OBJECTIVE: This study evaluated two embrasure designs by measuring their differential effect on load at failure of provisional fixed partial dentures (FPDs) fabricated of five commercially available polymer-based restorative materials. METHODS: Five provisional C&B materials were selected to fabricate FPDs with two different embrasure designs: sharp vs. rounded embrasures (n=12 for each material). The test materials included: Telio CAD (Ivoclar-Vivadent), Coldpac (Motloid), Protemp Plus (3M), VersaTemp (Sultan), and Turbo Temp (Danville). The embrasures were formed using prefabricated cutters with measured Radii (0.002r and 0.03r) and a fixture to hold each provisional FPD in place for the uniform standardized cuts. Molds for the CAD/CAM provisional FPDs were used to fabricate the syringeable temporary materials and form bridges with the same geometric design. All provisional bridges were cemented using Temp-Bond (Kerr) to the corresponding standardized abutments and tested to failure in a universal Instron testing machine by loading each specimen compressively in the mid pontic region. The load at break was recorded in Newton. A one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA) was used to compare the difference in each group’s mean. RESULTS: A significant difference in fracture load was found between the two groups of designs, in which the round embrasure was significantly stronger than was the sharp. A significant difference also was found between the type of temporary material used to fabricate the bridge in the two groups, and except for Coldpac, no significant difference between the embrasure anatomies was found. Fatigue loading did not appear to influence the two bridges’ fracture load, but it did show a significant difference with respect to the modulus of elasticity, in that the bridges that underwent fatigue loading showed a higher elastic modulus by comparison to the control group. Another variable that influenced the modulus of elasticity was the type of temporary material used to fabricate the bridge, in which TelioCAD was found to be the stiffest. However, the embrasure design did not seem to affect the bridges’ rigidity. CONCLUSION: A significant difference was found in fracture strength between the rounded and sharp embrasure design. Except for Coldpac, the rounded embrasure showed higher fracture toughness than did the sharp. No significant correlation was found between the two embrasure designs and the modulus of elasticity. Interestingly, the fatigued bridges that underwent cyclic loading showed a higher modulus of elasticity. The sharp embrasure design showed no fracture in the pontic region, while the rounded design did in 5.47% of the sample. This may be explained by the photoelastic bridges, in which the stress diffuses in the rounded design to include the pontic region, while in the sharp design, the stress is concentrated on the connector area. Stress analysis, both by means of photoelastic and finite element analysis, demonstrated that the bridge with the sharp embrasure design’s stress was high in the connector area compared to the round embrasure design.

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This thesis addresses a topic which to date has not received any sustained attention within the field of health and social care. The thesis explores the understanding that lecturers in health and social care have of the nature of truth and how their conceptions of truth impact on their teaching and on their relationship with students. The study was conducted through interviews with nine lecturers, from five universities and several disciplines within health and social care, which allowed them to explore their understanding of truth in relation to their teaching. A phenomenological approach was employed, as this enabled the participants to describe the phenomenon of truth as it presented itself to them through their own lived experience and as it was imbricated in their teaching. In order to analyse the lived experience of the lecturers I used an interpretative phenomenological analysis (IPA) approach because it is concerned with the interpretation of particular experiences of a phenomenon. One of the key findings that emerged from the analysis was that none of the lecturers believed that there was one version of truth but rather multiple truths or realities, often based on uncertainty rather than a certainty. The suggestion was that what was being taught in class was a theory of provisional validity rather than an absolute truth and this heavily influenced the way these lecturers saw their role within their students’ journeys towards their own versions of truth and authenticity. The study participants held that if students could become comfortable with questioning truth and accepting that more than one version of the truth exists, then they were enabled to deploy the art of critical evaluation and analysis within their own learning. Underpinning my analysis of my findings regarding the lecturers’ perceptions of their role in encouraging critical thinking and authenticity is the work of Barnet and Kreber. Barnet (2007) claimed that in order to become authentic, an element of critical thinking is required and Kreber (2013) builds on this when she suggests that authenticity is associated with being true to self in a critical social theory sense. Further key findings are very much related to the unique dimension of my study being placed within health and social care and include the connections between the nature of truth and matters such as: the participant’s identity as a health and social care professional and the influence this has on their teaching; how conceptions of truth impact on the health and social care knowledge base within the disciplines of the participants and how this discipline knowledge underpins their teaching; the relationship between the participants’ conceptions of the nature of truth and the professional attributes that feature in the participants’ teaching; and how the understanding of the nature of truth links into the health and social care curricula. The thesis concludes by discussing implications for theory and practice that appear to flow from the findings of this study.

PURPOSE: To determine the potential discoloration of provisional materials by exposure to beverages and evaluate the efficacy of simulated tooth-brushing on stain removal and the effect on surface roughness. METHODS: Materials included: Jet Set-4 (Lang), Protemp Plus (3M ESPE), Luxatemp (DMG), Artbloc (Merz), Telio-CAD (Ivoclar), and Vita-CAD (Vita). Specimens (n=10/group) were immersed in: distilled water, coffee, red wine, tea, coke and cranberry juice. Color measurements were taken (Xritei5 spectrophotometer) at: baseline, 24 hours, 4 and 8 weeks. Specimens in coffee and red wine for 8 weeks were exposed to tooth-brushing for three minutes and color measurements were taken subsequently. Color differences (ΔE) after treatments were calculated using one-way ANOVA, MANOVA and post hoc Tukey test. Another group of specimens (n=10/group) were exposed to tooth-brushing under a 1.91N load using toothpaste slurry (Crest® Cavity Protection) for 20,000 cycles in two modes: soft and medium bristles (both Oral B Indicator®). Surface roughness was measured using a Mitutoyo SJ201 profilometer before and after brushing. Surface roughness Ra values were compared using one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey test. RESULTS: Coke and water had no significant discoloration effect (p>0.05). Red wine and coffee exhibited the highest discoloration effect. CAD-CAM blocks showed significantly lower color change, at all durations, and after brushing (p<0.001). Tooth-brushing had a significant effect (Ra) on Telio-CAD, Artbloc, Jet Set-4 and Vita-CAD. Protemp-Plus and Luxatemp groups showed no significant difference. CONCLUSIONS: Traditional materials showed less color stability when compared to CAD/CAM blocks. Tooth-brushing effect varies depending on bristle and material type.

Memoria (licenciado en ciencias jurídicas y sociales) / No autorizada por el autor para ser publicada a texto completo / El objeto de este trabajo es analizar si se vulnera o no el derecho constitucional a la libertad provisional con la existencia de cauciones cuyo monto está predeterminado en la ley, sin dejar al criterio del juez la fijación de este extremo. Con dicha mira se estudiarán dos normas legales que establecen cauciones como las descritas y que se encuentran actualmente en vigencia. Ellas son la establecida en el artículo 44 de la ley de Cuentas Corrientes Bancarias y Cheques y la del artículo 163 letra f) del Código Tributario. Para abordar el tema y lograr su mejor comprensión se han ordenado las diferentes argumentaciones, según el elemento interpretativo que prima en ellas. Al analizar cada una se muestran exponentes de la línea de pensamiento respectiva, con ejemplos recogidos fundamentalmente en la jurisprudencia de nuestros tribunales, pero también en las Actas de la Comisión de Estudios de la Nueva Constitución y en nuestra Doctrina. Finalmente se hará una mirada crítica a los argumentos expuestos por quienes defienden la Constitucionalidad de estas cauciones para concluir que, dentro de nuestro ordenamiento este tipo de cauciones no tiene, desde la promulgación de la actual Carta Fundamental, ningún sustento Constitucional.

The central subject of this thesis is the power of an arbitral tribunal to order a state to refrain from pursuing criminal proceedings against a commercial enterprise if such an investigation constitutes an abuse of power or an attempt to obtain an unfair procedural advantage or harass of the investor, rather than a legitimate exercise of the state’s police power. The first chapter addresses the nature of international arbitration and how different theoretical models may help to explain the limits of the arbitrators’ adjudicative powers and the attitude of various national legal orders and domestic courts to arbitration agreements, proceedings and awards. The second chapter analyzes different approaches to investment arbitration as a form of global governance, and reviews arbitral jurisprudence on the interaction between protection of foreign investment and states’ power to conduct criminal proceedings. The third chapter focuses on jurisprudence of the International Court of Justice (ICJ) and various arbitral tribunals on provisional measures affecting the conduct of criminal proceedings. It identifies key developments and trends in the jurisprudence, especially with respect to the rights that could be protected by such measures. Finally, the fourth chapter addresses the question how to balance the states’ right (or even an obligation) to combat global corruption and crime, one the one hand, and the due process rights accorded to private entities when their commercial and investment disputes are resolved through international arbitration, on the other hand. / Graduate / 2022-03-19

La bifurcation coronaire est un site privilégié d’athérosclérose. Jusqu’alors aucune des techniques de stenting provisionnel percutanées avec juxtaposition de ballons n’a démontré de bénéfice clinique. Ces échecs peuvent être expliqués par le non-respect de la géométrie fractale des bifurcations qui pourtant doit toujours guider la revascularisation (correction de la malapposition et optimisation de l’ostium de la branche collatérale). Fort de ce constat, nous avons imaginé une nouvelle technique séquentielle et simple, en 3 temps, le rePOT, associant Proximal Optimizing Technique (POT) initial, ouverture de la branche collatérale et POT final. Son évaluations s’est voulue progressive en 4 étapes : 1) concept, 2) preuve expérimentale de concept, 3) confirmation des bénéfices mécaniques in vivo, et 4) validation clinique. Dans ce travail nous avons donc d’abord expérimentalement démontré la supériorité du résultat mécanique final du rePOT par rapport aux techniques non séquentielles de provisional stenting (manuscrit # 1). Ainsi, le rePOT effondre la malapposition globale du stent, conserve la circularité proximale physiologique et optimise l’obstruction ostiale résiduelle de la branche accessoire. Ces excellents résultats sont confirmés indépendamment du design ou de la composition des stents (manuscrits # 2, 4). Nous avons par ailleurs démontré l’importance de chacune des 3 étapes du rePOT: POT initial (manuscrit # 1), ouverture de SB et POT final (manuscrit # 3). Enfin, fort de ces démonstrations expérimentales, nous avons confirmé in vivo avec mesures OCT itératives à la fois les excellents résultats expérimentaux et la bonne évolution clinique à moyen terme (manuscrit # 5). Ce travail démontre donc étape par étape, de l’expérimentale à la clinique, l’ensemble des bénéfices de cette nouvelle technique séquentielle de stenting provisionnel "rePOT", devenue une référence en Europe dans la revascularisation percutanée des bifurcations coronaires / Coronary bifurcations are a preferential location for atherosclerosis development. Until now, no technic with balloons juxtaposition demonstrated a clinical benefit in percutaneous coronary bifurcation revascularization by provisional stenting (with 1 stent). Successive failures could be explained by the absence of respect of the bifurcations fractal geometry, which need to be systematically followed during all revascularization (correction of the malapposition and optimization of the side branch ostium). Thus, we imagined a new technique, simple and sequential, in 3 steps, named rePOT. It is combining initial Proximal Optimizing Technique (POT), side-branch opening and final POT. We proposed a demonstration in 4 steps : 1) concept, 2) experimental proofs of concept, 3) confirmation of the clinical benefits in vivo, and 4) clinical validation. In this work, we experimentally demonstrated the superiority of the final mechanical results of the rePOT compared to all non-sequential provisional stenting (manuscript # 1). Thus, rePOT decreased stent global malapposition, maintained the initial proximal circularity and optimized the final ostial side branch obstruction. These excellent results were confirmed independently of stent design or material (manuscripts # 2, 4). Moreover, we demonstrated the specific benefits of each steps of the rePOT : initial POT (manuscript # 1), SB opening, and final POT (manuscript # 3). Finally, we confirmed in vivo, with serial OCT analysis, these excellent mechanical results and the good clinical outcome at mid-term. (manuscript # 5). Thank to this step by step demonstration, from experimental to clinic, we confirmed all benefits of this new provisional stenting sequential technique "rePOT". Thereby, before the last step of the demonstration, rePOT became a reference in Europe for the percutaneous revascularization of coronary bifurcations

Esta dissertação de mestrado possui o objetivo de identificar as particularidades relacionadas à utilização das tutelas de urgência nos casos em que as partes convencionam submeter seus litígios atuais ou futuros à jurisdição arbitral (i.e., tutelas de urgência arbitrais) e explorar o seu tratamento sob a perspectiva do direito brasileiro. As tutelas de urgência arbitrais adquirem cada vez maior importância para o desenvolvimento da arbitragem e para que o processo arbitral seja efetivo, alcançando o resultado desejado pelo direito material. Esta dissertação, depois de breves considerações iniciais, analisou as principais características e tipos de tutelas de urgência arbitrais (capítulos 2 e 3). Em seguida, passou em revista as bases teóricas para a compreensão da competência dos árbitros com relação às tutelas de urgência (capítulos 4 e 5), com estudo específico do cenário do direito brasileiro (capítulo 6). Esta dissertação reviu em detalhas as questões polêmicas da fase pré-arbitral (tanto perante as cortes estatais quanto perante árbitros de emergência), assim como as questões pertinentes sobre o momento em que o árbitro precisa analisar o assunto na fase arbitral (capítulos 7, 8 e 9). Por fim, analisou a hipótese na qual os juízes são chamados a auxiliar na efetivação de tutelas de urgência proferidas por árbitros em arbitragens nacionais e estrangeiras (capítulo 10). / The arbitral provisional measures have an increasing importance for the development of arbitration and for the effectiveness of the arbitration process, reaching the result aimed by the substantive law. This dissertation, after brief preliminary considerations, analyzed the main characteristics and types of arbitral provisional measures (Sections 2 and 3). Afterwards, it has reviewed the theoretical basis for understanding of arbitrators competence with regard to provisional measures (Sections 4 and 5), specifically in relation to the Brazilian law (Section 6). This dissertation has performed a detailed review of the controversial issues in the pre-arbitral phase (regarding state courts and emergency arbitrators), and has also reviewed issues related to the moment in which the arbitrator needs to analyze such controversial subject during the arbitral phase (Sections 7,8,9). Finally, this paper analized the hypothesis in which judges are called to assist on the enforcement of provisional measures issued by arbitrators in domestic and international international arbitrations (Section 10).

Esta dissertação analisa as questões concernentes às tutelas de urgência antes e durante o processo arbitral (incluindo-se a forma como podem ser pleiteadas, apreciadas e efetivadas), bem como a interação entre os árbitros, o Poder Judiciário e também entre a Câmara de Arbitragem responsável pela condução do processo arbitral (no caso de arbitragem institucional). O trabalho traz uma breve análise sobre a história da arbitragem e acerca de sua natureza jurídica, com um enfoque específico às tutelas de urgência, analisando, igualmente, os regulamentos dos principais centros de arbitragens pátrios e alienígenas, bem como a legislação nacional e estrangeira sobre o tema das tutelas de urgência em arbitragem. Os principais pontos analisados referem-se: (i) às tutelas de urgência prévias à instauração da arbitragem (quando as partes já se comprometeram, por meio de cláusula compromissória ou de compromisso arbitral, a solucionar eventual lide por meio da arbitragem); (ii) às tutelas de urgência no curso de um processo arbitral; (iii) à efetivação das tutelas de urgência, a qual exige a utilização de força e, por conseguinte, depende do auxílio e de interação com o Poder Judiciário; (iv) à efetivação das tutelas de urgência proferidas em arbitragens estrangeiras; e (v) às anti-suit injunctions. / This dissertation analyses the questions regarding provisional and interim measures previously or during an arbitration proceeding (including the means they can be pleaded, analyzed and enforced), as well as the interaction between the arbitrators, the Judiciary Power and also with the Court of Arbitration responsible for the conduction of the arbitration proceeding (in the case of institutional arbitration). The study brings a brief analysis of the history of arbitration and about its legal nature, with a specific focus on provisional and interim measures, also analyzing the regulations of the main Courts of Arbitration from Brazil and from abroad, as well as the Brazilian and foreign legislation about provisional and interim measures in arbitration. The main topics analyzed are referred to: (i) provisional and interim measures previously to the beginning of the arbitration (when the parties have already committed themselves, through arbitration clause or arbitration agreement, to resolve any conflict through arbitration); (ii) provisional and interim measures during an arbitration proceeding; (iii) the enforcement of provisional and interim measures, which requires the use of force (coercive power) and, therefore, depends on the assistance and the support of the Judiciary Power; (iv) the enforcement of provisional and interim measures rendered on foreign arbitrations; and (v) the anti-suit injunctions.

Esta dissertação analisa as questões concernentes às tutelas de urgência antes e durante o processo arbitral (incluindo-se a forma como podem ser pleiteadas, apreciadas e efetivadas), bem como a interação entre os árbitros, o Poder Judiciário e também entre a Câmara de Arbitragem responsável pela condução do processo arbitral (no caso de arbitragem institucional). O trabalho traz uma breve análise sobre a história da arbitragem e acerca de sua natureza jurídica, com um enfoque específico às tutelas de urgência, analisando, igualmente, os regulamentos dos principais centros de arbitragens pátrios e alienígenas, bem como a legislação nacional e estrangeira sobre o tema das tutelas de urgência em arbitragem. Os principais pontos analisados referem-se: (i) às tutelas de urgência prévias à instauração da arbitragem (quando as partes já se comprometeram, por meio de cláusula compromissória ou de compromisso arbitral, a solucionar eventual lide por meio da arbitragem); (ii) às tutelas de urgência no curso de um processo arbitral; (iii) à efetivação das tutelas de urgência, a qual exige a utilização de força e, por conseguinte, depende do auxílio e de interação com o Poder Judiciário; (iv) à efetivação das tutelas de urgência proferidas em arbitragens estrangeiras; e (v) às anti-suit injunctions. / This dissertation analyses the questions regarding provisional and interim measures previously or during an arbitration proceeding (including the means they can be pleaded, analyzed and enforced), as well as the interaction between the arbitrators, the Judiciary Power and also with the Court of Arbitration responsible for the conduction of the arbitration proceeding (in the case of institutional arbitration). The study brings a brief analysis of the history of arbitration and about its legal nature, with a specific focus on provisional and interim measures, also analyzing the regulations of the main Courts of Arbitration from Brazil and from abroad, as well as the Brazilian and foreign legislation about provisional and interim measures in arbitration. The main topics analyzed are referred to: (i) provisional and interim measures previously to the beginning of the arbitration (when the parties have already committed themselves, through arbitration clause or arbitration agreement, to resolve any conflict through arbitration); (ii) provisional and interim measures during an arbitration proceeding; (iii) the enforcement of provisional and interim measures, which requires the use of force (coercive power) and, therefore, depends on the assistance and the support of the Judiciary Power; (iv) the enforcement of provisional and interim measures rendered on foreign arbitrations; and (v) the anti-suit injunctions.