Since 2002, the Canadian state has mandatorily tested applicants for permanent residence for HIV (Human immune deficiency virus). The policy and practices associated with this screening have never been critically scrutinized. Authoritative claims about what happens in the conduct of the immigration medical examination are at odds with the experience of immigrant applicants living with HIV. This is the analytic entry point into this inquiry that is organized within the theoretical and methodological frame offered by institutional ethnography and political activist ethnography. Analysis is connected to broader research literatures and the historical record. The goal of this study is to produce detailed, contextualized understandings of the social and ruling relations that organize the lives of immigrants to Canada living with HIV. These are generated from the material conditions of their lives. An assumption about how organization happens is the social and reflexive production of knowledge in people’s day-to-day lives through which connections between local and extra-local settings are empirically investigable. I investigate the organization of the Canadian immigration process. How is this institutional complex ordered and governed? How is immigration mandatory HIV testing organized, and with what consequences to HIV-positive applicants to Canada? This is a text-mediated organization where all the sites are connected by people’s work and the texts they circulate. The positive result of an immigration HIV test catalyzes the state’s collection of medical data about an applicant. These are entered into state decision-making about the person’s in/admissibility to Canada. I focus on a key component of the immigration process, which is medical examination and HIV testing with this, along with the HIV test counselling practices that happen (or not) there. The reported absence of the latter form of care causes problems and contradictions for people. This investigation adopts the standpoint of these persons to investigate their problems associated with HIV testing. The main empirically supported argument I make is that the Canadian state’s ideological work related to the HIV policy and mandatory screening ushers in a set of institutional practices that are highly problematic for immigrants with HIV. This argument relies on data collected in interviews, focus groups, observations, and analysis of texts organized under Canada’s Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (S.C., 2001, c. 27) and textually mediated, discursively organized concepts that shape people’s practice. Canadian immigration medical policy makers should make use of these findings, as should civil society activists acting on behalf of immigrants to Canada living with HIV. I make nine specific recommendations for future action on HIV and immigration in Canada.

Since 2002, the Canadian state has mandatorily tested applicants for permanent residence for HIV (Human immune deficiency virus). The policy and practices associated with this screening have never been critically scrutinized. Authoritative claims about what happens in the conduct of the immigration medical examination are at odds with the experience of immigrant applicants living with HIV. This is the analytic entry point into this inquiry that is organized within the theoretical and methodological frame offered by institutional ethnography and political activist ethnography. Analysis is connected to broader research literatures and the historical record. The goal of this study is to produce detailed, contextualized understandings of the social and ruling relations that organize the lives of immigrants to Canada living with HIV. These are generated from the material conditions of their lives. An assumption about how organization happens is the social and reflexive production of knowledge in people’s day-to-day lives through which connections between local and extra-local settings are empirically investigable. I investigate the organization of the Canadian immigration process. How is this institutional complex ordered and governed? How is immigration mandatory HIV testing organized, and with what consequences to HIV-positive applicants to Canada? This is a text-mediated organization where all the sites are connected by people’s work and the texts they circulate. The positive result of an immigration HIV test catalyzes the state’s collection of medical data about an applicant. These are entered into state decision-making about the person’s in/admissibility to Canada. I focus on a key component of the immigration process, which is medical examination and HIV testing with this, along with the HIV test counselling practices that happen (or not) there. The reported absence of the latter form of care causes problems and contradictions for people. This investigation adopts the standpoint of these persons to investigate their problems associated with HIV testing. The main empirically supported argument I make is that the Canadian state’s ideological work related to the HIV policy and mandatory screening ushers in a set of institutional practices that are highly problematic for immigrants with HIV. This argument relies on data collected in interviews, focus groups, observations, and analysis of texts organized under Canada’s Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (S.C., 2001, c. 27) and textually mediated, discursively organized concepts that shape people’s practice. Canadian immigration medical policy makers should make use of these findings, as should civil society activists acting on behalf of immigrants to Canada living with HIV. I make nine specific recommendations for future action on HIV and immigration in Canada.

This dissertation, which is both exploratory and descriptive in nature, initially describes the development of the polygraph against a background of understanding society's rejection of the lying phenomenon. The theoretical foundations of polygraph thinking are then presented as forerunner to practical illustration of polygraph use in the private sector. The criminal justice system represents the sphere of polygraph ulitization central to the research. With strong American accent, polygraph use in all four components of the system is described in such a manner so as to provoke thought on the part of criminal justice functionaries as to polygraph possibilities in the execution of their functions. Research findings and recommendations aimed at stimulating thought and improvement in the field of polygraphy conclude the dissertation. / Criminology and Security Science / M.A (Penology)

No abstract available. / Dissertation (LLM)--University of Pretoria, 2013. / gm2014 / Mercantile Law / unrestricted

Since 2002, the Canadian state has mandatorily tested applicants for permanent residence for HIV (Human immune deficiency virus). The policy and practices associated with this screening have never been critically scrutinized. Authoritative claims about what happens in the conduct of the immigration medical examination are at odds with the experience of immigrant applicants living with HIV. This is the analytic entry point into this inquiry that is organized within the theoretical and methodological frame offered by institutional ethnography and political activist ethnography. Analysis is connected to broader research literatures and the historical record. The goal of this study is to produce detailed, contextualized understandings of the social and ruling relations that organize the lives of immigrants to Canada living with HIV. These are generated from the material conditions of their lives. An assumption about how organization happens is the social and reflexive production of knowledge in people’s day-to-day lives through which connections between local and extra-local settings are empirically investigable. I investigate the organization of the Canadian immigration process. How is this institutional complex ordered and governed? How is immigration mandatory HIV testing organized, and with what consequences to HIV-positive applicants to Canada? This is a text-mediated organization where all the sites are connected by people’s work and the texts they circulate. The positive result of an immigration HIV test catalyzes the state’s collection of medical data about an applicant. These are entered into state decision-making about the person’s in/admissibility to Canada. I focus on a key component of the immigration process, which is medical examination and HIV testing with this, along with the HIV test counselling practices that happen (or not) there. The reported absence of the latter form of care causes problems and contradictions for people. This investigation adopts the standpoint of these persons to investigate their problems associated with HIV testing. The main empirically supported argument I make is that the Canadian state’s ideological work related to the HIV policy and mandatory screening ushers in a set of institutional practices that are highly problematic for immigrants with HIV. This argument relies on data collected in interviews, focus groups, observations, and analysis of texts organized under Canada’s Immigration and Refugee Protection Act (S.C., 2001, c. 27) and textually mediated, discursively organized concepts that shape people’s practice. Canadian immigration medical policy makers should make use of these findings, as should civil society activists acting on behalf of immigrants to Canada living with HIV. I make nine specific recommendations for future action on HIV and immigration in Canada.

Ce projet de recherche avait pour but de faire la lumière sur les représentations sociales de jeunes hommes qui sont placés sous la Loi sur la protection de la jeunesse jusqu’à l’atteinte de leur 18e anniversaire. Il met à jour les représentations quant aux services reçus en lien avec la préparation à la vie autonome une fois les services de protection prenant fin. Dans un premier temps, nous allons brosser un portrait d’un jeune hébergé par la DPJ en découvrant un peu plus les facteurs ayant mené à son placement jusqu’à la majorité. Ensuite, nous tentons d’en découvrir davantage sur l’appréciation des services reçus et la dépréciation ou tout simplement les facteurs à améliorer pour aider davantage d’autres jeunes dans la même situation qu’eux. De cette façon, il nous sera possible d’émettre des hypothèses sur ce qui serait éventuellement à travailler dans les Centres jeunesse de la province pour répondre plus adéquatement aux besoins spécifiques à cette clientèle en vue de leur préparation à la vie autonome. Le sujet a pu être exploré avec la participation de 10 jeunes âgés de 16 à 18 ans auprès de qui nous avons fait des entrevues semi-dirigées. / This research project aims to shed light on the social representations of young men who are placed under the Youth Protection Act until their 18th birthday. Representations on services received in relation to preparation for independent living after the end of protective services. At first, we will paint a portrait of the young persons by discovering a little more about the factors that led to an investment of the government until their majority. Then, we try to find out more about the appreciation of services received and the depreciation or simply the factors to improve to help more young people in the same situation as themselves. In this way, we will be able to make assumptions about what would eventually work in the province's Youth Centers to better respond to the needs that are specific to their situations. The topic was explored with the participation of 10 young people between the ages of 16 and 18 with whom we conducted semi-directed interviews.

MPM / Oliver Tambo Institute of Governance and Policy Studies

The offered thesis focuses on the legal regulation of specially protected areas in the Czech Republic and the Russian Federation. The thesis' objective is to present an explicit overview of the two countries' national systems comprising protected areas from the legal point of view. The thesis includes an explanation of the basic concepts related to specially protected areas in terms of nature and landscape preservation. The author starts with a concise introduction to the issue's background, and then dwells upon constitutional principles for nature conservation, related legislation and a range of categories of specially protected areas in the two countries. The basic legislation concerning specially protected areas in the Czech Republic is the Nature and Landscape Protection Act, while in the Russian Federation that function is played by Specially Protected Natural Areas Act. The thesis includes an analysis of selected legal issues, namely issues related to legal proclamation and cancellation of the status of specially protected areas, special protection regime, state administration functions, implementation of ownership and other rights. The analysis is followed by a comparison of legal regulations concerning specially protected areas and the conclusion where the author summarizes the most...

This dissertation aims to study the behavior of intermediaries under market imperfections and the consequences of that for the financial market's functioning. To do so, I focus on two classes of market frictions: funding constraints and information asymmetry. Chapter 1 studies how the dealers' capital constraints affect the market liquidity in the presence of imperfect competition and how recent regulations have shifted the competitive landscape of interest rate swaps. On the subject of informational frictions, Chapters 2 and 3 study empirically and theoretically the pace at which prices incorporate private information under the limited learning capacity of the informed traders. Understanding the microstructure of the swap markets is of interest to both policymakers and academics, especially for it helps in the efficient implementation of post-crisis regulations, namely the Dodd-Frank Act. An understudied dimension of the swap market microstructure is the determinants of the cost of the market-making activity. Using a proprietary regulatory dataset collected by the Commodity Futures Trading Commission (CFTC) on both the interest rate swap transactions and the collateral requirements at the London Clearinghouse (LCH), in Chapter 1, I study the key balance sheet constraints that affect the ability of the bank-affiliated dealers to provide intermediation service to the end-users. Most of the interest rate swaps are now mandated to be centrally cleared. This has increased the dealer's need for collateral in the form of highly liquid assets (cash and cash equivalents) to back their swap exposures. Facing capital adequacy measures such as Supplementary Leverage Ratio (SLR), dealers find it even costlier to increase the size of their balance sheet to fund these margins. I show that a 1-percentage point increase in SLR leads to an increase of 1.09 percentage points in the bank's cost of capital per unit of margin requirement. Furthermore, I find the funding spread of the dealers (the difference between the cost of external funding and the risk-free rate) is also a relevant factor for determining the dealer's marginal cost of swap transaction; a cost that is evidently transferred to the end-users in the form of less favorable prices. Measuring the cost of intermediation for the dealer-to-client interest rate swap market is challenging because of the high concentration in the market-- the first seven dealers intermediate more than 50% of the total notional traded. Therefore, one must consider the nontrivial effect of markups in transaction prices to estimate the marginal cost of intermediation reliably. For this reason, I model a differentiated product demand for swaps in the spirit of empirical Industrial Organization (IO) literature and structurally estimate this model to account for the markups in the transaction prices using estimated price elasticities. The demand estimations show economically interpretable heterogeneity among the end-users in their taste for duration risk hedging. The structurally estimated equilibrium model of intermediation can serve as a basis for answering counterfactual policy questions, especially in the debate on the social costs and benefits of excluding initial margins in calculating supplementary leverage ratio. In Chapter 2, I turn the focus to the impact of informational frictions on market-making activity. More specifically, we study the informed trading under random stopping time. Empirical evidence is provided based on an episode of time when the Securities and Exchange Commission (SEC) unintentionally disclosed security filings to some investors before the public for several years. For technological reasons, the delay between the private and public disclosure was exogenously random. We exploit the variation in the time window of private information to show the intensity of trades and the speed at which market prices reach their efficiency, decrease with the expected arrival time of public announcement. In addition, we find the learning capacity of the insider determines the evolution of trading intensity over time. In Chapter 3, inspired by the stylized facts observed in the earlier chapter, I extend the Kyle (1985) model of strategic trading to a case with limited learning capacity of both the dealers and the informed traders (insiders). The insider does not perfectly observe the true value of the security, but he continues to hone his knowledge by using private information sources over time. Two classes of equilibria emerge from this model. In one class, the insider trades excessively patiently, and the market efficiency is reached only asymptotically. In the second type, the insider optimally chooses a deterministic time T, before which he trades patiently as in Kyle (1985) until the price reaches its full efficiency. After T, the insider keeps revealing every piece of new information immediately, and the market price stays efficient while the insider keeps making profits. Which equilibrium emerges depends on the insider's learning capacity, initial informational advantage, and the private source's informational content.

The global pharmaceutical industry is a highly competitive and rapidly changing environment, defined by rigorous regulations and a constant need for new discoveries and developments. Pharmaceutical MNCs operate in a variety of legal and cultural contexts, making it crucial for them to possess a thorough understanding of local laws and customs to ensure regulatory compliance and long-term business sustainability. The combination of a strong economy, a robust research and development infrastructure, and a highly skilled workforce has positioned Sweden as an appealing destination for pharmaceutical MNCs seeking to expand their global presence. This thesis investigates the impact of Swedish labour law, specifically the Co-Determination Act (MBL) and the Employment Protection Act (LAS), on multinational pharmaceutical companies operating in Sweden. Through a qualitative study incorporating semi-structured interviews with HR directors from two leading pharmaceutical MNCs and legal experts from two corporate law firms, the study explores how these regulations influence operational strategies, decision-making processes, and human resource management practices. The findings highlight the complexities MNCs face in complying with MBL and LAS, including extended decision-making timelines and challenges with employee retention and termination due to the “last in, first out” principle. However, the study also identifies benefits such as enhanced employee morale and trust, which contribute to a positive work environment. The conclusions suggest that while these two regulations impose significant operational constraints, they also offer strategic advantages that can lead to improved employee engagement and organisational stability. While primarily focusing on the management perspective within MNCs, this study leaves the employee viewpoint unexplored. Future research could explore the employeee xperience to provide a more comprehensive understanding of the impact of MBL and LAS. Additionally, while centred on the pharmaceutical industry, the findings may have broader implications for other industries and could pave the way for further research into how these regulations affect various industries and potentially influence foreign direct investment in Sweden. Given the limited sample size, further research with a larger and more diverse sample is also warranted to validate and generalise these results. Nevertheless, this study provides insights for new MNCs navigating the Swedish labourlaw landscape, aiding in strategic planning and decision-making.