Submitted by Cristiane Gomides (cristiane_gomides@hotmail.com) on 2013-09-16T20:18:29Z No. of bitstreams: 1 gabriel.pdf: 3366222 bytes, checksum: ed1cc775c4df582e710d734b4594e213 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Sabrina Andrade (sabrinabeatriz@ibest.com.br) on 2013-10-17T16:34:07Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 gabriel.pdf: 3366222 bytes, checksum: ed1cc775c4df582e710d734b4594e213 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2013-10-17T16:34:07Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 gabriel.pdf: 3366222 bytes, checksum: ed1cc775c4df582e710d734b4594e213 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / A Estação Ecológica do Taim (ESEC Taim) está localizada na planície litorânea do estado do Rio Grande do Sul, inserida em um complexo sistema de banhados e lagoas situado entre a Lagoa Mirim e o Oceano Atlântico. Apesar do processo de criação ter sido iniciado em 1978, hoje, apesar de já se terem passado quase três décadas desde o inicio da implantação da ESEC Taim, sua situação ainda não está bem resolvida, apresentando dentre os principais problemas a questão do conflito fundiário e a inexistência de uma Zona de Amortecimento (ZA) e de um Plano de Manejo, ambos os instrumentos previstos em lei. É neste contexto que esta pesquisa se desenvolveu, propondo-se a elaborar uma avaliação ambiental e a proposição de critérios para o estabelecimento de uma ZA para a Estação. A seleção das áreas de amortecimento foi feita através do uso de critérios embasados na Geologia, Ecologia da Paisagem, atuais usos do entorno da ESEC Taim, consideração de limites da legislação e de instruções da IUCN e do IBAMA. Essas informações foram inseridas em um banco de dados digital em um Sistema de Informações Geográficas (SIG), onde, por meio das ferramentas analíticas disponíveis, foi realizada uma análise multicritério que reflete as peculiaridades do ambiente de inserção da Unidade. Foram gerados quatro cenários principais para de ZA para a ESEC Taim. O cenário 0 apresenta a Estação sob a projeção das “distâncias generalizadas de amortecimento” previstas em norma, para UCs ainda sem ZA definida. Os cenários 1, 2 e 3 são propostas de ZA, construídas por diferentes critérios, e refletem diferentes questões e possibilidades. Acredita-se que o cenário 2, por abranger com maior integridade os fatores que afetam a ESEC, possui maior potencial para a atenuação dos impactos, assim como para a melhoria da qualidade ambiental do entorno da ESEC Taim. Identificada a complexidade da tarefa de estabelecer critérios de ZA, acredita-se que as atuais propostas serão um importante material de referência para apoiar as futuras discussões no momento da real definição de limites de uma ZA para a Unidade. / The Taim Ecological Station (TES) located at the coastal area of Rio Grande do Sul State is inserted in a complex system of wetlands and lagoons, between Lake Mirim and the Atlantic Ocean. TES was initially settled in 1978, through an area reservation process, but its operating status was formally established in 1986, by another decree. Almost thirty years since the beginning of the consolidation process of TES, there still are some unresolved problems. The main issues are related with the land conflicts and the unexisting of a buffer zone and a management plan. It is in this context that the present research was developed, aiming to elaborate an environmental assessment study and identification and selection of criteria for the establishment of a buffer zone. Criteria were selected based upon Geology, the Landscape Ecology, surrounding TES’s uses, adaptation of limits following national laws, as well as, the adaptation of some IUCN and IBAMA instructions. Such information was inserted in a digital database in a Geographical Information System (GIS). Making use of the analytic tools offered by GIS it was performed a multicriteria analysis. This process permitted to create three scenarios for the establishment of a buffer zone for TES. The submitted proposals reflect the environmental peculiarities of the Station, and will support the process of decision making for the buffer zone delimitation.

Zusammenfassung Die Rechtsregelung des Schutzes der Nationalparke in der Tschechischen Republik und Deutschland Der Gebietsschutz wird zu den wichtigsten Instrumenten des Naturschutzes gezählt. Die Schutzgebietskategorie "Nationalpark" (NP) ist ein etabliertes Instrument. Trotzdem wird die Diskussion über Nationalparke sehr angeregt geführt. Vor dem Hintergrund der Vorbereitungen eines neuen Gesetzes für den bestehenden Nationalpark Šumava (der größte tschechische Nationalpark) ist dieses Thema in der Tschechischen Republik sehr aktuell. Die vorliegende Arbeit vergleicht die Rechtsregelungen für Nationalparke in Tschechien und Deutschland. Ihr Ziel ist es, hiervon Rückschlüsse für mögliche Änderungen de lege ferenda zu gewinnen. Die vorliegende Arbeit widmet sich allen tschechischen Nationalparken (České Švýcarsko, Krkonošský, Podyjí und Šumava). Obwohl in Deutschland die Grundlage der Regelung durch das Bunesnatuschutzgesetz (BNatSchG) geschaffen ist, spielt für die Durchführung der Regelungen das Landesrecht eine wichtige Rolle. Für die Arbeit wurden Landesregelungen für drei der insgesamt 14 deutschen Nationalparke als Fallbeispiele herangezogen: NP Bayerischer Wald (Bayern), NP Müritz (Mecklenburg-Vorpommern) und NP Sächsische Schweiz (Sachsen). In den Einführungskapiteln wird die historische...