No description available.

Dans un contexte de libéralisation des marchés agroalimentaires, la taille des firmes et des filières semble être un facteur déterminant de leur compétitivité. L'objectif de cette étude est de déterminer s'il existe des économies de taille dans l'industrie canadienne de la transformation alimentaire. L'analyse est effectuée pour les provinces canadiennes dans les secteurs de la boulangerie, de la viande et des produits laitiers. Une fonction de coût de type translog est construite pour chaque secteur afin de mesurer l'impact d'un accroissement marginal de la production sur le coût moyen de l'industrie. La fonction de coût inclut quatre intrants, soit le matériel, le capital, la main-d'œuvre et l'énergie. Les données proviennent de l'enquête annuelle sur les manufactures administrée par Statistique Canada. Elles couvrent la période de 1990 à 1999. Une procédure économétrique est utilisée pour désagréger les dépenses en capital au niveau des provinces puisque les données ne sont disponibles qu'au niveau national. Une technologie à proportions fixes de type Léontief a aussi été utilisée dans le secteur des produits laitiers pour intégrer le système de contingentement de la production de lait à la ferme et son impact sur la structure de coût des transformateurs de produits laitiers. Les économies de taille sont mesurées au niveau de l'industrie. Elles incluent donc les économies de taille au niveau des usines et des firmes ainsi que les économies de taille externes à la firme. D'une manière générale, il existe des économies de taille dans l'industrie de la transformation alimentaire. Ces économies de taille dépendent cependant de la taille de l'industrie dans les provinces canadiennes. Des économies de taille sont présentes dans la majorité des provinces pour l'industrie de la viande. Cependant, les provinces les plus importantes au niveau de la transformation des produits laitiers ne semblent pas posséder des économies de taille lorsqu'elles sont évaluées au niveau de production de 1999. Dans les secteurs des produits laitiers et de la boulangerie, les petites provinces ont un potentiel plus élevé d'exploiter les économies de taille que les provinces dont la taille est plus importante. / Broad globalization forces are changing the competitive environment of Canadian agri-business firms. One important factor that potentially increases processing firms' competitiveness is the ability to achieve economies of scale. This paper uses Statistics Canada's Annual survey of manufactures to estimate economies of scale at the industry level in the meat, dairy and bread and bakery sectors of each province. The data cover the period 1990-1999. Capital expenses in each province were imputed from available observations at the national level and cross-sectional variations in input price indices were computed using retail price indexes at the provincial level. A translog cost function with four inputs (material, capital, labour and energy) was specified to estimate potential economies of scale in each sector. The homogeneity property was imposed through cross-equations restrictions while concavity was imposed at one sample point following the methodology of Ryan and Wales (2000). The existence of supply management at the farm level was introduced in the empirical model through the assumption of fixed proportions between output, raw milk and the basket of other inputs. The empirical model reveals that there exist statistically significant economies of scale in the meat sector for many provinces. In the other two sectors (dairy and bread and bakery), the presence of economies of scale is dependent on industry output. The two largest producing provinces in the dairy sector (Québec and Ontario) did not have economies of scale to exploit in 1999. Economies of scale in the bread and bakery sector are particularly important for the small provinces.

Le présent mémoire porte sur deux problématiques distinctes qui s'inscrivent toutefois chacune dans le domaine de l'analyse des dépenses sociales des provinces canadiennes. La première, d'une approche essentiellement descriptive et comparée, cherche à vérifier si le Québec se distingue du rest of Canada (ROC) dans ses dépenses sociales pour la période allant de 1961 à 2008, alors que la seconde, de type plus explicatif, vise à évaluer l'influence de l'idéologie des partis politiques au pouvoir sur l'évolution des dépenses sociales provinciales pour la même période. Les résultats du chapitre consacré à la première problématique laissent tout d'abord croire que le Québec se démarque du ROC à partir du milieu des années 1970 jusqu'à la fin de la période observée par des dépenses en proportion de son PIB plus importantes dans la majorité des secteurs sociaux. Or, malgré cette claire distinction québécoise, la plupart des domaines de dépenses de la province francophone semblent tout de même suivre des tendances sensiblement similaires à celles du reste du Canada pour l'ensemble de la période, ce qui témoigne alors d'une appartenance du Québec à un certain pattern pancanadien d'évolution des dépenses sociales. Les résultats du chapitre portant sur la seconde problématique paraissent quant à eux confirmer l'existence d'un cycle partisan provincial global aux effets toutefois limités, l'alternance gauche/droite au pouvoir ayant vraisemblablement un impact modeste sur l'évolution des dépenses sociales provinciales en général. La modestie de ce cycle partisan"pancanadien" semble par ailleurs attribuable à l'existence de divergences majeures entre les provinces par rapport à ce cycle, le facteur idéologique ayant un effet considérable sur l'évolution des dépenses sociales de six d'entre elles mais étant pratiquement nul sur l'évolution des dépenses des quatre autres provinces.

No description available.

This thesis is a contribution towards legal history of Roman Asia Minor from the creation of the province of Asia to the enfranchisement of the free population of the Empire by the emperor Caracalla. Chapter I is concerned with the Hellenistic background and with the theoretical framework for explaining the relationship between the suzerain and the cities in the Hellenistic and Roman periods. The possibility of using Bickerman’s ‘surrender and grant’ model for introducing much needed nuance into usual dichotomy of ‘free’ and ‘subject’ cities is argued for. Chapter II deals with the court of the Roman governor. It is argued that there was no limit set on govenor’s jurisdiction from below and that the main way in which governor’s burden was relieved or legal autonomy of local communities guaranteed was through delegation of decision at the apud iudicem stage of the proceeedings. An in-depth study of the procedure is provided. Chapter III provides an analysis of the assize circuit system, above all in the province of Asia. Arguments for continuity with the pre-Roman administrative structure are advanced and a new hypothesis of significant structural changes in the second century A.D. advanced. Chapter IV explores the jurisdiction of other Roman officials: proconsular legates, quaestors, and above all procurators and other imperial officials. The division of responsibility with the governor’s court and their role in covering the areas not usually penetrated by the governor’s jurisdiction is discussed. Chapter V deals with judicial autonomy of the ‘free’ and ‘federate’ cities. It is argued that the extent of these privileges was widely variant and the possibility that some of them applied only to the apud iudicem stage explored. Chapter VI is concerned with courts of the ‘subject’ communities. It is suggested on the basis of recently published evidence that ‘subject’ communities could retain a high degree of judicial autonomy. Different models used by the Romans are explored and compared. Chapter VII explores a vexed question of internal jurisdiction of Jewish diaspora communities in Asia Minor. The validity of Flavius Josephus' evidence is upheld and the role of 'ancestral laws' ideology in Roman interventions in support of Jewish courts discussed. Two appendices discuss a recently published inscription from Chersonesus Taurica and offer an annotated list of passages in the Corpus iuris civilis dealing with Asia Minor in our period respectively.

Recent studies of the development of Indian politics in the nineteenth and twentieth centuries have contested the notion of a giant clash between imperialism and nationalism in the sub-continent. Increasingly, these studies have focused on the regional variations of the Indian national movement, and high-lighted the contradictions within it. Not only has the earlier vision of the unity of the movement tended to break down as a result. The very continuity and indeed existence of the movement has apparently been brought into question. Yet the strength of something perceived as a nationalist movement by large numbers of contemporary observers, official and non-official, has been undoubted. To meet this difficulty, historians have sought to re-introduce by new methods some element of continuity and permanence into their concept of the Indian nationalist movement. An important suggestion has been that the links between different levels of politics, different regions and different interests were provided by the formal political structure imposed on the country by the British. Constitutional development, then, accounts for an on-going national movement, and changes in the constitutional set-up explain changes in the intensity, scale and form of the nationalist struggle. One problem with these studies has been the almost invariable concentration on 'elites' and the leadership. Differences among nationalist leaders have been taken as indicative of the contradictions within the nationalist movement. Links between leaders have appeared as nationalist links. 'Followers', it has generally been assumed, acted simply in accordance with the wishes of their leaders. The present thesis concentrates much more on the relationship between leaders and followers in the national movement. It investigates the means of communication between them, the barriers and the contradictions, and tries to assess the way in which leaders and followers influenced one another and 'followers' occasionally became leaders in their own right. An attempt is also made to explain the continuity of the national movement, in terms not only of the changing constitutional structure, but also of the permanent organisational base of the movement and the independent power that nationalist propaganda, symbols and slogans - broadly speaking, the nationalist 'ideology' - came to have. Finally, the thesis examines how the method and manner of nationalist propaganda, as well as the institutions and style of British rule, tended to divide sections of the Indian 'nation' from one another, and how the Congress leadership responded when these divisions assumed dangerous proportions. The striking fact is that as the Congress-led movement for freedom advanced to a position of enormous strength, its weaknesses also became more obvious. The Introduction sets out this problem in the case of the United Provinces of Agra and Oudh, (U.P.), an area noted for its prominence in the national movement after the First World War. It shows how by the early 1930's the Congress was recognised as the strongest and most organised party in the province, and one that constituted a real threat to the position of the Government. Yet this party had the active support neither of the Muslim community in general nor of the mass of the poor in town and country. The chapters that follow seek to explain the genesis of this apparently paradoxical position. Chapter 2 examines the organisational base of the Congress movement in the 192O's and early 193O's. It is suggested that in the years immediately after World War I a sound base was secured, through the presence of a hard core of permanent workers in the organisation, financial support from business, industrial and other sympathetic groups, and the work of 'national' educational and other institutions which provided new recruits for nationalist activity. The weakness of the organisation is seen in its failure to make any direct provision for the poorer sections of Indian society. Some attempt was made to remedy this situation in the last years of the period under study, but it is argued that these were piecemeal and limited efforts which did not go very far. Chapter 3 elaborates the very broad, nationalist appeal made by the Congress, the agencies it used and the effects of its endeavours. It is shown that personal contact, acts of 'revolutionary terrorism' and the press, all performed valuable propaganda for the nationalist cause. Racial and religious elements in the Congress' propaganda had widespread influence. There was room also for appeals on specific economic issues within the general, nationalist approach of the Congress. Where the Congress approach confronted major problems was at points where parts of its appeal brought different sections of the society into clash with one another. The remaining chapters examine the limitations that this, and the Congress' refusal to face the problem squarely, imposed on the movement as a whole. Chapter 4 makes a case-study of pppular agitation during the civil disobedience campaign in two very different U.P. districts, one in Agra and the other in Oudh. This indicates how the Congress encouraged popular agitation and yet tried to keep it under strict control. The chapter argues that the Congress attempt to maintain the broadest possible front in its anti-imperialist struggle misfired at this point. Large numbers of peasants, extremely distressed on account of the conditions created by the Depression and agitated at the relentless efforts of the Government and the landlords to extract their dues, strained at the leash that Congress leaders had tied on them regarding the manner of their protest. Friction between the two was especially marked when the Congress withdrew the 'no-tax'/'no-rent' campaign after the Gandhi-Irwin agreement of March 1931. Ultimately, the chapter suggests, the obvious distress of large sections of the peasantry and the independent actions of angry tenants led the Congress to adopt a more militant position, but before then the hesitations of the leadership had caused a substantial loss of support for civil disobedience. Chapter 5 turns to the problem of the alienation of the Muslims from the national movement, a fact that was clear at least in the U.P. by the time of the civil disobedience movement, fhe importance of the style of British rule, and of the nature of electoral arrangements, is noted. But the chapter is concerned more with the manner in which sectional appeals, adopted for short-term electoral or agitational purposes, contributed to the growth of communal antagonism. The importance of communal tension on the ground in the development of a separate Muslim politics is emphasized. By the end of the 192O's, it is suggested, general communal suspicion had made it difficult for Hindu and Muslim leaders to work together, and subsequent attempts by Congress (Hindu) leaders to appeal to the Muslim 'masses' over the heads of Muslim leaders only tended to close Muslim ranks further. A central theme of the thesis is that the general nationalist appeal of the Congress proved a source both of strength and of weakness for the movement. Aggressive anti- British propaganda gave rise to the widespread view of the Raj as enemy and oppressor. Racial clashes between Government forces and nationalist deroonstrators proved particularly important in arousing anti-British feeling among very diverse groups and people. In addition, the Congress after 192O acquired the image of the 'poor man's party'. It is seen, however, that nationalist symbols and slogans, which were widely accepted, had vary different meanings for different people. The extension of a 'national', or at least an anti-British consciousness to social groups which had been unaffected earlier led to Increasing conflicts of interest within the nationalist camp.

No description available.

This study focuses on the difference between northern and southern Italy concering the correlation between total fertility rate (TFR) and female employment rate (FER) using pronvicial-level data. Theories demonstrate that the correlation can either be negative or positive, although it has been showed in the past decades that this correlation between nations is positive throughout the developed countries. This phenomenon has been descripted by van de Kaa (2002) and Lesthaeghe (2010) as the second demographic transition. With regards of Italy, previous studies focusing on the country’s 20 regions have also found a positive correlation (Rondinelli and Zizza 2010). Furthermore, the Italian context is explained with special regards towards the deep cultural and socio-economical differences between northern and southern Italy. The divide is confirmed by statistical data. Furthermore, a regression analysis controls the correlation between TFR and FER against relevant variables and finds surprisingly a positive correlation in the north and a negative correlation in the south, where a fertility postponement mechanism is present. Conservative gender roles and economic underdevelopment can be seen as the cause of this divide, although there are signs of change.

Spiritan Life No. 15 -- January 2006 -- Torre d'Aguilha -- CONTENTS -- Editorial -- (pg 1) -- First Evangelisation in East Cameroon, Daniel Taba -- (pg 3) -- Missionary contribution to the local church in Zimbabwe, Leo Eke. -- (pg 11) -- Mission today in conflict and post-conflict situations: Angola, Barnabe Sakulenga -- (pg 16) -- The case of the Democratic Republic of Congo, Oscar Ngoy -- (pg 21) -- The situation of conflict and post-conflict in Sierra Leone, Gabriel Luseni -- (pg 25) -- Refugee Ministry in Tanzania, Msilanga Vedastus Babu -- (pg 30) -- Ministry to Aids Victims, Festo Adrabo -- (pg 35) -- New Commitments – Taiwan, Jean-Paul Hoch -- (pg 39) -- The Joys and Challenges of the older provinces: Germany, Peter Marzinkowski -- (pg 46) -- Joys and Challenges for the Spirltan Mission in France, Christian Berton -- (pg 53) -- The province of Ireland confronts its Challenges while counting its Blessings, Pat Palmer -- (pg 59)

Thesis (M.A.)--Memorial University of Newfoundland, 2001. / Bibliography: leaves 145-154.