abstract: Signal transduction networks comprising protein-protein interactions (PPIs) mediate homeostatic, diseased, and therapeutic cellular responses. Mapping these networks has primarily focused on identifying interactors, but less is known about the interaction affinity, rates of interaction or their regulation. To better understand the extent of the annotated human interactome, I first examined > 2500 protein interactions within the B cell receptor (BCR) signaling pathway using a current, cutting-edge bioluminescence-based platform called “NanoBRET” that is capable of analyzing transient and stable interactions in high throughput. Eighty-three percent (83%) of the detected interactions have not been previously reported, indicating that much of the BCR pathway is still unexplored. Unfortunately, NanoBRET, as with all other high throughput methods, cannot determine binding kinetics or affinities. To address this shortcoming, I developed a hybrid platform that characterizes > 400 PPIs quantitatively and simultaneously in < 1 hour by combining the high throughput and flexible nature of nucleic programmable protein arrays (NAPPA) with the quantitative abilities of surface plasmon resonance imaging (SPRi). NAPPA-SPRi was then used to study the kinetics and affinities of > 12,000 PPIs in the BCR signaling pathway, revealing unique kinetic mechanisms that are employed by proteins, phosphorylation and activation states to regulate PPIs. In one example, activation of the GTPase RAC1 with nonhydrolyzable GTP-γS minimally affected its binding affinities with phosphorylated proteins but increased, on average, its on- and off-rates by 4 orders of magnitude for one-third of its interactions. In contrast, this phenomenon occurred with virtually all unphosphorylated proteins. The majority of the interactions (85%) were novel, sharing 40% of the same interactions as NanoBRET as well as detecting 55% more interactions than NanoBRET. In addition, I further validated four novel interactions identified by NAPPA-SPRi using SDS-PAGE migration and Western blot analyses. In one case, we have the first evidence of a direct enzyme-substrate interaction between two well-known proto-oncogenes that are abnormally regulated in > 30% of cancers, PI3K and MYC. Herein, PI3K is demonstrated to phosphorylate MYC at serine 62, a phosphosite that increases the stability of MYC. This study provides valuable insight into how PPIs, phosphorylation, and GTPase activation regulate the BCR signal transduction pathway. In addition, these methods could be applied toward understanding other signaling pathways, pathogen-host interactions, and the effect of protein mutations on protein interactions. / Dissertation/Thesis / Doctoral Dissertation Biological Design 2018

This thesis describes work done with the thyroid hormone receptor (TR), a nuclear protein which binds to specific DNA sequences and regulates transcription in response to thyroid hormone levels. The studies can be divided into two broad categories: structure/function studies of the TR protein, particularly with regards to DNA binding function; and, structure/function studies of the DNA sequences to which the thyroid hormone receptor binds in order to regulate gene transcription. In order to examine the DNA binding properties of the TR an electrophoretic mobility shift assay (EMSA) was utilized. Conditions of this assay were optimized for the use of in vitro translated TR. Mutant forms of the β-isoform of thyroid hormone receptor were generated using a PCR-based mutagenesis protocol. Each mutant substituted a different residue of the 12 amino acid-long α-recognition helix with alanine. The mutants were analyzed for their abilities to bind to thyroid hormone response elements (TREs), and to activate transcription in transfected eukaryotic cells. The DNA binding results were consistent with a conserved α-helix structure, with conserved function for many residues, that is similar to that of the related receptors for glucocorticoids and estrogen. Only the first of the three non-conserved residues lying in the P-box (EGG), a portion of the recognition α-helix that facilitate differential binding of distinct DNA sequences, disrupted binding when substituted with alanine. The third position of the P-box, when substituted with alanine exhibits an altered ability to bind to certain natural TREs. The mutant form of TR with alanine substituted for the second P-box position displayed only a modest decrease in DNA binding affinity compared to wild-type TR (roughly 3-fold), yet was completely deficient in trans-activation. The structure-function studies of TR binding sites on DNA applied a methylation interference protocol to examine the interactions of TR with direct repeats (DR) of the idealized hexameric sequence, spaced by three to five base-pairs. The interactions of both the TR/TR homodimer and the TR/RXR (9-cis-retinoic acid receptor) heterodimer with the DRs were examined. The methylation interference patterns for the TR/TR homodimer bound to the DR sequences are virtually identical for spacers of four and five base-pairs, but with three base-pairs, there is some evidence that at least one DNA binding domain is misaligned with the DNA to accomodate the unfavourable spacer length. The TR/RXR heterodimer methylation interference pattern is distinct on all three DRs, probably due to the fact that in the heterodimer cooperative intermolecular contacts are made between the DNA binding domains of the two receptors, but only when the spacer distance is four base-pairs. When a poorly conserved everted repeat (EvR) that overlaps the idealized DR is present. the homodimer, but not the heterodimer, binds this cryptic EvR in competition with the DR. The binding modality of the TR homodimer and TR/RXR heterodimer to DRs was reevalutated using point mutants and EMSA. The TR homodimer and TR/RXR heterodimer both bind to idealized direct repeats with DBDs aligned appropriately for a direct repeat; however, evidence is presented that there are certain poorly conserved sequences that are intermediate between DRs and EvRs that are differentially recognized by the TR homodimer and the TR/RXR heterodimer. That is, the homodimer binds with the DBDs aligned appropriately for a EvR, and the heterodimer DBDs are aligned appropriately for a DR. / Graduate

Research of protein-protein interactions produce vast quantities of data and there exists a large number of databases with data from this research. Many of these databases offers the data for download on the web in a number of different formats, many of them XML-based. With the arrival of these XML-based formats, and especially the standardized formats such as PSI-MI, SBML and BioPAX, there is a need for searching in data represented in XML. We wanted to investigate the capabilities of XML query tools when it comes to searching in this data. Due to the large datasets we concentrated on native XML database systems that in addition to search in XML data also offers storage and indexing specially suited for XML documents. A number of queries were tested on data exported from the databases IntAct and Reactome using the XQuery language. There were both simple and advanced queries performed. The simpler queries consisted of queries such as listing information on a specified protein or counting the number of reactions. One central issue with protein-protein interactions is to find pathways, i.e. series of interconnected chemical reactions between proteins. This problem involve graph searches and since we suspected that the complex queries it required would be slow we also developed a C++ program using a graph toolkit. The simpler queries were performed relatively fast. Pathway searches in the native XML databases took long time even for short searches while the C++ program achieved much faster pathway searches.

A existência de uma maior variedade de aminoácidos codificados pelo código genético tem estimado estudos sobre os mecanismos de síntese, reconhecimento e incorporação desses resíduos nas cadeias polipeptídicas nascentes. Um exemplo é a via de incorporação de selenocisteína evento cotraducional dirigido pelo códon UGA. Em bactérias, essa via conta com uma complexa maquinaria molecular composta por: Selenocisteína Sintase (SelA), Fator de Elongação Específico de Reconhecimento (SelB), Selenofosfato Sintetase (SelD), tRNA específico (SelC ou tRNAsec), sequência específica no mRNA (Sequência de Inserção de Selenocisteínas - SECIS) e Aminoacil tRNA Sintetase (aaRS). Pelo fato do selênio ter uma toxicidade elevada em ambientes celulares, é fundamental a compreensão do mecanismo catalítico e razão estequiométrica na formação dos complexos da via na etapa de incorporação junto ao tRNAsec, bem como sua caracterização estrutural foram os objetivos deste trabalho. A proteína SelA foi expressa e purificada para utilização em análises envolvendo microscopia de força atômica, microscopia eletrônica de transmissão com contraste negativo e em gelo vítreo foram realizadas nos complexos SelA e SelA-tRNAsec, visando obter um modelo estrutural e a razão estequiométrica dos complexos. A fim de compreender o mecanismo de passagem do selênio, ensaios de anisotropia de fluorescência e de microcalorimetria, corroborados pelas análises de troca de hidrogênio-deutério acoplado a espectrometria de massa e espectroscopia de infravermelho, elucidaram a formação e estequiometria do complexo ternário SelAtRNA sec-SelD. Tentativas de cristalização e análises cristalográficas também foram realizadas, no entanto, sem sucesso. Com os resultados obtidos foi possível propor que o reconhecimento de SelD e, consequentemente, a entrega do selenofosfato, seja uma etapa crucial da via de incorporação de selenocisteínas. / The existence of a greate variety of amino acids encoded by the genetic code has stimulated the study of the mechanisms of synthesis, recognition and incorporation of these residues in the nascent polypeptide chains. An example of genetic code expansion is the selenocysteine incorporation pathway an event cotraducional by the UGA codon. In bacteria, this pathway has a complex molecular machinery comprised: Selenocysteine Synthase (SelA), Specific Elongation Factor (SelB), Selenophosphate Synthetase (SelD), tRNA-specific (SelC or tRNAsec), Specific mRNA Sequence (SElenocysteine Insertion Sequence - SECIS) and Aminoacyl tRNA Synthetase (aaRS). Because selenium has high toxicity in cellular environments; it is essential for cell survival the association of this compound with proteins, in this case, selenoprotens and the associated proteins involved in the selenocysteine synthesis. Therfore the understanding of the catalytic mechanism, stoichiometric ratio, protein complex formation with the tRNAsec, and its structural characterization were the objectives of this work. The SelA protein was expressed and purified to used in analyzes involving atomic force microscopy, transmission electron microscopy with negative stain and in vitreous ice were performed in the complex SelA and SelA-tRNAsec in order to obtain a structural model of the complex and the stoichiometric ratio of its components. To study the selenium association with protein of the synthesis pathway, fluorescence anisotropy assays and isothermal titration calorimetry corroborated by the analysis hydrogen-deuterium exchange coupled to mass spectrometry and infrared spectroscopy were employed.Crystallization attempts were made and preliminary crystallographic analyzes were also performed, however, so far unsuccessfuly. The results obtained were possible to develop the hypothesis about the SelD recognition and, consenquently, the selenophosphate delivery, a crucial stage of the selenocysteine incorporation pathway.

Orientador: Fabio Cesar Gozzo / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Quimica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-13T13:49:01Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Iglesias_AmadeuHoshi_D.pdf: 8088319 bytes, checksum: 8f6da7c324d46a34a7ce5354e6670443 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009 / Resumo: A Espectrometria de Massas (MS) é hoje a principal técnica de caracterização de estrutura primária de proteínas devido às vantagens intrínsecas da técnica. As técnicas de cross-linking e footprinting visam desfrutar de tais vantagens para obtenção de informações estruturais de complexos protéicos. Nesse projeto foram realizados estudos de fragmentação de peptídeos contendo como cross-linker o DSS, reagente mais utilizado para esse propósito. Os mecanismos de fragmentação foram propostos baseados na dissociação de peptídeos modelos sintetizados para gerar espécies que mimetizassem experimentos com proteínas. Esses estudos permitiram a identificação de íons marcadores, que foram posteriormente utilizados em experimentos de Varredura de Íons Precursores para auxiliar na detecção de peptídeos modificados. Para realização dos experimentos de footprinting, foi desenvolvida uma linha de luz no LNLS. Posteriormente, foi proposto um novo método de quantificação de cinética de oxidação baseado nos dados de LC-MS, levando em consideração todos os produtos de oxidação formados. Esses métodos foram utilizados no estudo de interação das proteínas Tif34 e Tif35 do fator de iniciação de tradução de Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Os resultados obtidos indicam que Tif34 apresenta dois possíveis sítios de interação para a proteína Tif35 / Abstract: Mass Spectrometry (MS) is the most important tool for analyses related to protein primary structure. Cross-Linking and footprinting aim to bring those advantages to gain insights in the spatial structure of protein complexes. In this work the fragmentation of peptides containing DSS, the most used cross-linker, was studied. Fragmentation mechanisms were proposed based on the dissociation of model peptides which were synthesized in order to generate species that would resemble species found in experiments with proteins. Diagnostic ions were identified which allowed the use of Precursor Ion Scan to detect those species. In order to perform footprinting experiments, a new beamline was developed at the LNLS. A new method for quantitation of oxidation kinetics was developed based on LC-MS analysis, which considers every single oxidation product that can be generated. Those methods were thereafter used in the study of the interaction between Tif34 and Tif35, proteins which compose a translation initiation factor of Saccharomyces cerevisiae. The results indicate that Tif34 presents two different sites for the interaction with Tif35 / Doutorado / Quimica Organica / Doutor em Ciências

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No. of bitstreams: 2 Dissertação - Marinna Barros de Oliveira - 2012.pdf: 709787 bytes, checksum: cd78ded048dba1755d6828d675e6308f (MD5) license_rdf: 23148 bytes, checksum: 9da0b6dfac957114c6a7714714b86306 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012-08-24 / Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Goiás - FAPEG / The Ricotta is produced by precipitation and denaturation of the whey proteins by heat influenced by acidification. Their proteins have high nutritional and functional quality, however the Ricotta has low income and fragile texture when compared to other types of cheeses. The aim of this work was to process and evaluate ricotta cheese added different concentrations of milk and compare them with cheeses marketed. Moreover, developing and evaluating Ricotta cheese adding soymilk and varying the initial acidity of the mixture and adding calcium salts. In the nutritional composition of Ricotta cheeses added different concentrations of milk, the higher the concentration of milk, the largest protein and salts., and lower moisture. The values found in cheeses with added milk (20 and 35%) were similar when compared with marketed cheeses, characterizing these may be on the verge or exceeding the limits of adding milk established by law. That is, the addition of milk, mainly in order extrapolated, change substantially the physical and chemical characteristics of Ricotta cheese, often leading to confuse consumers about specific and unique characteres to that type of cheese, which makes a cheese originally high nutritional quality and good sensory characteristics, is devalued on the market. The results of Ricotta cheeses produced added of soymilk, varying the initial acidity showed that the variables influence on the yield and texture. The greater amount of soymilk and increased initial acidity, before the process, within the ranges evaluated in this work, the yield was greater in the end. However, the acidity did not affect the Fracture Stress. In Fracture Strain, when we increased the concentration of soy proteins and the initial acidity, the cheeses were more flexible and deformable. Control of acidity along with the aggregation of other proteins might be interesting to produce a cheese whey-based with better yield, high quality protein, several physiological and functional properties, without however, make the cheese harder, and may make it even more elastic. The addition of soymilk and calcium chloride did not affect the color of the cheeses in the parameters of brightness, º Hue and Chroma Index. The cheeses have had color close to yellow, or weak intensity achromatic. The texture of the cheese, adding soymilk left the cheese harder, demonstrated by the effects on Fracture Stress and Fracture Energy. The addition of calcium had a negative effect on the Fracture Energy, as their ions satisfy some active sites of proteins, forming clots smaller and making the gel becomes weaker. The Fracture Strain was positively influenced only by the addition of soymilk, which made the cheese more elastic. After fracture, the results repeated, showing a homogeneous structure of the product. And only the effect of the addition of soymilk was responsible for the increased yields. Thus, it is concluded that soy proteins added in Ricotta cheese production make the product more consistent and elastic texture, increasing yield, without necessarily changing the color. However, addition of calcium alone, despite its retention in the cheese, which is nutritionally significant, the cheese becomes more brittle. The addition of both calcium as soymilk produces a Ricotta cheese firmer and more elastic, higher nutritional value due soy proteins and calcium, with even better yield. / As ricotas são produzidas pela desnaturação e precipitação das proteínas do soro pelo calor, sob a influência de acidificação. Suas proteínas são de alta qualidade nutricional e funcional, no entanto a ricota tem baixo rendimento e textura frágil quando comparada a outros tipos de queijos. Objetivou-se com este trabalho processar e avaliar queijos tipo ricota adicionada de diferentes concentrações de leite e compará-los com queijos comercializados. Além disso, desenvolver e avaliar queijos tipo ricota produzidos com adição de extrato hidrossolúvel de soja, variando a acidez inicial da mistura e adicionando sais de cálcio. Na composição nutricional dos queijos tipo ricota produzidos com diferentes concentrações de leite, quanto maior a adição de leite, maiores foram os teores de proteínas e sais e menores os de umidade dos queijos. Os valores encontrados nos queijos com adição de leite na proporção de 20 e 35% em relação ao soro se assemelharam aos queijos comercializados, caracterizando que estes podem estar na eminência ou ultrapassando aos limites de adição de leite estabelecidos pela legislação vigente. Ou seja, a adição de leite, principalmente de forma extrapolada, muda substancialmente as características físicas e químicas do queijo tipo ricota, levando muitas vezes o consumidor a confundir as características específicas e únicas desse tipo de queijo o que faz com que um queijo originalmente com alta qualidade nutricional e boas características sensoriais, se desvalorize no mercado. Os resultados obtidos dos queijos tipo ricota produzidos com adição de extrato hidrossolúvel de soja (EHS), variando a acidez inicial, mostraram que as variáveis influenciam no rendimento e na textura. Quanto maior a adição de EHS e aumento da acidez inicial da mistura, antes do processo, dentro dos intervalos avaliados neste trabalho, maior foi o rendimento no final. No entanto, a acidez não influenciou na Tensão de Ruptura. Na Deformação de Hencky, quanto mais se aumentou a concentração de proteínas de soja e a acidez inicial, mais os queijos são flexíveis e deformáveis. O controle da acidez juntamente com a agregação de proteínas de outros tipos pode ser interessante para produzir queijos a base de soro de leite com melhor rendimento, altos qualidade proteíca, várias propriedades fisiológicas funcionais, sem entretanto, tornar o queijo mais duro, e podendo torna-lo até mais elástico. A adição de extrato hidrossolúvel de soja (EHS) e de cloreto de cálcio não influenciou na coloração dos queijos nos parâmetros de Luminosidade, ºHue e Índice de Croma. Os queijos tiveram cor próxima ao amarelo, de intensidade fraca ou acromática. Na textura dos queijos, a adição de EHS deixou o queijo mais duro, demonstrado pelos efeitos na Tensão e Energia na Ruptura. A adição do cálcio teve efeito negativo sobre a Energia de ruptura, pois seus íons preenchem alguns sítios ativos das proteínas, formando coágulos menores e fazendo com que o gel fique mais fraco. Já a deformação foi influenciada positivamente apenas pela adição de EHS, que tornou os queijos mais elásticos. Após a ruptura, os resultados se repetiram, demonstrando uma estrutura homogênea do produto. E apenas o efeito da adição de EHS foi determinante no aumento do rendimento. Com isso, conclui-se que adicionar proteínas de soja na produção que queijos tipo ricota tornam o produto com textura mais consistente e elástica, com aumento de rendimento, sem necessariamente modificar a cor. Entretanto, a adição de cálcio isoladamente, apesar da sua retenção no queijo, o que é importante nutricionalmente, torna o queijo mais frágil. A adição tanto de EHS quanto de cálcio, produz um queijo tipo ricota mais firme e elástico, de maior valor nutricional devido as proteínas da soja e cálcio, e ainda com melhor rendimento.

Orientadores: Everson Alves Miranda, Pedro de Alcântara Pessôa Filho / Tese (doutorado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Química / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-24T01:51:47Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Hirata_GiseleAtsukoMedeiros_D.pdf: 4140620 bytes, checksum: 01025f5b18791e6b6698c34eea1dcda4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: O segundo coeficiente virial osmótico, B22, tem sido considerado um preditor para o processo de cristalização. Uma faixa relativamente estreita de valores negativos de B22, -1x10-4 a -8x10-4 mL.mol/g2, é ideal à formação de cristais de acordo com George e Wilson (1994). Essa faixa de valores de B22 é denominada de "janela de cristalização", sendo utilizada para classificar condições adequadas de solvente à formação de cristais. Para valores maiores que -1x10-4 mL.mol/g2, a interação proteína-proteína não é suficientemente forte para a cristalização e nenhuma fase sólida é formada, enquanto para valores menores que -8x10-4 mL.mol/g2, as interações proteína-proteína são muito intensas e precipitados amorfos são formados. Dessa forma, os valores de B22 se tornaram um critério de seleção para a cristalização de proteínas, uma vez que esse coeficiente pode ser determinado por diversos métodos. Este trabalho teve como objetivo determinar experimentalmente diagramas de fases de proteínas (lisozima, insulina suína e bovina) e identificar nesses diagramas, através de análise dos valores do B22, as condições nas quais ocorre a formação de precipitado amorfo, cristalino ou outras fases (por exemplo, fase líquida). O "salting-out" foi o método escolhido para precipitar as proteínas, pois é considerado um dos mais simples e importantes métodos para induzir a cristalização. O sal volátil carbamato de amônio foi o agente de "salting-out" escolhido. As técnicas de espalhamento de luz estático (SLS) e cromatografia de auto-interação (SIC) foram usadas para determinar os valores de B22 para as proteínas em diferentes soluções aquosas de sal a 15 e 25 °C. O fenômeno de "salting-out" foi observado nos diagramas para as três proteínas estudadas. Valores negativos de B22 e altos valores da constante de "salting-out" - entre 1,07 a 3,77 kg/mol - confirmaram que o sal volátil carbamato de amônio empregado neste estudo é um bom agente precipitante. Os valores do B22 para a insulina suína (-250x10-4 a -18x10-4 mol.ml/g2 a 25 °C e -187x10-4 a -45,2x10-4 mol.ml/g2 a 15 °C) e insulina bovina (-999x10-4 a 6,7x10-4 mol.ml/g2 a 25 °C e -533x10-4 a -16,7x10-4 mol.ml/g2 a 15 °C) indicaram a precipitação, o que também foi confirmado pelos ensaios de cristalização. Já para a lisozima, obteve-se formação de cristais independente do valor de B22 encontrado (-20,4x10-4 a -3,6x10-4 mol.ml/g2 a 25 °C e -400x10-4 a -14,4x10-4 mol.ml/g2 a 15 °C). Além disso, os modelos teóricos disponíveis na literatura utilizados para a obtenção de uma estimativa do parâmetro B22 são adequados e válidos para as condições em que a medida experimental não é possível, podendo ser aplicados para o sistema proteína/sal volátil. Dessa forma, este trabalho mostrou que não existe uma "janela de cristalização universal" válida para todos os sistemas e o uso do sal volátil carbamato de amônio como agente de cristalização é uma alternativa ao uso de sais convencionais. / Abstract: The osmotic second virial coefficient, B22, has been used as a predictor of crystallization. A relatively narrow range of negative B22 values, -1x10-4 to -8x10-4 mL.mol/g2, is the ideal range for crystal formation according to George and Wilson (1994). This range, referred to as the "crystallization slot", has been used to classify suitable conditions under which proteins will assemble into crystals. For B22 values greater than -1x10-4 mL.mol/g2, the protein-protein interaction is very weak and no solid phase is formed, while for values less than -8x10-4 mL.mol/g2, the protein-protein interactions are very intense and amorphous precipitates are formed. Thus, the B22 value has become a selection criterion for protein crystallization, since this coefficient can be determined by various methods. This study aimed to determine the experimental phase diagrams for proteins (lysozyme and bovine and porcine insulin) and to identify those diagram conditions under which amorphous precipitate, crystals or other phases (for example, liquid phase) are formed, based on the values of B22. The salting-out method to precipitate proteins was chosen because it is considered one of the simplest and most important methods to induce crystallization. The volatile salt ammonium carbamate was chosen as the salting-out agent. Traditional static light scattering (SLS) and the novel self-interaction chromatography (SIC) technique were used to determine B22 values for the proteins in different aqueous salt solutions at 15 and 25 °C. The salting-out phenomenon was observed in the phase diagrams for the three proteins studied. Negative B22 values and high values of the salting-out constant - between 1.07 to 3.77 kg/mole (Cohn, 1925) - confirmed that ammonium carbamate was a good precipitant agent. The B22 values for porcine (-250x10-4 to -18x10-4 mol.ml/g2 at 25 °C and -187x10-4 to -45.2 x10-4 mol.ml/g2 at 15 °C) and bovine (-999x10-4 to 6.7x10-4 mol.ml/g2 at 25 °C and -533x10-4 to -16.7x10-4 mol.ml/g2 at 15 °C) insulin indicated precipitation that was confirmed experimentally. However, lysozyme was obtained as crystals, regardless of the B22 values found (-20.4x10-4 to -3.6 x10-4 mol.ml/g2 at 25 °C and -14.4x10-4 to -400x10-4 mol.ml/g at 15 °C). In addition, thermodynamic models available in the literature and suitable for the conditions under which experimental measurements were done provided a good fit to the data. Thus, this work showed that there is no universal "crystallization slot" applicable to all systems and that for crystallization agent, volatile salt ammonium carbamate can serve as an alternative to conventional salts. / Doutorado / Desenvolvimento de Processos Biotecnologicos / Doutora em Engenharia Quimica

HSP70 is one of the most important families of molecular chaperone that regulate the folding and transport of client proteins in an ATP dependent manner. The ATPase activity of HSP70 is stimulated through an interaction with its family of HSP40 co-chaperones. There is evidence to suggest that specific partnerships occur between the different HSP40 and HSP70 isoforms. While some of the residues involved in the interaction are known, many of the residues governing the specificity of HSP40-HSP70 partnerships are not precisely defined. It is not currently possible to predict which HSP40 and HSP70 isoforms will interact. We attempted to use bioinformatics to identify residues involved in the specificity of the interaction between the J domain from HSP40 and the ATPase domain from the HSP70 isoforms from humans. A total of 49 HSP40 and 13 HSP70 sequences from humans were retrieved and used for subsequent analyses. The HSP40 J domains and HSP70 ATPase domains were extracted using python scripts and classified according to the subcellular localization of the proteins using localization prediction programs. Motif analysis was carried out using the full length HSP40 proteins and Multiple Sequence Alignment (MSA) was performed to identify conserved residues that may contribute to the J domain – ATPase domain interactions. Phylogenetic inference of the proteins was also performed in order to study their evolutionary relationship. Homology models of the J domains and ATPase domains were generated. The corresponding models were docked using HADDOCK server in order to analyze possible putative interactions between the partner proteins using the Protein Interactions Calculator (PIC). The level of residue conservation was found to be higher in Type I and II HSP40 than in Type III J proteins. While highly conserved residues on helixes II and III could play critical roles in J domain interactions with corresponding HSP70s, conserved residues on helixes I and IV seemed to be significant in keeping the J domain in its right orientation for functional interactions with HSP70s. Our results also showed that helixes II and III formed the interaction interface for binding to HSP70 ATPase domain as well as the linker residues. Finally, data based docking procedures, such as applied in this study, could be an effective method to investigate protein-protein interactions complex of biomolecules.

Abstract DNA replication is a process in which a cell duplicates its genome before cell division, and must proceed accurately and in organized manner to guarantee maintenance of the integrity of the genetic information. DNA polymerases are enzymes that catalyse the synthesis of the new DNA strand by utilizing the parental strand as a template. In addition to chromosomal replication, DNA synthesis and therefore DNA polymerases are also needed in other processes like DNA repair and DNA recombination. The DNA polymerase is an essential DNA polymerase in eukaryotes and is required for chromosomal DNA replication. It has also been implicated in DNA repair, recombination, and in transcriptional and cell cycle control. The regulation of the human enzyme was explored by analysing its expression, phosphorylation and protein-protein interactions. Expression of both the A and B subunits of the human DNA polymerase ε was strongly growth-regulated. After serum-stimulation of quiescent fibroblasts, the steady-state mRNA levels were up-regulated at least 5-fold. In actively cycling cells, however, the steady-state mRNA and protein levels fluctuated less than 2-fold, being highest in G1/S phase. The promoter of the B subunit gene was analysed in detail. The 75 bp core promoter was essentially dependent on the Sp1 transcription factor. Furthermore, mitogenic control of the promoter required an intact E2F binding element, and binding of E2F2, E2F4 and p107 was demonstrated in vitro. A down-regulation element, located immediately downstream from the core promoter, bound E2F1, NF-1 and pRb transcription factors. A model of the promoter function is presented. Topoisomerase IIβ binding protein 1 (TopBP1) was found to be associated with human DNA polymerase ε. TopBP1 contains eight BRCT domains and is homologous to Saccharomyces cerevisiae Dpb11, Schizosaccharomyces pombe Cut5, Drosophila melanogaster Mus101 and the human Breast Cancer susceptibility protein 1 (BRCA1). TopBP1 is a phosphoprotein, whose expression is induced at the G1/S border and is required for chromosomal DNA replication. It co-localizes in S phase with BRCA1 into discrete foci, which do not represent sites of ongoing DNA replication. However, if DNA is damaged or replication is blocked in S phase cells, TopBP1 and BRCA1 re-localize into proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA) containing foci that represent stalled replication forks. Finally, phosphorylation of DNA polymerase ε was described and at least three immunologically distinct and differentially phosphorylated forms were shown to exist. Phosphorylation is on serine and threonine residues and shows a cell cycle dependent fluctuation, but is not affected by DNA damage or by inhibition of DNA replication. BRCA1 co-immunoprecipitates with a hypophosphorylated form of DNA polymerase ε. In contrast, TopBP1 was shown to be associated with a hyperphosphorylated form.

Philosophiae Doctor - PhD / Supervised machine learning approaches have been applied successfully to the prediction of protein-protein interactions (PPIs) within a single organism, i.e., intra-species predictions. However, because of the absence of large amounts of experimentally validated PPIs data for training and testing, fewer studies have successfully applied these techniques to host-pathogen PPI, i.e., inter-species comparisons. Among the host-pathogen studies, most of them have focused on human-virus interactions and specifically human-HIV PPI data. Additional improvements to machine learning techniques and feature sets are important to improve the classification accuracy for host-pathogen protein-protein interactions prediction. The primary aim of this bioinformatics thesis was to develop a binary classifier with an appropriate feature set for host-pathogen protein-protein interaction prediction using published human-Hepatitis C virus PPI, and to test the model on available host-pathogen data for human-Bacillus anthracis PPI. Twelve different feature sets were compared to find the optimal set. The feature selection process reveals that our novel quadruple feature (a subsequence of four consecutive amino acid) combined with sequence similarity and human interactome network properties (such as degree, cluster coefficient, and betweenness centrality) were the best set. The optimal feature set outperformed those in the relevant published material, giving 95.9% sensitivity, 91.6% specificity and 89.0% accuracy. Using our optimal features set, we developed a neural network model to predict PPI between human-Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The strategy is to develop a model trained with intra-species PPI data and extend it to inter-species prediction. However, the lack of experimentally validated PPI data between human-Mycobacterium tuberculosis (Mtuberculosis), leads us to first assess the feasibility of using validated intra-species PPI data to build a model for inter-species PPI. In this model we used human intra-species PPI combined with Bacillus anthracis intra-species data to develop a binary classification model and extend the model for human-Bacillus anthracis inter-species prediction. Thus, we test our hypotheses on known human-Bacillus anthracis PPI data and the result shows good performance with 89.0% as average accuracy. The same approach was extended to the prediction of PPI between human-Mycobacterium tuberculosis. The predicted human-M-tuberculosis PPI data were further validated using functional enrichment of experimentally verified secretory proteins in M-tuberculosis, cellular compartment analysis and pathway enrichment analysis. Results show that five of the M-tuberculosis secretory proteins within an infected host macrophage that correspond to the mycobacterial virulent strain H37Rv were extracted from the human-M- tuberculosis PPI dataset predicted by our model. Finally, a web server was created to predict PPIs between human and Mycobacterium tuberculosis which is available online at URL:http://hppredict.sanbi.ac.za. In summary, the concepts, techniques and technologies developed as part of this thesis have the potential to contribute not only to the understanding PPI analysis between human and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, but can be extended to other pathogens. Further materials related to this study are available at ftp://ftp.sanbi.ac.za/machine learning. / National Research Foundation (NRF) and SANBI