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Carcass composition of male Sprague-Dawley rats, aged 11 and 18 months, in response to varying levels of dietary protein was determined. Groups varying of ten rats of each age were fed diets containing from 1.53 to 8.05 percent protein as casein supplemented with d-1-methionine for five weeks. The 8.05% protein groups were used as controls. Carcasses were analyzed for total nitrogen and percent protein, fat, and water. Liver composition and total serum protein values were also determined. Two-way analysis of variance and Student's t-tests were used to determine significant age and diet effects. Differences in the response of the two age groups of rats were evident. Eighteen-month-old rats required more protein than the younger animals for the maintenance of body weight. When compared to control values, older rats also needed a higher level of dietary protein to maintain normal total carcass nitrogen. Fatty livers in older rats persisted at higher dietary protein levels than fatty livers in 11-month-old rats, indicating that 18-month-old rats required more protein to support adequate liver lipoprotein synthesis. These findings suggest that 18-month-old rats have a higher dietary protein requirement than 11-month-old rats. High serum protein values for older rats at lower protein levels, however, do not support this conclusion. The increased body weight and proportionally greater fat mass of older animals was a complicating factor in this study. Further research is needed to more clearly define changes in protein requirements during aging. For future studies, using rats of a more advanced age and three, rather than two, different age groups is recommended. / Master of Science

TITLE: Calories vs. Composition: The effect on dietary alterations on anthropometric measures and biochemical parameters in overweight women.LEARNING OUTCOME: To determine if a high-protein, low-carbohydrate, ad-libitum diet is more effective than an energy-restricted diet in promoting weight loss and improving blood lipid and insulin levels.ABSTRACT TEXT: Thirty overweight/obese (BMI: 25-35kg/m2), premenopausal women were matched for Body Mass Index (BMI) and randomly assigned to one of the two diets: (1) High Protein (HP) (30-40% protein, 40-55% fat, 10-20% CHO); (2) Energy Restricted (ER) (1200kcal/d, 20-25% fat, 15-20% protein, 55-60% CHO). Subjects were given weekly menus matching their assigned macronutrient and/or energy requirements to aid in meal planning and dietary compliance. Baseline and post-diet measures included height, weight, body composition, blood lipids (total cholesterol (TC), HDL, LDL< and triglycerides (TG)], and plasma insulin levels. There were no significant differences found among the two groups in any of the above-listed variables prior to the study. Twenty-three women completed the 6-week study (HP=11, ER= 12). Compliance to the diets was adequate as indicated by weekly 24-hour recalls and daily urinary ketone levels. Both groups lost a significant amount of weight and body fat (P<0.05), andweight and body fat losses were not significantly different between the groups. In addition, both groups experienced similar decreases in TG, TC, LDL, HDL, and insulin levels. These results indicate that a HP diet is no more effective than an ER diet in promoting favorable changes in body weight, body composition, blood lipids, and insulin levels. / Department of Family and Consumer Sciences

A apicultura brasileira melhorou muito após a introdução da abelha africana em 1956 pelo geneticista Warwick Kerr e a ocorrência da sua hibridização com as abelhas europeias já presentes no país. Entre outras vantagens, esta abelha híbrida ou Africanizada é relativamente resistente às doenças e parasitas que normalmente afligem as abelhas. A apicultura depende de recursos naturais e apresenta oscilações de produção de acordo com as condições do clima e ambiente regionais. Em épocas de ausência de floradas, a reserva de alimento na colônia é insuficiente e o fornecimento de alimentação artificial às abelhas torna-se aconselhável. Vários estudos com suplementações proteicas para abelhas têm sido realizados com a finalidade de proporcionar maior nutrição nos períodos de escassez de alimento no campo. Entretanto, há de se avaliar também os efeitos destes suplementos nas populações parasitárias das abelhas, como a do ácaro Varroa destructor. Este ácaro constitui uma importante praga e está presente praticamente no mundo todo. Os objetivos principais deste estudo consistiram em avaliar a dinâmica da população de V. destructor quanto aos graus de infestação e reprodução em colônias de abelhas Africanizadas localizadas em um apiário de Ribeirão Preto-SP, relacionando com as principais variáveis climáticas (primeira etapa) e com o fornecimento de dieta proteica complementar (segunda etapa). De agosto de 2013 a outubro de 2016, foram realizados experimentos com abelhas operárias, tanto em adultas (1ª etapa) como em crias (1ª e 2ª etapas). Para a segunda etapa, considerou-se também as variáveis de mapeamento das colônias, como pólen, néctar, cria aberta e cria operculada e as variáveis de sazonalidade, levando-se em conta as quatro estações do ano. Para ambas as etapas observou-se a presença ou ausência natural de rainha nas colônias e sua influência sobre a infestação e reprodução de varroas. Os resultados mostraram, quanto às variáveis climáticas, relação significativa e negativa da temperatura do ar com a infestação de varroas nas abelhas adultas. A umidade relativa do ar apresentou relação significativa e positiva com a infestação do ácaro, tanto em adultas como nas crias. Nenhuma variável climática considerada neste estudo (temperatura, umidade ou precipitação), mostrou evidência de influência sobre a reprodução dos ácaros. Houve um aumento de mais de 3% no grau de infestação de varroas nas crias de abelhas em colônias que receberam a dieta proteica adicional (de 7,83% para 10,97%), em comparação às colônias controle. Entretanto, este aumento não foi significativo. Quanto à reprodução de varroas, o fornecimento da dieta proteica apresentou influência significativa sobre o aumento do número de ácaros encontrados por célula infestada, somente nos meses de setembro de 2015 e fevereiro de 2016. As variáveis de mapeamento apresentaram relação significativa com a infestação de varroas, sendo negativa quanto ao pólen ou crias abertas e positiva quanto ao néctar ou crias operculadas. Nenhuma dessas variáveis apresentaram efeitos significativos sobre a reprodução de varroas. As infestações de varroas foram maiores no outono, em seguida o verão, o inverno e a primavera. Houve diferença significativa entre os valores de infestação entre as estações, exceto entre verão e outono e entre inverno e primavera. A reprodução do ácaro foi maior no outono e em seguida o inverno, o verão e a primavera. Não houve diferença significativa na reprodução do ácaro somente entre as estações verão e primavera. A ausência de rainha influenciou significativamente no aumento da infestação de ácaros na segunda etapa dos experimentos. / Brazilian beekeeping improved considerably after the introduction of the African bee in 1956 by the geneticist Warwick Kerr and its hybridization with the European honey bees that had been introduced in the 1800s. Among other advantages, this hybrid or Africanized bee is relatively resistant to the diseases and parasites that normally affect bees. Apiculture depends on natural resources, which vary with climate and regional environment. When there is a lack of flowers in the field, food reserves in the colony can soon become insufficient. Under such conditions, it is advisable to offer artificial feed to the bees. Various studies with protein supplements have been conducted to provide improved nutrition, especially during dearth periods. However, it is important to determine how such supplements may affect bee health, including infestation with bee parasites, such as the mite Varroa destructor. This mite is an important pest worldwide. Our objectives were to examine the population dynamics of V. destructor in Africanized honey bee colonies in Brazil, as a function of climate and colony factors and of feeding with protein diets. From August 2013 to October 2016, infestations were investigated in adult bees and in honey bee brood. Maps were made of the allocations of pollen, nectar, open and sealed brood in the combs. Data was also taken concerning climate variables during the four seasons. The effect of the presence versus absence of the queen was also investigated through hive manipulations. There was a significant negative correlation of infestation on adult bees with air temperature. Relative humidity was significantly correlated with infestations of the mite on adult bees and in the brood. None of the three climate variables measured (temperature, humidity and rainfall) significantly affected mite reproduction. Brood infestation rates were increased in colonies that were fed a protein diet (10.9 versus 7.83%); however, this difference was not significant. The mean number of mites per bee brood cell was significantly greater in colonies fed a protein diet during only two months of the study, these being September 2015 and February 2016. Some of the mapping variables were significantly correlated with mite infestation. There was a negative correlation of pollen and unsealed brood area with infestation rate, while mite infestation rate was positively correlated with nectar and sealed brood areas. None of the mapping variables was significantly correlated with mite reproduction. Infestation rates were highest in autumn, followed by summer, winter and spring. Mite reproduction was highest in autumn, followed by winter, summer and spring. Mite reproduction did not differ significantly between spring and summer. Loss of the queen significantly increased infestation in the bee brood.

Animals acquire immunity against gastrointestinal (GI) nematode infection depending on their age and continual exposure to larvae, however, expression of this acquired immunity is often penalized during pregnancy and lactating period. This is described as periparturient relaxation in immunity (PPRI), and suggested to have nutritional basis. Although dietary protein has positive effect on immunity against GI nematode infection in mammalian host, we have not fully achieved to characterise the detailed interaction between PPRI and dietary protein. Therefore, this PhD aimed to further investigate this interaction in a well-established Nippostrongylus brasiliensis re-infected lactating rat model. Feeding high protein diet (HP) as opposed to low protein diet (LP) during pregnancy was necessary in maintaining sufficient maternal performances and systemic immune response (Chapter 2 and 3). Accumulation of host’s body protein reserve during pregnancy was significantly higher in HP fed animals compared to LP fed counterparts, which led to improvement in both maternal performances and immunity during the early stage of lactation. However, as lactation period progressed and re-infection of N. brasiliensis took place, importance of current dietary status, rather than the accumulated protein reserve, became evident for maternal performances and immunity. Indeed, animals fed HP during lactation showed significantly heavier pup weight compared to LP fed animals; HP animals showed higher serum immunoglobulin levels and reduced worm burden compared to LP. N. brasiliensis, however, goes through systemic migration, entering host’s skin and migrating to lung parenchyma through blood vessels before reaching the intestine. In Chapter 4, a detailed lung pathology study following N. brasiliensis infection was performed to generate data on the effects of the nematode in the lung of the rat host as such data were scarce. Rat host showed similar lung pathology to that of mice; up-regulation of genes related to type 2 immunity and development of emphysema-like pathology were observed following N. brasiliensis re-infection. In Chapter 5, the effect of dietary protein supplementation on lung and intestinal histology and gene expression analysis was investigated. It was shown that HP fed animals showed higher expression of genes related to type 2 immunity compared to LP in the lung. This effect of protein supplementation in the lung may have contributed to fewer worm burdens in HP fed rats compared to LP in the intestine. Dietary protein supplementation significantly affected the expression of genes related to goblet cells; it resulted in up-regulation of the expression of Retnlb and down-regulation of Agr2 and Tff3 in HP fed animals compared to LP. It is evident that dietary protein is modulating intestinal immunity, and this may be targeted towards specific pathways. In addition, the effect of dietary protein supplementation on immune cell populations of secondary lymphoid organs was analysed. Marked increase in the percentage of macrophage in the spleen and T cell in the mesenteric lymph node was observed following protein supplementation, highlighting the importance of dietary protein on systemic immunity during the parasite infection. These results demonstrate that dietary protein supplementation is effective for improving both maternal performances and immune responses, not only at the intestinal phase but also at the migrating phase, when animal is undergoing PPRI during N. brasiliensis infection. Such information is expected to define strategic utilisation of nutrient supply and to result in development of sustainable parasite control strategies in mammals.

Pregnancy loss remains a major source of economic cost to the equine industry. Frequently, the exact causes of pregnancy loss remain unknown. It has been shown, in other species, that increased dietary protein leading to elevated blood urea nitrogen concentrations (BUN) can be a factor in decreased survival of the early embryo. Our studies provided novel information regarding the effects of elevated BUN on endometrium and embryos from mares as well as insights on changes in their gene expression. Our first objective was to develop an experimental model to elevate BUN during diestrus using intravenous urea infusion. We analyzed the effects of an acute elevation in BUN on uterine and vaginal pH along with changes in the endometrial transcriptome of mares with RNA sequencing. There was a significant increase in BUN and a decrease in uterine pH in the urea group compared to the control group. A total of 193 genes were differentially expressed (DEG) between the urea and control groups. The DEG were predicted to be related to cell pH, ion homeostasis, changes in epithelial tissue, fatty acid metabolism, and solute carriers. Our second objective was to evaluate the effects of elevated BUN in the endometrium of mares using a chronic oral urea administration to elevate BUN in mares. Uterine and vaginal pH were evaluated and RNA sequencing of the endometrium was again performed. There was an increase in BUN in the urea-fed mares, but no significant change in uterine or vaginal pH between the groups. A total of 60 DEG were characterized, with prediction of transcriptomic changes in the endometrium of mares related to cell death (necrosis) and cellular movement (invasion of cells). Our third objective was to determine the effects of a high BUN on the transcriptome of day-14 embryos. There was a positive correlation between plasma BUN and blastocoele fluid urea nitrogen concentration. Changes in embryo transcriptome were related to survival of organism, angiogenesis, adhesion, and quantity of cells. Our final objective was to evaluate the correlation between BUN and follicular fluid urea nitrogen and evaluate the survival of embryos collected from donor mares with high BUN concentrations. Urea nitrogen concentration was positively correlated between the plasma and follicular fluid of mares. Additionally, there was a higher pregnancy rate when embryos were collected from mares with lower BUN. Overall, these results further elucidate the mechanisms through which urea affects endometrial and embryonic transcriptome of mares with high BUN, serving to identify effects of a high BUN in the reproductive tract of mares that might lead to decreased fertility.

It has been suggested that high protein diets are associated with an increased risk of colorectal cancer due to the higher content of red meat. However, the study of the overall dietary and lifestyle pattern may prove more important than any individual component when assessing colorectal cancer risk. From this, it is proposed that a dietary pattern used for weight loss that is higher in protein but remains low in fat and high in foods rich in fibre and micronutrients that are required for genome stability may not increase the risk of colorectal cancer, thus providing a safe and effective dietary method of weight loss in overweight subjects. This thesis describes the development of a novel in vitro faecal water genotoxicity test using the cytokinesis-block micronucleus (CBMN) cytome assay in the WIL2-NS cell line. This thesis then investigates faecal water genotoxicity and peripheral blood lymphocyte genome stability in overweight men following a weight loss dietary pattern either high in protein, specifically red meat, or high in carbohydrate. Results from this thesis indicate that the genotoxic potential of faecal water can be successfully assessed in vitro using the CBMN cytome assay. A high protein-high red meat weight loss diet did not increase faecal water genotoxicity or peripheral blood lymphocyte DNA damage, measured with the CBMN cytome assay, differently to a high carbohydrate weight loss diet. Faecal water genotoxicity data suggests weight loss and/or caloric restriction following either a high protein or high carbohydrate diet may beneficially modify the carcinogenic load of the colon in the short term, however this needs to be validated in a study that includes a non-weight loss control group. A lack of relationship was seen between faecal water genotoxicity and genome damage in lymphocytes which may suggest that the assessment of both the genome damage potential of the bowel contents and the assessment of the genome stability profile of peripheral blood lymphocytes may be important in comprehensively assessing the impact on genome damage by different dietary patterns. / http://proxy.library.adelaide.edu.au/login?url= http://library.adelaide.edu.au/cgi-bin/Pwebrecon.cgi?BBID=1316889 / Thesis (Ph.D.) -- University of Adelaide, School of Molecular and Biomedical Science, 2008

Thesis (Ph.D.)--Baylor University, 2008. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 161-180)

Introdução: Artrite reumatoide é uma doença inflamatória crônica associada a alterações no metabolismo proteico e energético. Objetivos: Investigar a preferência alimentar durante o desenvolvimento da inflamação crônica em ratas com artrite induzida por colágeno. Métodos: Ratas Wistar fêmeas foram alocadas em dois grupos: controle (CO, n=10) e artrite induzida por colágeno (CIA; n=11) e expostas simultaneamente a quatro diferentes dietas (padrão, hipercalórica, hiperlipidica e hiperproteica). Durante o período experimental foi observado dados clínicos da doença, consumo alimentar, peso corporal e parâmetros bioquímicos, bem como, peso muscular esquelético ao final do experimento. Os testes estatísticos realizados foram ANOVA de duas vias e test-t e nível de significância estabelecido para estes testes foi de 95%. Resultados: Os animais com artrite induzida demostram redução voluntária da ingestão total de alimento, redução do peso corporal e redução da relação sarcossomática quando comparados aos animais controles. Ainda, o grupo artrite aumentou o relativo consumo de dieta hiperproteíca, diminuiu as concentrações séricas de creatinina, triglicerídeos e glicose. Conclusão: Condições inflamatórias crônicas como a artrite reumatoide causam alterações no metabolismo energético e proteíco e estas alterações fisiológicas podem induzir a uma mudança na escolha alimentar. / Background: Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic inflammatory disease associated with changes in energy and protein metabolism. Objective: To investigate food preferences during the development of chronic inflammation in rats with collagen-induced arthritis (CIA). Methods: Female Wistar rats were separated into two groups, control (CO, n=10) and CIA (n=11), and were simultaneously exposed to four different diets (standard, hypercaloric, hyperlipidic and hyperproteic). During the experimental period was observed clinical evidence of disease, food intake, body weight and biochemical parameters, as well as skeletal muscle weight at the end of the experiment. Statistical tests were two-away ANOVA and t-test and significance level for these tests was 95%. Results: CIA animals demonstrate voluntary reduction in total food intake, reduced body weight and reduced relative muscle weight compared to CO animals. In addition, CIA animals increased relative comsuption of high protein diet, decreased serum concentrations creatinine, triglycerides and glucose. Conclusion: Chronic inflammatory conditions such as rheumatoid arthritis cause changes in protein and energy metabolism, and these physiological alterations may induce a change in food choice.

Pacientes com doença renal crônica (DRC) na fase não dialítica são normalmente orientados a seguir uma dieta hipoproteica e hipossódica. Estudos nacionais e internacionais mostram que a adesão a essa dieta tem sido baixa e difícil de ser mantida, pois requer mudanças importantes no hábito alimentar. O objetivo do presente estudo foi avaliar o impacto de um programa de educação nutricional sobre a adesão à dieta hipoproteica em pacientes com DRC em tratamento conservador. Trata-se de um ensaio clínico randomizado, prospectivo com duração de 5 1,5 meses. Foram acompanhados 85 pacientes com DRC na fase não dialítica, atendidos em dois Ambulatórios de Nutrição e Doenças Renais do Hospital Universitário Pedro Ernesto. Os pacientes foram divididos de forma aleatória em 2 grupos: Intervenção (n=39) e Controle (n=46). Os pacientes do Grupo Intervenção foram submetidos a um programa de educação nutricional, além da orientação de dieta hipoproteica (0,6 a 0,75 g/kg/dia). Os pacientes do Grupo Controle foram submetidos apenas à orientação de dieta hipoproteica (0,6 a 0,75 g/kg/dia). A avaliação da adesão foi feita a partir da estimativa do consumo de proteína por recordatório alimentar de 24 horas. Adotou-se como critério de adesão apresentar ao final do estudo redução de ao menos 20% da ingestão proteica inicial. A avaliação nutricional e laboratorial foi realizada no início e no término do estudo. Os parâmetros antropométricos avaliados foram peso, estatura, dobras cutâneas do tríceps, bíceps, subescapular e supra-ilíaca e perímetro da cintura e do braço. As laboratoriais foram creatinina, uréia, potássio, fósforo, glicose e albumina no plasma e sódio e uréia na urina de 24 horas. Ao avaliar o amostra total, 51,8% dos pacientes eram do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 63,4 11,0 anos, IMC indicativo de sobrepeso (28,8 5,4 kg/m2) e filtração glomerular estimada (FGe) de 32,6 12,2 mL/mim/1,73m2. As características iniciais não diferiram entre os Grupos Intervenção e Controle. Ambos os grupos apresentaram melhora dos parâmetros laboratoriais e antropometricos, com redução significante da uréia plasmática e da glicemia no Grupo Controle (P < 0,05 vs início do estudo) e do IMC em ambos os grupos (P < 0,05 vs início do estudo). Após o período de acompanhamento, o Grupo Intervenção e o Grupo Controle apresentaram ingestão proteica significantemente diferente (0,62 0,2 vs 0,77 0,26 g/kg/dia, respectivamente). A ingestão de sódio não mudou de forma significante em ambos os grupos no inicio e término do acompanhamento. A Adesão à ingestão proteica foi observada em 74,4% do Grupo Intervenção e em 47,8% do Grupo Controle (P < 0,05). A análise de regressão logística multivariada revelou que pertencer ao Grupo Intervenção e sexo masculino se associaram com a Adesão (P <0,05), mesmo após corrigir para outras variáveis testadas. Com base nos achados desse estudo, pode-se concluir que o programa de educação nutricional foi uma ferramenta eficaz no tratamento dietoterápico do paciente com DRC na pré-diálise, pois promoveu melhora na adesão à dieta hipoproteica, além de ter promovido melhora dos parâmetros antropométricos e laboratoriais. / Nondialyzed chronic kidney disease (CKD) patients are normally counseled to follow a low protein and sodium diet. Nationals and internationals surveys have shown a low adherence to such diet. In addition, it has been also demonstrated that maintaining a low protein and sodium intake is difficult, because it requires important changes in eating habits. The objective of the present study was to evaluate the impact of a nutritional education program on the adherence to the low protein diet in CKD patients being followed in a conservative outpatient clinic. Study design: clinical, randomized, controlled and prospective essay (follow-up of 5 1.5 months (mean SD)). Eighty five nondialyzed CKD patients, under treatment in two CKD outpatient clinics from Pedro Ernesto University Hospital, were included in this study. These patients were randomized in two groups: Intervention (n=39) and Control (n=46). The patients of the Intervention Group were submitted to a nutritional education program, besides the low protein diet prescription (0.6 to 0.75 g/kg/day). The patients from the Control Group were submitted only to the low protein diet prescription (0.6 to 0.75 g/kg/day). The evaluation of the adherence was done by estimating the protein intake from the 24 hour food recall. The adherence criterion adopted was to present, at the end of the study, a reduction of at least 20% of the initial protein intake. The nutritional and laboratorial assessments were made at the beginning and at the end of the follow-up period. The anthropometric parameters assessed were body weight, height, triceps, biceps, subscapulars and suprailiacs skinfolds thicknesses and waists and arms circumferences. The laboratorial parameters included plasma creatinine, urea, potassium, phosphate, glucose and albumin and 24 hour urines sodium and urea. In the total studied sample, 51.8% of the patients were male, with an mean age of 63.4 11.0 years, mean BMI indicating overweight (28.8 5.4 kg/m) and a mean glomerular filtration rate (GFR) of 32.6 12.2 mL/mim/1,73m. The main characteristics at the beginning of the follow-up were not different between Intervention and Control Groups. Both groups presented an improvement on the laboratorial and anthropometrical parameters, with significant reduction of plasma urea and glucose in the Control Group (P < 0.05 vs baseline) and BMI in both groups (P < 0.05 vs baseline). After the follow-up period, the Intervention and Control Groups showed a significant decrease in the protein intake (0.62 0.2 vs 0.77 0.26 g/kg/day, respectively). The sodium intake did not significantly change in both groups at the beginning and end of the study. A higher degree of adherence to the low protein diet was observed in Intervention Group (74.4%) than in Control Group (47.8%) (P < 0.05). The multivariate logistic regression analysis revealed that belonging to the Intervention Group and male gender were significantly associated with Adherence (P < 0.05), even after controlling to others tested variables. Based on these findings, it can be concluded that the nutritional education program was an effective tool to reduce the protein intake of nondialyzed CKD patients, as it has leaded to an improvement in the adherence to the low protein diet, and promoted an amelioration of anthropometric and laboratorial parameters.