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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
21

Early steps in cotranslational translocation of proteins across the ER membrane

Neuhof, Andrea 10 July 2000 (has links)
Sekretorische Proteine und Proteine der Kompartimente des sekretorischen Transportweges müssen die Membran des Endoplasmatischen Retikulums überqueren, um an ihren Wirkungsort zu gelangen. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden frühe Schritte des kotranslationalen Transports von Proteinen durch die ER-Membran untersucht. Signalsequenzen leiten diese Proteine als ribosomengebundene Intermediate an die ER-Membran. Die Ribosomen binden dort an den Sec61p-Komplex, der als Ribosomenrezeptor wirkt und gleichzeitig den proteinleitenden Kanal in der Membran bildet. Die Assoziation von Ribosomen mit dem Sec61p-Komplex verläuft in zwei Phasen. Die initiale Bindung ist sensitiv gegenüber hohen Salzkonzentrationen. Die Ribosomenbindung wird salzresistent, wenn die naszierende Kette in den Kanal inseriert und der Sec61p-Komplex die Signalsequenz erkennt. Sowohl Ribosomen ohne naszierende Kette als auch Ribosomen, die Proteine ohne Signalsequenzen synthetisieren, sind nur zur initialen salz-sensitiven Bindung an den Sec61p-Komplex fähig. Signalsequenzen interagieren im Cytosol mit SRP (engl.: Signal Recognition Particle). In dieser Arbeit wurde gezeigt, daß Signalsequenzen außerdem von Calmodulin gebunden werden. SRP und Calmodulin scheinen für die Interaktion mit Signalsequenzen einen ähnlichen Mechanismus zu benutzen, der wiederum mit der Signalsequenzerkennung durch den Sec61p-Komplex verwandt ist. Alle Ribosomen, unabhängig davon ob und welches Protein sie translatieren, können mit dem Sec61p-Komplex interagieren und daher um Bindungsplätze an der ER-Membran kompetitieren. Wenn SRP an die Signalsequenz einer naszierenden Kette gebunden ist, erhalten diese Ribosomen jedoch einen Vorteil in der Kompetition. Nur sie können Ribosomen ohne naszierende Kette oder Ribosomen, die ein cytosolisches Protein translatieren, vom Sec61p-Komplex verdrängen und sich selbst dann einen Translokationsort sichern, wenn alle Bindingsplätze an der Membran besetzt sind. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurden dreidimensionale Strukturen von Komplexen aus Ribosom und proteinleitendem Translokationskanal vorgestellt, die der ersten und zweiten Phase der Ribosomenbindung entsprechen. Überraschenderweise unterscheiden sich diese beiden Stadien strukturell nicht. In beiden Fällen existieren definierte Verbindungen zwischen Ribosom und Kanal, die eine Lücke von etwa 20 Angström zwischen dem Ribosom und der Membranoberfläche überbrücken. Die Lücke stellt eine Verbindung zum Cytosol her, die eventuell dazu dient, naszierende Ketten ins Cytosol zu entlassen, wenn diese nicht ins Lumen des ER transportiert werden sollen. Weiterhin zeigen wir, daß der Kanal in nativen Membranen größer ist als der Kanal, der nur aus gereinigtem Sec61p-Komplex besteht. Dieser größere Kanal besitzt eine zusätzliche lumenale Domäne, die von der Oligosaccharyltransferase oder vom TRAP-Komplex gebildet wird. / The first step in the secretory pathway is the translocation of proteins across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). In this thesis project, early stages of cotranslational protein translocation in mammalian cells were studied. Proteins following the secretory pathway are targeted to the ER as ribosome-nascent chain complexes by their N-terminal hydrophobic signal sequences. The nascent chain is translocated across the ER membrane through a hydrophilic channel formed by the Sec61p complex, which also functions as the ribosome receptor. The initial binding of ribosomes to the ER membrane is salt-sensitive. After insertion of the nascent chain into the translocation channel and signal sequence recognition by the Sec61p complex, the ribosome is bound in a salt-resistant manner. The membrane binding of ribosomes lacking nascent chains and of ribosomes carrying nascent chains without signal sequences is always salt-sensitive. It is known that in the cytosol, the signal sequence binds to the signal recognition particle (SRP). Here we show that another cytosolic factor, the small regulatory protein calmodulin, can interact with signal sequences. Our data suggest that both SRP and calmodulin use a similar mechanism for substrate binding and recognition. In fact, this mechanism may be related to signal sequence recognition by the Sec61p complex. Previously the question has been raised of how efficient targeting of ribosome-nascent chain complexes (RNCs) carrying a signal sequence is possible when all ribosomes, regardless of the presence or nature of a nascent chain, can bind to the Sec61p complex. We demonstrate that all ribosomes compete for common binding sites at the ER membrane and that SRP functions as a positive effector to give RNCs carrying a signal sequence an advantage over other ribosomes. RNCs with a signal sequence and bound SRP can displace ribosomes without a nascent chain and ribosomes synthesizing cytosolic proteins from the membrane and can therefore secure a translocation site even when all ribosome binding sites at the ER membrane are occupied. A structural analysis by single particle cryo electron microscopy revealed that ribosome-translocation channel complexes do not differ in the salt-sensitive or the salt-resistant stage of ribosome binding to the ER membrane. Furthermore our data show that the ribosome is linked to the translocation channel by a discrete number of connections. Even in the presence of a translocating nascent chain the ribosome-membrane junction is not completely sealed towards the cytosol. Instead, a sizable gap exists between the ribosome and the surface of the membrane that may allow nascent polypeptide chains to enter the cytosol when their translocation across the ER membrane is prevented. We also show that translocation channels derived from native microsomes are larger than channels derived from purified Sec61p complex. These larger channels contain a wider central pore and an additional lumenal domain, which is formed by the oligosaccharyl transferase or by the TRAP complex.
22

Cryo-microscopie électronique des complexes de l'adressage et de la translocation co-traductionnelle chez E. coli / Electron cryo-microscopy of complexes in E. coli co-translational targeting and translocation

Jiang, Qiyang 18 June 2015 (has links)
La membrane cellulaire est la barrière qui sépare l'intérieur des cellules de l'environnement extérieur. Elle se compose de lipides et de protéines. Les gènes codant pour les protéines membranaires représentent environ 30% des génomes. Les protéines membranaires sont synthétisées dans le cytosol par les ribosomes, mais suivent des voies spécifiques pour s'intégrer dans la membrane cellulaire. Les ribosomes en cours de traduction de protéines membranaires sont reconnus dans le cytosol et adressés à la membrane. Par la suite, les chaînes naissantes de protéines membranaires sont insérées dans la bicouche lipidique puis repliées de façons appropriées, ce mécanisme s'appelle la translocation. Le processus d'adressage est médiée par la particule de reconnaissance du signal (SRP) et son récepteur, tandis que la translocation est effectuée par un certain nombre de complexes de protéines membranaires.Cette thèse décrit deux des complexes impliqués dans cet adressage et translocation co-traductionnelle chez Escherichia coli : Le complexe ribosome-SRP-FtsY pour l'adressage en conformation «fermé» et le complexe dans lequel le ribosome est lié à l'holo-translocon (HTL) qui se compose de sept protéines membranaires. J'ai utilisé principalement la cryo-microscopie électronique pour caractériser ces complexes. La cryo-EM permet de déterminer la structure des échantillons biologiques à une résolution supérieure au nanomètre dans leur environnement natif, sans avoir à le cristalliser. Dans ce travail, j'ai bénéficié des améliorations récentes dans l'équipementet le traitement d'image.A partir d'un ensemble de données de cryo-EM obtenu par les membres du groupe, j‘ai déterminé la structure du complexe ribosome-SRP-FtsY en conformation «fermé» avec une résolution de 5.7 Å. Différentes stratégies de tri des calculsont été appliquées pour identifier la partie la plus homogène de l'ensemble des données. La structure montre un domaine bien résolu SRP ARN et SRP M avec une séquence signal liée. L'interaction entre les SRP et le ribosome pourrait être modélisée avec une grande fidélité. Cette structure révèle également que les GTPases SRP-ftsY sont détachées de la tétra-boucle de l'ARN et sont flexibles, libérant alors le site de sortie du ribosomepermettant la liaison du translocons.Dans le second projet, différentes approches ont été poursuivis pour résoudre la structure du complexe ribosome-HTL à haute résolution. Une structure initiale à 22 Å a été obtenue en mélangeant HTL solubilisés en détergent avec des ribosomes, démontrantla possibilité de préserver le complexe dans les conditions utilisées pour la préparation des grilles. J'ai ensuite exploré l'utilisation de nanodiscs et un nouveau détergent appelé LMNG pour stabiliser HTL dans des tampons sans détergent. Un deuxième ensemble de données a ensuite été recueilli à partir d'échantillon obtenu par gradient de fixation, la structure a été résolue à 17 Å. La préparation des échantillons a été optimisée utilisant entre autre les amphipoles. On a montré que deux types d'amphipole-HTL peuvent se lier au ribosome, et des structures de plus grande résolution devrait être obtenu à partir de ces échantillons. / The cell membrane is the barrier that separates the interior of cells from the outside environment. It consists of lipids and proteins. Genes encoding membrane proteins make up about 30% of the genome. Membrane proteins are synthesized in the cytosol by ribosomes, but employ special pathways to integrate into the cell membrane. Ribosomes translating membrane proteins are recognized by special factors in the cytosol and targeted to the membrane. Subsequently, nascent chains of the membrane proteins are inserted into the lipid bilayer and are folded into their proper structures, a process termed translocation. The targeting process is mediated by the signal recognition particle (SRP) and its receptor, while the translocation is performed by a number of membrane protein complexes.This thesis describes two of the complexes involved in co-translational targeting and translocation in Escherichia coli: The ribosome-SRP-FtsY targeting complex in the “closed” conformation and the complex of a ribosome with the holo-translocon (HTL) consisting of seven membrane proteins. I mainly used electron cryo-microscopy to characterize these complexes. Cryo-EM allows structural determination of biological samples at sub-nanometer resolution in their native environment, without the need to crystallize the specimen. In this work, I took advantage of the recent advances in both the hardware and the image processing.Starting from a cryo-EM dataset obtained by group members, I have determined the structure of ribosome-SRP-FtsY complex in the “closed” conformation at 5.7 Å resolution. Different computational sorting strategies were applied to identify the most homogeneous sub-pool of the dataset. The structure shows a well-resolved SRP RNA and SRP M domain with a signal sequence bound. The interaction between SRP and ribosome could be modeled with high confidence. This structure also reveals that the SRP-FtsY GTPases are detached from the RNA tetraloop and are flexible, thus liberating the ribosomal exit site for binding of the translocation machinery.In the second project, different approaches were pursued to solve the structure of the ribosome-HTL complex at high resolution. An initial structure at 22 Å was obtained by mixing detergent-solubilized HTL with the ribosome, demonstrating that it is possible to preserve the complex under the conditions used for specimen preparation. I have then explored the use of nanodiscs and a new detergent called LMNG to stabilize HTL in detergent-free buffers. A second dataset was subsequently collected from a sample prepared by gradient-fixation, and the structure was solved at 17 Å. Sample preparation has been optimized further using amphipols. Two types of amphipol-HTL complexes were shown to bind to the ribosome, and higher resolution structures are expected to be obtained from these samples.
23

Understanding the Dynamic Organization of the Presequence-Translocase in Translocation of Preproteins Across Mitochondrial Inner Membrane

Pareek, Gautam January 2014 (has links) (PDF)
Mitochondrion is an endosymbiotic organelle synthesizing ~1% of its proteome, while remaining ~99% of the proteins are encoded by the nuclear genome and translated on the cytosolic ribosome. Therefore active mitochondrial biogenesis requires efficient protein transport destined for the different sub-compartments. Mitochondrion contains specialized translocation machineries in the outer and in the inner membrane known as TOM40 and TIM23-complex respectively. Import of a majority of mitochondrial proteome is mediated by inner membrane presequence translocase (TIM23 complex). However, the structural organization of Tim23-complex and mechanisms of mitochondrial inner membrane protein translocation is still elusive. Therefore, the present thesis addresses above elusive questions. Chapter 2 highlights the functional significance of different segments of Tim23 in regulating the conformational dynamics of the presequence-translocase- Tim23 is the central channel forming subunit of the presequence-translocase which recruits additional components for the assembly of the core complex. However the functional significance of different segments of Tim23 was not understood due to the lack of suitable conditional mutants. Our study has reported many conditional mutants from different segments of Tim23 which are precisely defective in the organization of the core complex and in the recruitment of the import motor component which enhances our understanding of protein translocation across mitochondrial inner membrane. Chapter 3 highlights the functional cooperativity among mtHsp70 paralogs and orthologs using Saccharomyces cerevisiae as a model organism- mtHsp70s are implicated in a broad spectrum of functions inside the mitochondria. In case of lower eukaryotes gene duplication event has given rise to multiple copies of Hsp70s thereby presenting an opportunity of division of function among these paralogs. The mitochondria of yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae contains three Hsp70s, including Ssc1, Ssq1 and Ssc3 (Ecm10). The Ssc1 is essential for protein translocation and de novo protein folding functions while Ssq1 is needed for the Fe/S cluster biogenesis inside the mitochondria. Although it has been proposed earlier that, Ssc1 and Ssc3 possesses overlapping functions in protein translocation as a part of import motor in the Tim23-complex. However the physiological relevance and experimental evidences in favor above hypothesis was not established clearly. Our study has reported Ssc3 as an ‘atypical chaperone’ which cannot perform the generalized chaperone functions due to the conformational plasticity associated with both the domains of Ssc3 resulting into weaker client protein affinity, altered interaction with cochaperones and dysfunctional allosteric interface. Additionally, we have also highlighted the role of Nucleotide-binding domain in determining the functional specificity among Hsp70 paralogs and orthologs.
24

Identification of pharmacological agents that induce HMGB1 release and inhibitors of conventional protein secretion / Ll'identification d'agents pharmacologiques qui induisent la libération de HMGB1 et les inhibiteurs de sécrétion de protéine classiques

Zhao, Liwei 21 June 2019 (has links)
Le système RUSH, de l’anglais « Retention using selective hook » est un système développé récemment qui permet d'analyser et de quantifier en temps réel le transport d'une grande diversité de protéines. Le système RUSH permet, grâce à un excès de molécules de Streptavidine (Str.) dirigées dans différents compartiments cellulaires (appelées les hameçons), de retenir des protéines appelées les rapporteurs, comportant un biocapteur fluorescent tel que la GFP (« Green fluorescent protein ») fusionné avec un peptide SBP (« Streptavidin-binding peptide »). L’addition de biotine dans le milieu perturbe l’interaction entre SBP et la Streptavidine, libérant ainsi les rapporteurs de leur hameçon. Basé sur le système RUSH, nous avons établi une méthode de criblage pour identifier des agents pharmacologiques dotés de la capacité à induire la libération d’HMGB1 (« High Mobility Group Box 1 »). La translocation d’HMGB1 depuis le noyau vers le cytoplasme, ainsi que sa sécrétion ou libération passive dans l'espace extracellulaire à travers les membranes plasmiques perméabilisées, représente un signal de danger essentiel à l’activation du système immunitaire. Dans ce système RUSH modifié, une protéine de fusion du Str-NLS3 a été utilisée comme un hameçon nucléaire pour retenir la protéine chimère constituée d'HMGB1, SBP et GFP (HMGB1-SBP-GFP). Lorsque de la biotine est ajoutée en combinaison à des chimiothérapies inductrices de la mort cellulaire immunogène (ICD) telles que les anthracyclines, elle se lie de manière compétitive à Str-NLS3 et permet la libération et la translocation nucléo-cytoplasmique des rapporteurs HMGB1-SBP-GFP. Nous avons utilisé ce système pour des criblages à haut débit visant à identifier des agents induisant le relargage d’HMGB1. Les agents identifiés appartiennent à trois catégories différentes : les inducteurs connus de l’ICD, les inhibiteurs des microtubules et les modificateurs épigénétiques. Leur effet a été confirmé par des méthodes multiples de mesure de la quantité protéique d’HMGB1 nucléaire, cytoplasmique et extracellulaire dans des cellules humaines et murines in vitro ainsi que dans le plasma de souris. Nos données révèlent également que ces agents induisent la libération d’HMGB1 par des mécanismes distincts : arrêt du cycle cellulaire, acétylation des histones ou effets « on-target » par l'inhibition d’ADN méthyltransférase. Il serait alors intéressant d'étudier si les effets décrits ici peuvent contribuer aux effets immunostimulateurs des médicaments utilisés pour le traitement de cancers ou de maladies parasitaires.Le système RUSH permettant la synchronisation et la quantification de la sécrétion des protéines du réticulum endoplasmique (RE) vers l'appareil de Golgi, il permet de cribler un grand nombre de composés afin d’identifier des inhibiteurs des sécrétions candidates. Nous avons conçu et construit une lignée cellulaire humaine exprimant les chimères SBP-GFP sécrétables ainsi que les hameçons Str-KDEL ciblant l’ER ; la biotine permet donc la libération du rapporteur par les voies de sécrétion classiques. Nous avons identifié et validé plusieurs médicaments qui sont capables d’inhiber la sécrétion de protéines : les anti-angineux, les antidépresseurs, les anti-helminthiques, anti-psychotiques, anti-protozoaires, et agents immunosuppresseurs. Ces composés varient dans leur capacité à inhiber la synthèse des protéines et de compromettre la morphologie du RE ou l'intégrité du Golgi. Les données ont ensuite été soumises à une analyse bio-informatique et cette procédure a permis l'identification de quatre groupes en fonction de leur mode d'action. Cette partie démontre la faisabilité et l'utilité d'un nouvel essai de criblage phénotypique basé sur le système RUSH. Nous avons conçu des systèmes de HSC (« High Content Screening ») basés sur le système RUSH, qui ont permis l'identification d'agents pharmacologiques induisant la libération d’HMGB1, ainsi que des inhibiteurs de la sécrétion protéique. / The retention using selective hooks (RUSH) system allows withholding load cargoes with fluorescent biosensor such as green fluorescent proteins (GFP) fused to a streptavidin-binding peptide (SBP) by an excess of streptavidin (Str) molecules that are addressed to different subcellular localizations. Addition of biotin competitively disrupts this interaction, liberating the reporter from its hook. Based on the RUSH system, we developed a screening assay to identify pharmacological agents endowed with HMGB1 (high mobility group box 1) releasing capacities. The translocation of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm and its secretion or passive release through the permeabilized plasma membrane constitutes a major cellular danger signal. Extracellular HMGB1 can interact with specific pattern recognition receptors to stimulate pro-inflammatory and immunostimulatory pathways. In this modified RUSH system, a Str-NLS3 fusion protein was used as a nuclear hook to seize SBP fused with HMGB1 and GFP. When combined with biotin, which competitively binds to Stre-NLS3 to free the HMGB1-SBP-GFP, immunogenic cell death (ICD) inducers such as anthracyclines were able to cause the nucleo-cytoplasmic translocation of HMGB1-SBP-GFP. We used this system for high-content screenings (HCS) to identify HMGB1 releasing agents. Hits fell into three functional categories: known ICD inducers, microtubule inhibitors, and epigenetic modifiers. Their effective action was confirmed by multiple methods monitoring nuclear, cytoplasmic and extracellular HMGB1 pools, both in cultured human or murine cells, as well as in mouse plasma. These agents induced HMGB1 release through a whole set of distinct mechanisms, cell cycle arrest, histone acetylation, or on-target effect. It will be interesting to learn whether such effects may contribute to the immunostimulatory effects of drugs that are used to treat malignant disease or worm infection. For HCS of identification of pharmacological inhibitors of conventional protein secretion, we constructed a human cell line co-expressing soluble secretory-SBP-GFP (ss-SBP-GFP) and Str-KDEL hook within the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) lumen, and biotin addition releases the reporter, ss-SBP-GFP via the conventional Golgi-dependent protein secretion pathway into the culture supernatant. We identified and validated a series of molecularly unrelated drugs including antianginal, antidepressant, anthelmintic, antipsychotic, antiprotozoal and immunosuppressive agents that inhibit protein secretion. These compounds vary in their capacity to suppress protein synthesis and to compromise ER morphology and Golgi integrity, as well as in the degree of reversibility of such effects. These data was then subjected to bioinformatics analysis including correlation analyses, non-supervised hierarchical clustering, and principal component analysis and led to the identification of 4 clusters of agents. We demonstrate the feasibility and utility of a novel RUSH-based phenotypic screening assay. In summary, we built HCS systems based on the improved RUSH sysytem for identification of agents that induce HMGB1 release or inhibit conventional protein secretion.
25

Zum Mechanismus der Translokation von Proteinen in das Endoplasmatische Retikulum der Hefe

Plath, Kathrin 23 July 1999 (has links)
In der Hefe Saccharomyces cerevisiae können Proteine entweder co- oder posttranslational durch die Membran des Endoplasmatischen Retikulum transportiert werden. Sie besitzen eine Signalsequenz, die sie zu einem hydrophilen Kanal in der Membran bringt, durch den der Transport erfolgt. Die zentrale Komponente des Translokationsapparates in der Membran ist der aus den Untereinheiten Sec61p, Sbh1p und Sss1p bestehende Sec61p-Komplex. Beim Proteintransport wirkt der Sec61p-Komplex zusammen mit anderen Faktoren: Im cotranslationalen Transport geht er eine feste Bindung mit Ribosomen ein; der posttranslationale Transport erfordert die Assoziation mit dem tetrameren Sec62/63p-Komplex unter Bildung des sogenannten Sec-Komplexes. In der vorliegenden Arbeit wurde die Struktur des Sec61p-Komplexes durch Elektronenmikroskopie analysiert. Er liegt in Detergenzlösung in ringförmigen Strukturen mit einem Durchmesser von ~82Å und einer zentralen Pore von ~21Å vor. Jeder Ring besteht aus drei oder vier heterotrimeren Sec61p-Komplexen. Die oligomeren Ringstrukturen des Sec61p-Komplexes entsprechen vermutlich proteinleitenden Kanälen der Membran des Endoplasmatischen Retikulum. In Membranen wird ihre Bildung durch die Bindung von Ribosomen oder die Interaktion mit dem Sec62/63p-Komplex induziert. Eine dreidimensionale Struktur, die durch Kryo-Elektronenmikroskopie erhalten wurde, zeigt, daß das Ribosom so an den Sec61p-Komplex bindet, daß der Tunnel im Ribosom, durch den die naszierende Polypeptidkette das Ribosom verläßt, genau in die zentrale Pore des Sec61p-Oligomers mündet. Es existiert also ein kontinuierlicher Kanal, der sich vom Peptidyltransferase-Zentrum im Ribosom durch die zentrale Pore des Sec61p-Oligomers erstreckt, durch den naszierende Polypeptidketten cotranslational direkt in das Lumen des Endoplasmatischen Retikulum transportiert werden könnten. In dieser Arbeit wurde ein dem Sec61p-Komplex verwandter heterotrimerer Komplex in der Membran des Endoplasmatischen Retikulum identifiziert, der aus den Untereinheiten Ssh1p, Sbh2p und Sss1p besteht. Sss1p ist beiden trimeren Komplexen gemein; Ssh1p und Sbh2p sind homolog zu Sec61p bzw. Sbh1p. Durch Deletion von Ssh1p und Sbh2p wurde gezeigt, daß der Ssh1p-Komplex wie der Sec61p-Komplex am Transport von Proteinen in das Endoplasmatische Retikulum beteiligt ist. Der Ssh1p-Komplex ist mit membrangebundenen Ribosomen assoziiert und bildet in Detergenzlösung oligomere Ringstrukturen, aber interagiert nicht mit dem Sec62/63p-Komplex. Wir postulieren daher, daß der Ssh1p-Komplex ausschließlich den cotranslationalen Transport von Proteinen vermittelt. Beim posttranslationalen Transport interagiert das vollständig synthetisierte Modellsubstrat Prepro-Alphafaktor mit vielen cytosolischen Proteinen. Die cytosolischen Chaperone Hsp70 und TRiC konnten als Interaktionspartner identifiziert werden. Bei der Bindung des Prepro-Alphafaktors an die Membran werden die cytosolischen Proteine freigesetzt. Wir verwendeten einen Photoquervernetzungsansatz, um zu untersuchen, wie die Signalsequenz des Prepro-Alphafaktors im Bindungsschritt durch den Sec-Komplex erkannt wird. Die Signalsequenz-bindungsstelle wird hauptsächlich von Sec61p gebildet und befindet sich an der Grenzfläche zur Lipiddoppelschicht. Die gebundene Signalsequenz ist in einer helikalen Struktur fixiert und wird auf gegenüberliegenden Seiten von den Transmembrandomänen 2 und 7 des Sec61p umgeben. Sec62p und Sec71p, zwei Untereinheiten des Sec62/63p-Komplexes, flankieren gemeinsam eine Seite der Signalsequenzhelix, befinden sich aber in größerer Entfernung zur Signalsequenz als Sec61p. Es wird ein Modell vorgeschlagen, das beschreibt, wie die Bindung der Signalsequenz den Translokationskanal für den Transport öffnen könnte. / Protein transport across the membrane of the endoplasmic reticulum occurs either co- or posttranslationally in the yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae. In both cases, polypeptides are directed to a translocation apparatus in the membrane by virtue of their signal sequences and then transported across the lipid bilayer through a protein-conducting channel. The major component of the protein translocation apparatus in the membrane is the heterotrimeric Sec61p complex consisting of the subunits Sec61p, Sbh1p and Sss1p. During translocation the Sec61p complex associates with other factors: In the cotranslational mode it interacts with ribosomes, whereas in the posttranslational mode it associates with the tetrameric Sec63/62p complex to form the so-called Sec complex. Here, we have analyzed the structure of the Sec61p complex by electron microscopy. In detergent this complex forms ring-like structures with a diameter of about 82Å and a central pore of about 21Å. Each ring contains 3 or 4 heterotrimeric Sec61p complexes. In membranes the formation of ring structures of the Sec61p complex is induced by its association with ribosomes or the Sec62/63p complex. We propose that the ring-like Sec61p oligomers represent protein-conducting channels of the endoplasmic reticulum membrane. A 3-dimensional structure of the ribosome-Sec61p complex obtained by electron-cryo-microscopy and single particle reconstruction showed, that the central pore of the Sec61p oligomer aligns precisely with the exit of a tunnel traversing the large ribosomal subunit that forms the passageway for the nascent chain. Thus, in cotranslational translocation a continuous channel extending from the ribosome through the Sec61p oligomer could guide the nascent chain directly into the lumen of the endoplasmic reticulum. Furthermore, we have discovered a trimeric protein complex in the yeast endoplasmic reticulum membrane that is structurally related to the Sec61p complex. This so-called Ssh1p complex consists of Ssh1p, a distant relative of Sec61p, of Sbh2p, a homolog of the Sbh1p subunit of the Sec61p complex, and of Sss1p, a component common to both trimeric complexes. In contrast to Sec61p, Ssh1p is not essential for cell viability, but it is required for normal growth rates. Sbh1p and Sbh2p individually are also not essential for cell viability, but cells lacking both proteins are impaired in their growth at elevated temperature and accumulate precursors of secretory proteins in the cytosol. Like the Sec61p complex, the Ssh1p complex forms ring-like structures in detergent and interacts with membrane-bound ribosomes, but it does not associate with the Sec62/63p complex. We therefore postulate that the Ssh1p complex functions exclusively in the cotranslational pathway of protein translocation. In the posttranslational transport process the newly synthesized translocation substrate prepro-a-factor associates with a large number of cytosolic proteins including the chaperones Hsp70 and TRiC. Upon binding of prepro-a-factor to the Sec complex all cytosolic proteins are released. Using a photo-crosslinking approach and a unique mapping technique we have investigated, how the signal sequence of prepro-a-factor is recognized by the Sec complex during the binding step. The signal sequence contacts primarily the multispanning membrane protein Sec61p. The bound signal sequence adopts a helical structure that interacts on opposite sides with transmembrane domains 2 and 7 of Sec61p, respectively. Sec62p and Sec71p, two subunits of the Sec62/63p complex, contact one side of the signal sequence, but are further away than Sec61p. Our data show, that the signal sequence binding site is located at the interface of the protein channel and the lipid bilayer. We suggest that binding of the signal sequence could open the channel for polypeptide transport.
26

Fluorescenční studie bakteriálních membránových proteinů a buněčné signalizace. / Fluorescence studies of bacterial membrane proteins and cell signalling.

Fišer, Radovan January 2011 (has links)
(English) This work is based on five publications studying mostly adenylate cyclase toxin (CyaA) from Bordetella pertussis and its interaction with biological membranes. CyaA permeabilizes cell membranes by forming small cation­selective pores and subverts cellular signaling by delivering an adenylate cyclase (AC) enzyme that converts ATP to cAMP into host cells. First study clarifies the membrane disruption mechanisms of CyaA and another bacterial RTX toxin; α­hemolysin (HlyA) from Escherichia coli. For this purpose, we employed a fluorescence requenching method using liposomes as target membranes. We showed that both toxins induced a graded leakage of liposome content with different ion selectivities (Fišer a Konopásek 2009). Both AC delivery and pore formation were previously shown to involve a predicted amphipathic α­helix(502­522). In the second publication we investigated another predicted transmembrane α­helix(565­591) that comprises a Glu(570) and Glu(581) pair. We examined the roles of these glutamates in the activity of CyaA, mostly on planar lipid membranes end erythrocytes. Negative charge at position 570, but not at position 581, was found to be essential for cation selectivity of the pore, suggesting a role of Glu(570) in...

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