The Babatha and Salome Komaise archives contain the legal documents of two Jewish women and their families, dating mostly from c. 94 C.E. to 132 C.E. The community that they attest lived in a small village which was first part of the Nabataean Kingdom but was later incorporated into the province of Roman Arabia in 106 C.E. The documents consequently provide invaluable information about a community’s experience before and after the creation of the province. The laws and traditions in evidence in the two archives are remarkable for their diversity, exhibiting elements of Jewish, Nabataean, Roman and Hellenistic law. This thesis examines this complex legal situation and considers the ways in which people coped with the array of legal options available to them. A ‘ground-up’ approach is adopted, focusing on the people involved in the documents’ creation and use in order to detail how different parties affected the working of law in the area. An overview of the individual documents is provided in The Survey of the Documents. The rest of the thesis is then structured according to the various groups that influenced their formulation and use: The Scribes, Legal Advisors, The Parties, The Alternatives to the Assizes and The Roman Officials. These various contributions are then brought together in the Conclusion to model how law operated in this particular community. The primary contributions of this study are therefore to Roman provincial and legal history, as well as the history of the Jewish people in the inter-revolt period.

1 Abstract (in English): This dissertation compares depictions of Roman jewellery and brooches on monuments with archaeological finds. These monuments are mainly of funerary character and they come primarily from Noricum, Pannonia, Germania, in lesser amount also from Gallia and some other areas. Jewellery is also related to local variants of provincial clothing. A typology of Roman jewellery is given and subsequently I try to find analogies to these jewellery types among the depictions. The typology mentioned here doesn't represent a complete list of jewellery types and variants. It focuses on the most common variants and variants which are relevant to the depictions of jewellery. By comparison of the archaeological finds to the depictions it is possible to obtain more accurate image of the appearance of clothing in different provincial areas and also of some specific traditions related to jewellery. The majority of depicted jewellery was identified with archeaological finds of jewellery, yet some cases stay unclear.

Cette étude trouve son origine dans un double étonnement. Les années 1680-1740 sont marquées par la publication aux Provinces-Unies d’ouvrages en français qualifiés d’« historiques » et consacrés à l’actualité politique européenne immédiate et à son analyse. Ce phénomène trouve sa plus belle illustration dans la parution, à Leyde, à la fin du mois de juillet 1686, de l’Histoire abrégée de l’Europe, le premier mensuel politique de langue française. À l’apparition de cette nouvelle forme éditoriale vouée à un bel avenir, que nous désignons sous le qualificatif de « mercures historiques et politiques », s’ajoute l’impression d’Histoires consacrées aux évènements récents mais aussi de collections diplomatiques, recueils qui compilent les pièces ayant trait aux relations internationales. Or, ces trois types d’ouvrages sont rédigés par les mêmes auteurs, une douzaine d’exilés français installés en Hollande qui n’avaient rien publié avant leur départ de France. Ce corpus qualifié d’« histoire du temps présent européen » permet de saisir comment, dans la Hollande des années 1680-1740, publier l’actualité politique est devenu une profession caractérisée par des pratiques d’écriture et des compétences valorisables auprès du public mais également auprès des autorités politiques grâce à l’entretien de correspondances. En observant comment ces hommes qui s’érigent en spécialistes ont participé à la constitution d’un marché de l’information politique, cette étude analyse les procédés par lesquels ils ont rendu publics la politique et ses instruments et interroge les implications qu’un tel phénomène éditorial peut induire sur le rapport des lecteurs à l’action des gouvernements. / This study started from two surprising facts. Between 1680 and 1740, numerous works, written in French and published in the Dutch Republic, were labeled “historical” and devoted to describing and analyzing current European political events. The best example of this phenomenon is the publication in Leyden in late July 1686 of the “Histoire abrégée de l’Europe”, the first political monthly in French. This new editorial format (which we call “mercures historiques et politiques”) emerged was to know a great success. At the same time, some Histoires dealing with current events were also printed, as well as diplomatic collections, compiling all the pieces related to international relations. In fact all three types of books were penned by the same people, a dozen of exiled Frenchmen living in Holland who had never published anything before leaving France.These several printings, called “histoire du temps present européen” allow us to understand how, in late 17th and early 18th century Holland, writing about current political affairs turned into an profession, characterized by writing practices and skills that can help these authors to live by their pen, thanks to their public via several editorial media, and thanks the political authorities with which they entertained correspondences. By studying how these self-styled “specialists” have contributed to the emergence of a market for political information, I will analyze the processes they used to publicize political life and its instruments, and investigate the implications of this phenomenon on the way readers perceive the government’s action.

This catalogue documents Roman lamps from the cemeteries of Gerulata (modern-day Rusovce). It consists of 16 Bildlapmen, 89 Firmalampen, and one special shape. These lamps were found mainly in two large cemeteries, in both cremation and inhumation graves, dated from the last decades of the 1 st century AD to the dawn of the 3rd century. Of the Bildlampen, several lamps with angular voluted nozzles (Loeschcke type I) and one fragment of a circular lamp with a rounded nozzle (Loeschcke type VIII) are represented. Of the Firmalampen, both Loeschcke types IX and X are found, type X and its variations being the most numerous (67 lamps). The iconography of relief decorations shows a range of mythological and profane images. Twenty different makers' stamps in relief are found, two without parallels, with Fortis as most common. The production, transport and copying of Firmalampen is described; resulting endeavors to locate their point of origin are determined to be often unreliable without chemical analysis. Both the relationship of lamps to other grave goods as well as their purpose in graves are assessed; lamps are found to have been an available luxury, as appropriate in a Romanized society. Most lamps had worn bases, and some had blackened wickholes; most are burned by their inclusion in the funeral pyre. The...

A presente tese trata da chamada “Questão de Limites” entre as províncias de Santa Catarina e Paraná, de 1853 (momento de emancipação da comarca de Curitiba) a 1889 (ano que marca o fim do Império do Brasil). O tema insere-se no contexto de estruturação política/econômica provincial e de construção da unidade nacional no Brasil oitocentista. Unidade aqui pensada com base na complexa interface entre esta e a formação do Estado, do território e da nação. O foco de análise concentra-se no exame das iniciativas tomadas pelas elites provinciais e pelo governo central, nos espaços imperiais de poder, a respeito da delimitação de uma fronteira “aberta” e extremamente “complexa”. Defende-se que, a contenda entre catarinenses e paranaenses se constituiu num problema de significativa importância política e econômica na fronteira sul, pois contemplava assuntos considerados centrais – “consideração política”, administração pública, desenvolvimento fiscal e expansão da colonização – inerentes ao processo de constituição da unidade nacional a partir das relações estabelecidas entre o centro (Corte) e as partes (províncias). A partir daí, sustenta-se que a não resolução da pendência de limites pode ser explicada através da própria natureza da organização política brasileira daquele período. Cabia ao Legislativo a definição do impasse, havia, porém, muitos interesses regionais e nacionais conflitantes em jogo durante os debates, os projetos, as negociações, os encaminhamentos e as decisões efetuadas pelos parlamentares. Apesar do centro (governo estabelecido no Rio de Janeiro) não ter interferido efetivamente na resolução do impasse fronteiriço entre duas unidades administrativas consideradas “pequenas”, o mesmo demonstrava muitos interesses com a organização interna do território. Santa Catarina e Paraná não possuíam uma ampla representação política no cenário nacional, mas eram apontadas pelas narrativas como fundamentais por estarem localizadas num espaço estratégico para a delimitação espacial do Estado Nacional. Nesse sentido, a continuidade de problemas com pendências territoriais entre muitas das províncias era vista como prejudicial para o desenvolvimento econômico e para a manutenção da estabilidade política. Assim, ao contrário do que se possa imaginar, a Questão de Limites revelou-se como um tema importante para se compreender – guardadas as devidas proporções de um caso específico – a organização política e econômica provincial, bem como o próprio processo de formação do território do Brasil. / This thesis deals with the so-called "Matter of Boundaries" between the provinces of Santa Catarina and Paraná, from 1853 (time of the emancipation of the district of Curitiba) to 1889 (year that marks the end of the Brazilian Empire). The theme is inserted in the context of provincial political / economic structuring and the construction of the national unity in the nineteenth-century Brazil. Unit, here, is based on the complex interface between it and the formation of the State, the territory, and the nation. The analysis focus on examining the initiatives taken by the provincial elites and the central government in the imperial areas of power regarding the delimitation of an "open" and extremely "complex" frontier. We believe that the dispute between the people of Santa Catarina and the people of Paraná constituted a problem of significant political and economic importance on the south frontier, for it contemplated issues considered central, like "political consideration", public administration, fiscal development and the expansion of colonization. All of them inherent in the process of the constitution of the national unity based on the relations established between the center (Court) and the parties (provinces). Thenceforth, it is sustained that the non-resolution of the pendency regarding limits can be explained by the very nature of the Brazilian political organization of that period. The definition of the impasse was in the Parliament hands. However, there were many conflicting regional and national interests at stake during the debates, the projects, the negotiations, the referrals and the decisions made by the Members of Parliament. Although the center (government established in Rio de Janeiro) did not effectively interfere in the resolution of the border impasse between two small administrative units, the central government (established in Rio de Janeiro) showed a lot of interest in the internal organization of the territory. Santa Catarina and Paraná did not have a very broad political representation on the national scenario, but according to the narratives, they were fundamental because they were located in a strategic space for the spatial delimitation of the National State. In this regard, the continuity of the pending territorial problems among many of the provinces was seen as detrimental in terms of economic development and the maintenance of political stability. So, contrary to what one may think, the Boundaries Matter has proven to be a relevant theme in the understanding – preserved the due proportions of a specific case – of the provincial political and economic organization, as well as the very process of the Brazilian territory formation.

A criação de novas províncias no Brasil Império não era algo simples nem tampouco rotineiro. Envolvia um processo complexo que, atravessando diversas instâncias da administração imperial, levava ao plenário do parlamento reivindicações autonomistas de grupos políticos que, com maior ou menor poder de barganha na arena parlamentar possuíam interesses que passavam pela criação de uma unidade administrativa que significaria alguma autonomia para esta elite gerir seus próprios interesses. Embora exista uma quantidade razoável de pedidos neste sentido, o fato é que durante todo o século XIX apenas duas propostas alcançaram êxito: Amazonas (1850) e Paraná (1853). Separados pela distância e envoltos em contextos regionais diferentes, estes projetos foram os únicos que conseguiram aglutinar em torno de si apoio político suficiente para permitir sua aprovação. Para isso contaram com situações extraordinárias que fizeram com que projetos locais fossem debatidos como políticas nacionais, tais como a ocorrência de levantes amados, de contestações de fronteiras e a existência de complicadas questões envolvendo as relações externas do país. Esta pesquisa objetiva analisar as discussões que se deram em torno de tais políticas no parlamento brasileiro. Vários elementos estiveram articulados neste debate: os interesses das elites provinciais, a necessidade de um Estado mais efetivo para negociar a ordem interna e problemas relativos à política externa, pois estavam em jogo as relações com os países vizinhos. Fatores estes que exigiam soluções dotadas de um equilíbrio do qual dependia a sobrevivência de um Estado em construção na contingência de redividir administrativamente seu território. / The creation of new provinces in the Empire of Brazil was not simple. It envolved a complex process across multiple instances of the central administration which led to the plenary of the Parliament autonomist demands of political groups which, with bigger or less bargaining power in the parliamentary arena, had interests that passed through the creation of a administrative unit, which would mean some autonomy to manage their own interests and needs. Although there is a reasonable amount of such requests, the fact is that througout the nineteenth century only two proposals have suceeded: Amazonas (1850) and Paraná (1853). Separated by distance and wrapped in different regional contexts, these projects were the only ones who managed to unite around him enough political support to enable this adoption. This thanks to extraordinary situations that have caused local projects were discussed as national policies, such as the ocurrence of armed movements, bordes disputes and the existence of complicated issues involving foreign relations. This work aims to analyse the debates that took place in the Brazilian Parliament around such policies. Several elements have been articulated in these discussions. The interests of the provincial elites, the need of a more effective State to manage the problems of internal order and foreign policy, as it was at risk the relations with neighboring countries. Factors that demanded solutions with a balance of which depended the survival of a State under construction in administrative contingency redivide its territory.

The courts in Canada have often been cast, by both courts and legal scholars, as 'umpires' or 'arbiters' of the federal-provincial division of powers - umpires or arbiters that have the exclusive, or at least decisive, authority to clarify and enforce, and resolve disputes about, 'who does what' in the federal system. However, the image conveyed by these metaphors underestimates the role that the federal and provincial political branches play in the federal system, by working out their own solutions, in the intergovernmental arena, both directly and indirectly, where questions and disputes arise about how jurisdiction is and should be allocated. The image conveyed by the umpire or arbiter metaphors also sits uncomfortably with the facilitative role that the Supreme Court of Canada has carved out for itself in its recent division of powers decisions, a role that casts the courts as facilitators of these instances of intergovernmental dialogue. This doctoral dissertation challenges, and moves beyond, the umpire and arbiter metaphors. It examines the political safeguards available to the provinces in Canada to prevent, or limit, perceived federal encroachments on provincial jurisdiction, in the process highlighting the role that the political branches play in Canada in working out their own allocations of jurisdiction, outside of the courts. It describes, and critically evaluates, the facilitative role carved out by the Court in its recent division of powers decisions, identifying various reasons to be skeptical of a facilitative role that casts the courts as facilitators of intergovernmental dialogue. Finally, and with an eye to future research, it briefly outlines an alternative facilitative role that focuses on facilitating deliberation about the division of powers implications of particular initiatives, arguing that it would be premature to dismiss facilitative approaches to judicial review altogether.

Este trabalho tem como objetivo analisar a o direito à educação no Brasil, focalizando o Período Imperial (1822 a 1889). A reflexão incorpora uma análise históricocomparativa acerca do sentido do direito à educação, sua interpretação nos documentos legais e o correspondente debate legislativo. O mapeamento realizado observou a inserção da gratuidade e da obrigatoriedade na legislação. Vale ressaltar que a gratuidade foi explicitada na Constituição Política do Império do Brasil, de 1824. Com o Ato Adicional, em 1834, descentralizou-se a administração pública, ficando a educação primária a cargo das províncias. Assim, a gratuidade não se efetivou em algumas delas no período estudado. Já a obrigatoriedade enfrentou resistências e permeou inúmeros debates parlamentares, de modo que sua implantação aconteceu pontualmente apenas em algumas legislações provinciais. Apesar da explicitação do direito à educação, enquanto dever do Estado, só ter sido realizada no nível federal com a Constituição de 1969, o presente trabalho indica que, em nível provincial, houve inserções já no Período Imperial. / The purpose of this study is to analyze the idea of the right to education during the Imperial Period (1822 to 1889). The reflection incorporates comparative historical analyzes about the right to education, its interpretation on the legal documents and corresponded debates. The right to education mapping began with the observation of the concept of free tuition and compulsory education by the law. In 1824, the Imperial Constitution (Constituição Política do Brasil Imperial) established the principle of free tuition to elementary schools. With the Amendment Constitutional (Ato Adicional) of 1834 the public administration was decentralized and the provinces were made responsible for primary education. But it was not applied at some provinces at that time according this research. On the contrary, the compulsory concept was discussed by the parliament, so it was implemented in a punctual way, just established as a law in some provinces. Although the right to education as a state duty was officially declared only in 1969, this study shows that there were previous statements, in some provinces, during the Imperial Period.

This thesis attempts to show the contribution of Geographic Information System to urban planning process in Turkey. GIS can enhance the planning system by providing an access to accurate, reliable and update geographical information, producing alternatives according to the scenario and ensuring participation in the evaluation of the alternatives. This is the high level contribution of GIS for the enhancement of planning. The contribution can occur / if certain conditions are sustained such as establishment of geographical data provision system among public institutions. Obviously, these are connected with available technical and social infrastructure. Although, there is not a digital infrastructure system among the public institutions, several general directorates have started to provide some geographical information in their works. These efforts should be increased in quality and quantity. From the planning point of view, we argue that these are not even at satisfying level to work with the GIS in the plan-making processes. To prove our argument, the use of GIS and technology in the Bank of Provinces and private planning offices are inquired. The results of the thesis study show that the Bank of Provinces is in the transition period for the use of GIS. Private planning offices are in the initial stage and some of them seem unable to adopt themselves if the plan-making process becomes digital, because of the extra costs for them. Therefore, geographical data provision policies among public planning institutions will determine the future development of GIS in the planning process.

This study provides an in depth analysis of three temples dedicated to emperors in Roman Asia (western Asia Minor): the Temple of Divine Rulers at Aphrodisias, the Temple of Divine Rulers at Ephesus and the Temple of Zeus Philios and Trajan at Pergamon. Focusing on each case study in a separate chapter, the project provides a brief introduction to each city's history and a detailed discussion of each temple's name, dating, patronage structure, architectural form, sculptural program, and the application techniques of sculptural and architectural details. The study proposes an understanding of these temples as key monuments of constantly changing dynamic urban landscapes rather than simple symbolic gestures towards the Roman emperors. Utilizing Kevin Lynch's terminology, the project suggests close links between each monument and the already existing urban elements of each individual city, further strengthening its overall urban image. These structures were essential to their urban contexts, and their meanings and functions were directly linked to the culture and history of each city. Finally, the project demonstrates that through their architectural designs and sculptural programs, each temple emphasized the perspectives of the local elite. The methodology of the project involves a careful study of the city plans, an analysis of context-specific local features and finally a consideration of multiple-viewer perceptions. This dissertation aims to provide an alternative model for later studies in Roman provincial art and architecture. / text