Submitted by maxence scichili (maxence.scichili@gmail.com) on 2015-06-24T20:58:27Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis Final Version_Maxence-3.pdf: 1611710 bytes, checksum: 1e19a2e1888853b50ad9aacf816687c2 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Luana Rodrigues (luana.rodrigues@fgv.br) on 2015-06-25T16:10:15Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis Final Version_Maxence-3.pdf: 1611710 bytes, checksum: 1e19a2e1888853b50ad9aacf816687c2 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-06-25T16:20:31Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Thesis Final Version_Maxence-3.pdf: 1611710 bytes, checksum: 1e19a2e1888853b50ad9aacf816687c2 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-05-19 / Este estudo analisa as variáveis de liquidez no mercado corporativo brasileiro de debêntures e testa a variável Eurobond para compreender quais características ajudam a prever a liquidez de debêntures. Embora os mercados de capitais brasileiros tenham melhorado drasticamente nos últimos anos, as grandes empresas brasileiras têm muitas opções na hora de tomar a decisão de aumentar capital (emissão de Eurobônus é um deles). Este estudo busca preencher uma lacuna na literatura acadêmica vendo se existe uma relação de liquidez entre os dois mercados. O proxy Eurobond foi encontrado significativo ao nível de 5% e o nível de 1%. Os outras proxies que foram significativos (valor de emissão, data de vencimento inicial, Avaliação) coincidem com os resultados de estudos anteriores.

Submitted by Patricia Barros (patricia.barros@ufes.br) on 2016-07-11T17:45:43Z No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação final Tarcila oficial (1).pdf: 1813884 bytes, checksum: 756128602e875dcb32bc26ce60ad8a9c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Patricia Barros (patricia.barros@ufes.br) on 2016-07-11T17:45:59Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação final Tarcila oficial (1).pdf: 1813884 bytes, checksum: 756128602e875dcb32bc26ce60ad8a9c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-11T17:45:59Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Dissertação final Tarcila oficial (1).pdf: 1813884 bytes, checksum: 756128602e875dcb32bc26ce60ad8a9c (MD5) / Na cidade de Linhares (ES) o rio Doce deságua no Oceano Atlântico formando uma feição deltaica na Plataforma Continental adjacente. Os sedimentos que compõem o delta tem origem na bacia hidrográfica do Rio Doce que é a maior em volume de vazão em /s e área de drenagem do estado capixaba. Ao longo das últimas décadas a bacia passou por um intenso processo de ocupação, transformação e interferências diretas no canal principal. O objetivo do presente trabalho foi analisar proxies geoquímicos presentes no depósito deltaico do rio Doce e determinar um padrão deposicional através do comportamento dos elementos. Para isso foram realizadas análises sedimentológicas, de teor de matéria orgânica e nutrientes, concentração de metais e taxa de sedimentação em testemunhos coletados na plataforma continental adjacente a desembocadura do rio Doce, DT01 SUL (coletado ao Sul da desembocadura), DT02 NORTE (ao Norte) e suas respectivas réplicas, DT01R SUL e DT02R NORTE. Os testemunhos apresentaram composição de granulometria fina em sua maioria com maiores percentuais em DT01 SUL em relação a DT02 NORTE. O conjunto dos resultados obtidos para teor de água, densidade e porosidade identificaram um pacote sedimentar de deposição recente em DT01R SUL e sedimentos em DT02R NORTE com maior compactação. Sendo os pontos equidistantes da desembocadura, as maiores taxas de sedimentação encontradas em DT01R SUL indicam o maior aporte de sedimento para a região Sul em relação a região Norte, onde foi coletado o testemunho DT02R NORTE. Não foi possível identificar a fonte efetiva do material orgânico em DT01 SUL a partir da razão C/N, visto que os resultados situaram-se na faixa de transição entre fontes terrestres e marinhas. Em DT02 NORTE ficou clara a importância da produção autóctone visto que a razão C/N ficou na faixa da matéria orgânica de origem marinha. Os valores de Cu estiveram próximos aos naturais com algumas exceções principalmente em DT01 SUL. Já os valores de Pb excederam o valor encontrado no background em ambos os testemunhos podendo indicar maior influência do aporte antrópico. Assim, por meio dos resultados obtidos do comportamento de proxies no delta do Rio Doce foi possível identificar uma deposição preferencial do sedimento fino transportado pelo rio através da Plataforma Continental adjacente em direção ao Sul da desembocadura. / In the Linhares city (Espírito Santo State), the Doce River empties into the Atlantic Ocean forming a deltaic feature on the Continental Shelf. The sediments that make up the delta come from the Doce River basin that is the largest in volume flow e drainage area in the State of Espirito Santo. Over the last decades the basin has undergone an intense process of occupation, processing e direct interference in the main channel. The objective of this study was to analyze geochemical proxies present at the Doce River deltaic deposit e determine a pattern of behavior by these depositional elements. For analyzes were performed sedimentological characteristics, organic matter e nutrients contents, metals concentration e sedimentation rates in cores collected on the continental shelf adjacent to the mouth of the Rio Doce. The cores were DT01 SOUTH (collected south of the mouth), DT02 NORTE (collected north) e their replicas, DT01R SOUTH e DT02R NORTE. The cores presented a composition of higher percentage of fine sediments in DT01 SOUTH compared to DT02 NORTE. The set of results obtained for water content, density e porosity identified a package of sedimentary recent deposition in DT01R SOUTH e DT02R NORTE sediments with higher compression. Being the points equidistant from the mouth, the highest sedimentation rates found in DT01R SOUTH indicate the major input of sediment to the South compared to the North. The C/N ratio in DT01 SOUTH was unable to identify the source of the organic material since the results were located in the transition zone between land e marine sources. In DT02 NORTH became clear the importance of autochthonous production as the C/N ratio was in the range of organic matter with marine origin. Cu values were close to natural with some exceptions mainly in DT01 SOUTH. The values of Pb exceeded the value found in the background on both cores may indicate a greater influence of anthropic contribution. Thus, the results obtained through the behavior of proxies in the delta of Rio Doce was possible to identify a preferential deposition of fine sediment carried by the river via the Continental Shelf adjacent to the South of the mouth.

The complexity of the processes whereby organic species are degraded in the atmosphere prevents many of the individual species (intermediates or products) from being unambiguously identified. Laboratory work necessarily focuses therefore on studies of idealised proxies with the aim of increasing general understanding of the physical and chemical processes which occur on particles and the types of species which they produce. Studies of the ubiquitous proxy oleic acid have resulted in the development of complex reaction schemes describing the various products and intermediates. These schemes include a diverse range of reactions and rates, thus highlighting the complications associated even with a relatively simple system. This thesis describes novel experimental studies designed to increase understanding of heterogeneous ozonolysis reactions of organic species in the aerosol phase using infrared spectroscopy as the principal analytical method. Reactions have been studied in solution (supported by off-line mass spectrometry), in thin films and in aerosols. The sensitivity of the infrared technique has also enabled the kinetics of reactions in thin films and aerosols to be followed. These methods were applied to both single- and mixed-component systems. Product studies successfully identified a number of primary and secondary species in the ozonised systems, with the secondary products formed from association reactions of the Criegee Intermediates with other species present (including self-reaction). In the mixed organic system these products were found to have originated from both a single reactant and from cross reactions between moieties from two different reactants. At low relative humidity, the ozonolysis reaction rates were monitored through the loss of the reactant species by infrared spectroscopy in the thin film and aerosol phase to give reactive uptake coefficients (gamma). At high relative humidity, the formation of products was followed. For the single-component thin films, the values obtained were gamma = 7.8 x 10-5 for stilbene and gamma = 2.0 x 10-7 for anthracene. In thin mixed films of oleic acid and stilbene, segregation occurred which prevented the effect of mixing upon the rate to be measured. A reactive uptake of gamma = 6.8 x 10-5 was obtained, identical to that of pure oleic acid. In the particle phase, the functional form of the reaction kinetics was found to be dependent on the type of particle. Pure stilbene and mixed oleic/stilbene aerosols were highly reactive and it proved necessary to treat reactive uptake coefficients under both diffusion-limited and surface-only reaction scenarios. For stilbene, the values obtained were gamma = 1.5 x 10-3 and gamma = 5.3 x 10-3 respectively. Spectral limitations in the mixed system meant that only the reaction of stilbene could be followed, giving gamma = 4.4 x 10-3 and gamma = 10.0 x 10-3 respectively. The enhanced rate in the mixture was attributed to secondary reactions. Anthracene and oleic acid coated particles were treated using a Langmuir-Hinshelwood mechanism from which the parameters KO3 (ozone partitioning coefficient) and kImax (maximum pseudo-first-order rate coefficient) could be extracted. For anthracene ozonolysis KO3 = 1.4 x 10-16 cm3 molecule-1 and kImax = 3.5x10-2 s-1. For oleic acid coated onto ammonium sulfate aerosols, values obtained were KO3 = 2.35 x 10-15 cm3 molecule-1 and kImax = 0.56 s-1 at low RH% and KO3 = 1.71 x 10-16 cm3 molecule-1 and kImax =0.33 s-1 at high RH%. The reduction in reactivity with increased RH% is principally attributed to the effect of surface polarity on ozone absorption.

Three paleo-environments were studied. The first project concerned the Manson Impact and the effect of the Black Hills on the resulting fall-out from this asteroid strike. Samples of the Crow Creek Member were taken east of the Black Hills in Nebraska and South Dakota and samples from the Red Bird Member were taken from the west, in Wyoming. These samples were examined for chemical weathering, soot, shocked quartz, and fossils. The Crow Creek samples had shocked quartz (indicative of an impact), severe chemical weathering, soot, and evidence of tsunamis. There were few calcareous fossils. The Red Bird showed no signs of chemical weathering, a distinct absence of soot and shocked quartz and an abundance of fossils. These results indicate that the Black Hills were large enough to pose an atmospheric and oceanic barrier to the effects of the Manson Impact. The second project dealt with dinosaur eggs which were found in Montana. The eggs were examined and subjected to Computed Tomography Scans. The egg-shell, matrix, and volcanic ash were studied. The egg-shell was found to be from an undescribed oolithic species, and revealed that a transgressive event transpired after the eggs had fossilized. The matrix revealed that the eggs were laid in a flood-plain. The ash revealed a high amount of tungsten and yielded a high percentage of potassium for future dating. The eggs themselves revealed that intact embryos were within. This project has provided information on dinosaur nesting behavior. In the third project corals were examined to determine the usefulness of sampling different architectural structures for evaluating environmental proxies. Coral was collected at the Verde Reef. The different architectural structures were sampled using SIMS, and LA-ICP-MS to selectively sample the small architectural structures. Oxygen isotope ratios and elemental: calcium ratios were compared among the different structures. It was found that dissepiments intake isotopic oxygen and elements at different rates than other structures. This has an impact in sampling corals for environmental proxies, but, because of the very small amount of mass contained in the dissepiments that bulk analyses would not be significantly affected.

The environmental processes and conditions controlling productivity and organic matter (OM) accumulation/preservation as well as bottom–water redox conditions in the lower black shale (LBS) and upper black shale (UBS) members of the Devonian-Mississippian (D–M) Bakken Formation were evaluated utilizing trace metal (TM) concentrations, degree of pyritization (DOPT), enrichment factors (EF) of TMs, bi–metal ratios (V/Cr, V/(V+Ni), Ni/Co, U/Th), total sulfur (ST) vs. iron (Fe), total organic carbon (TOC), carbon–sulfur–iron relationships (C–S–Fe), as well as Mo–TOC and Mo EF–U EF relationships. High-resolution (1- to 3-cm scale) chemostratigraphic records were generated for twelve drill cores, four of which closely flank the N–S-trending axis of the Nesson Anticline, proximal to the center of the Williston Basin in northwest North Dakota, USA. Furthermore, five of the twelve drill cores were selected (sample selection was based on down–core spacing and TM concentrations) for petrographic and Rock-Eval analysis to assess variations in kerogen type, quantity, quality, and thermal maturity (based on solid bitumen reflectance (%SBRo), vitrinite reflectance equivalence (%VRE), Rock–Eval Tmax–derived vitrinite reflectance (%Ro)) from immature to condensate, wet gas hydrocarbon generation windows. Degree of pyritization (DOPT) values (0.25 to 1.0) indicate that bottom waters were frequently dysoxic (> 60%) with intermittent aerobic and anoxic/euxinic conditions which is in agreement with C–S–Fe and total ST vs. Fe assessments of paleoredox conditions and sedimentological evidence. Furthermore, using published Mo–TOC relationships from modern anoxic-euxinic basins, it is estimated that renewal time of the sub-chemoclinal water mass during accumulation of the LBS and UBS approximated 10 and 30 yrs., respectively. Agreement is also seen between Mo/TOC and Mo EF/U EF where both suggest the Bakken shales were deposited under relatively unrestricted water mass conditions resulting in consistent renewal of TMs into the basin. However, bi–metal ratios suggest > 80% of samples were deposited under suboxic to anoxic/euxinic conditions. Trace metal concentrations for the Bakken Fm. show considerable range for Co (0–10324 ppm), Mo (0–2018 ppm), Ni (0–1574 ppm), U (0–1604 ppm), and V (0–3194 ppm), and bi–metal ratios for the Bakken Fm. are up to 5x greater than those reported for other D–M black shale formations. The Bakken black shales represent a unique sedimentary system where the EF of various TMs such as Cu (6.2–7.7), Mo (219.7–237.8), Ni (9.4–10.2), U (20.6–29.3), V (9.9–14.2), and Zn (10.4–12.2) as well as total organic carbon contents (LBS = 10.80 and UBS = 11.80 avg. wt.%) are considerably higher than other Devonian–Mississippian black shales. In this study, raw distributions of elemental concentrations combined with bivariate and principal component analysis (PCA) were used to elucidate the processes that could have contributed to the high EF of TMs in the Bakken shales. Total organic carbon shares heavier PCA component loadings (>0.445) and stronger correlation coefficients (r) with Cu, Mo, Ni, U, V, and Zn rather than with pyrite-associated (As, Co, Fe, and S) elements, suggesting that TOC played a primary role in the scavenging and accumulation of TMs in the sediments. Reducing conditions within bottom waters or sediment pore waters may have accelerated the accumulation of redox-sensitive Cu, Mo, Ni, V, and Zn introduced into the sediments via primarily an organic matter (OM) detritus host and most likely played a secondary role in the enrichment of TMs. The high EF of TMs observed in the Bakken shales may be the result of the frequent resupply of TMs into basin waters, enhanced primary productivity that is necessary in scavenging TMs from the water column, the presence of H2S within sediment pore or bottom waters, or possibly secondary processes associated with basin-wide fluid and hydrocarbon migration. Factors controlling TM accumulation during time of deposition (e.g., TM availability, bottom-water redox conditions, adsorption onto organic matter) and during diagenesis and catagenesis (e.g., alteration and break down of organic matter, movement of fluid hydrocarbons or other basinal fluids) likely contribute to the lack of agreement between redox proxies, and subsequently, the lack of applicability of bi–metal ratios (i.e., V/Cr, V/(V+Ni), Ni/Co, U/Th) in assessing bottom–water conditions for the Bakken shales. Solid bitumen (SB), a secondary organic matter formed as a residue after hydrocarbon generation (through either sufficient thermal maturation or microbial degradation) and expulsion, is primarily dispersed within the mineral matrix and increases in quantity with increasing thermal maturity. Rock-Eval II and HAWK analyzers were used to measure and estimate the hydrogen index (HI; avg. 201 mg HC/g TOC), oxygen index (OI; avg. 7mg CO2/g TOC), S1 (free hydrocarbons; avg. 8.0 mg HC/g rock), S2 (hydrocarbons generated after cracking kerogen; avg. 24.3 mg HC/g rock), and %Ro (0.60–1.03%; estimated from Tmax). The HI and OI values are calculated from TOC as well as S2 and S3 (oxygen bonded to hydrocarbons). Plots of HI vs. Tmax (ºC) and HI vs. OI as well as S2 vs. S3 ratio were utilized to determine the type of kerogen, primary OM that is insoluble in organic solvents. However, these relationships are not in agreement with kerogen typing based on petrographic observations, where samples from more thermally mature cores plot as Type III (vitrinite) kerogen instead of observed Type I/II (marine algae) kerogen. This is largely due to the abundant presence of SB in the more thermally mature section of the Bakken (Rock-Eval Ro = 0.83–1.03%) as SB is known to have a lower HI content than Type II kerogen. Petrographic evidence shows greater abundance of alginite and amorphous organic matter (AOM or bituminite) in the thermally less mature (Rock-Eval Ro = 0.60–0.83%) section of the Bakken compared to the greater abundance of dispersed SB in the more thermally mature section where AOM is absent. Early research on the Bakken Fm. reported lower than expected vitrinite reflectance values attributed to vitrinite “suppression". The overall lack of vitrinite and abundance of solid bitumen in these shales suggests that these early attempts likely reported solid bitumen reflectance rather than vitrinite reflectance. More recent attempts to assess the thermal maturity of the Bakken Fm. black shales have measured and converted SBRo to vitrinite reflectance equivalent (VRE). However, samples selected for SBRo by some previous workers have included heterogenous, granular as well as high reflecting SB samples, which introduce error in the measurements. As such, reported reflectance values are most likely lower than they would be if smooth, homogenous solid bitumen with no inclusions were measured. For this project, smooth and homogenous SB was measured to produce consistent and reliable VRE values to assess the thermal maturity gradient from the Bakken Fm. basin margins to the depocenter. Blue-light fluorescence petrography was done to support thermal maturity assessments. Results from SBRo, Rock-Eval Ro, VRE, and blue-light fluorescence observations suggest that cores from the current study range from early oil window into condensate, wet gas.

No description available.

La compréhension des facteurs qui déterminent la nature et la dynamique du couvert végétal en Afrique centrale représente un enjeu important face aux changements climatiques et à la pression sociale en cours. Forêt et savane sont souvent considérées comme deux états alternatifs stables et très contrastés, déterminés par de complexes interactions entre le couple sol-climat et les perturbations. Les liens actuels entre structure du couvert arboré et déterminants (déficit hydrique annuel, fréquence des feux, densité de population, intensité d'utilisation des terres et type de sol) ont été caractérisés à l'aide d'images satellites et d'un modèle statistique. Il a ainsi été montré qu'il non pas un mais existe plusieurs états stables de savane. Pour les états de faible couvert arboré (≤ 35%), ce sont principalement le type de sol et le climat qui déterminent leur présence et le passage de l'un à l'autre de ces états. Les savanes plus arborées (> 35%) ainsi que les forêts semblent être les états les plus sensibles aux perturbations anthropiques. Cependant, ce modèle statistique ne décrit que les liens contemporains entre structure de la végétation et déterminants. En revanche, l'étude des bio-indicateurs environnementaux conservés dans des archives naturelles, et qui représente l'approche paléo-écologique, permet de reconstruire sur le temps long la végétation, les perturbations et certaines données climatiques, et ainsi obtenir une vision dynamique de leurs relations. Trois lacs, situés actuellement en forêt, en mosaïque de forêt et de savane, et en savane ont été étudiés. En comparant sédiments récents et images satellites, ainsi qu'en calibrant un modèle entre bio-indicateurs dans les sols et relevés de végétation, il a été possible de mieux comprendre ce qu'enregistrent les bio-indicateurs disponibles pour notre étude (phytolithes et charbons principalement) et donc d'estimer la structure de la végétation et l'activité de feux. Les résultats de ces études soulignent l'importance de bien cerner les processus taphonomiques pour reconstruire précisément les paléo-environnements. Les résultats préliminaires d'une paléo-séquence lacustre couvrant les 3000 dernières années sont présentés en discussion. Bien que l'environnement autour du lac soit resté une savane, cette dernière a subi des changements de structure important dus à la fois aux changements climatiques et aux modifications des régimes de feu. De plus, ces changements de structure ne semblent pas graduels, mais s'effectuent de façon abrupte, comme ils le sont actuellement le long du gradient climatique. Ces travaux prédisent donc une réponse critique des biomes tropicaux aux changements globaux en cours. / Understanding the factors that determine vegetation nature and dynamics in Central Africa is an important issue given climatic changes and increasing human pressure. Forest and savanna are often considered as two alternative stable and highly contrasted states, driven by complex interactions between climate, soil and disturbances. The current relationships between tree cover and its determinants (annual water deficit, fire frequency, population density, intensity of land use and soil type) were characterized using remote sensing data and a statistical model. It has been shown that there is not one, but several savanna stable states. For savanna states of low tree cover (≤ 35%), it is mainly the soil type and the annual water deficit which determine their presence and the transition from one to another. The most wooded savannas (> 35%) and the forests seem to be the most sensitive to anthropogenic disturbances. However, this statistical model can only describe the contemporary relationships between vegetation structure and its determinants. Conversely, studying environmental bio-proxies preserved in natural archives, which constitutes the paleo-ecological approach, enables reconstructing long-term vegetation, disturbances and some climatic features, in order to obtain a dynamic view of their relationships. Paleo-sequences from three lakes, currently located in a forest, in a savanna-forest mosaic, and in a savanna, were investigated. On the one hand bio-proxies from recent lake sediments were compared to satellite images, and on the another hand a statistical model between bio-proxies from modern soils and vegetation surveys was calibrated. The results of these studies enabled to better understand the information carried by phytoliths and charcoals, and therefore to better estimate vegetation structure and fire history. Moreover, they emphasize the importance of precisely identifying taphonomic processes in order to accurately reconstruct paleo-environments. The preliminary results of a lacustrine paleo-sequence covering the last 3000 years are presented in discussion. Although the environment around the lake has remained a savanna, vegetation structure has undergone significant changes due to both climate change and modifications in fire regimes. Moreover, it seems that these structural changes were not gradual but happened abruptly, as it happens currently along the climatic gradient. This work therefore predicts a critical response of tropical biomes to global changes.

Análises sedimentológicas, geoquímicas e microfaunísticas realizadas em um testemunho coletado na plataforma interna de Cabo Frio, permitiram a compreensão das variações de produtividade nos últimos 9.300 anos. Quatro fases foram reconhecidas, influenciadas por flutuações do nível relativo do mar e mudanças climáticas que ocorreram na margem continental sudeste Brasileira, durante o Holoceno. Antes de 7,0 kanos cal A.P., os dados apontam para baixa produtividade, sob condições de nível relativo do mar mais baixo e clima úmido. Entre 7,0 e 5,8 kanos cal A.P., há aumento na produtividade oceânica, num cenário de nível do mar em ascensão e condições climáticas mais úmidas. Produtividade similar à fase anterior marca o período de 5,8 a 2,8 kanos cal A.P., em condições de descida do nível do mar e clima mais seco. De 2,8 kanos cal A.P. até o presente, aumento na produtividade oceânica e condições hidrodinâmicas intensas, associados ao estabelecimento do processo de ressurgência em Cabo Frio, quando condições climáticas atuais são estabelecidas. A partir de 2,5 kanos cal A.P., observa-se intensificação do processo de ressurgência, controlada pela ação conjunta de ventos de NE mais intensos (associados a eventos El-niño e/ou a posição da Zona de Convergência Intertropical - ZCIT), meandramento da Corrente do Brasil - CB - e configuração atual da linha de costa. / Sedimentological, geochemical and benthic foraminifera analyses carried out on a core sampled from the inner shelf of Cabo Frio, enabled us to identify different four productivity regimes related to sea-level fluctuations and/or climatic changes, that occurred in the southeastern Brazilian continental margin, during the last 9.3 kyr cal BP. Prior to 7.0 kyr cal BP, a lower productivity and less intense hydrodynamic regime occurred at lower sea levels and under drier climatic conditions. Between 7.0 and 5.8 kyr cal BP, relatively stronger local oceanic circulation and relatively high productivity were observed, in a scenario of rising sea levels and more humid conditions. From 5.8 to 2.8 kyr cal BP, bottom currents weakened and input of nutrients increased, with productivity levels similar to the previous phase at lower sea level and in a drier climate. From 2.8 kyr cal BP up to the present, stronger hydrodynamic conditions and a higher productivity regime linked to the establishment of the upwelling process in Cabo Frio. From 2.5 kyr cal BP to the present, upwelling enhancement has been recognized, resulting from the combined action of NE winds (related to El- Niño events and/or the Intertropical Convergence Zone - ITCZ - position), the meandering pattern of the Brazilian Current - BC - and present day coastline configuration.

Análises sedimentológicas, geoquímicas e microfaunísticas realizadas em um testemunho coletado na plataforma interna de Cabo Frio, permitiram a compreensão das variações de produtividade nos últimos 9.300 anos. Quatro fases foram reconhecidas, influenciadas por flutuações do nível relativo do mar e mudanças climáticas que ocorreram na margem continental sudeste Brasileira, durante o Holoceno. Antes de 7,0 kanos cal A.P., os dados apontam para baixa produtividade, sob condições de nível relativo do mar mais baixo e clima úmido. Entre 7,0 e 5,8 kanos cal A.P., há aumento na produtividade oceânica, num cenário de nível do mar em ascensão e condições climáticas mais úmidas. Produtividade similar à fase anterior marca o período de 5,8 a 2,8 kanos cal A.P., em condições de descida do nível do mar e clima mais seco. De 2,8 kanos cal A.P. até o presente, aumento na produtividade oceânica e condições hidrodinâmicas intensas, associados ao estabelecimento do processo de ressurgência em Cabo Frio, quando condições climáticas atuais são estabelecidas. A partir de 2,5 kanos cal A.P., observa-se intensificação do processo de ressurgência, controlada pela ação conjunta de ventos de NE mais intensos (associados a eventos El-niño e/ou a posição da Zona de Convergência Intertropical - ZCIT), meandramento da Corrente do Brasil - CB - e configuração atual da linha de costa. / Sedimentological, geochemical and benthic foraminifera analyses carried out on a core sampled from the inner shelf of Cabo Frio, enabled us to identify different four productivity regimes related to sea-level fluctuations and/or climatic changes, that occurred in the southeastern Brazilian continental margin, during the last 9.3 kyr cal BP. Prior to 7.0 kyr cal BP, a lower productivity and less intense hydrodynamic regime occurred at lower sea levels and under drier climatic conditions. Between 7.0 and 5.8 kyr cal BP, relatively stronger local oceanic circulation and relatively high productivity were observed, in a scenario of rising sea levels and more humid conditions. From 5.8 to 2.8 kyr cal BP, bottom currents weakened and input of nutrients increased, with productivity levels similar to the previous phase at lower sea level and in a drier climate. From 2.8 kyr cal BP up to the present, stronger hydrodynamic conditions and a higher productivity regime linked to the establishment of the upwelling process in Cabo Frio. From 2.5 kyr cal BP to the present, upwelling enhancement has been recognized, resulting from the combined action of NE winds (related to El- Niño events and/or the Intertropical Convergence Zone - ITCZ - position), the meandering pattern of the Brazilian Current - BC - and present day coastline configuration.

Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-10T17:30:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernanda_Aparecida_Cecchet.pdf: 2558165 bytes, checksum: 7a6a064ee39d74a02d320b1990f0d41d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-06-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / Phytoliths are microscopic particles of silica, or biomineralizations, formed during the growth of the plant, through the absorption of dissolved monosilicic acid (H4SiO4) solute from the soil. Phytoliths remain preserved in soil under certain environmental conditions making them a great ally in paleoenvironmental reconstruction studies. In South-West Paraná and North-West Santa Catarina, where there were large areas of Araucaria moist forests (AMF), the Genesis and Evolution of Geomorphological Surfaces and Surface Formations research group (GPGESGFS) has carried out dedicated research using diverse biological proxies, including phytoliths, in order to understand the principal factors and processes which were active in the formation of the current relief and in the evolution of the landscape of this region. Considering the hypothesis of environmental changes (climate and vegetation) in the South of Brazil during the Pleistocene/Holocene, the present study has as its main objective understanding the environmental dynamic during the Late Pleistocene and Holocene, which may have acted on the evolution of the landscape of Campo Erê (SC), incomplete planation surface VI. The results obtained through routine physical and chemical analyses of the phytolith assemblage, the ratios of the stable carbon isotopes and 14C dating of the humin fraction, have enabled us to conclude that the soil studied in Campo Erê (SC), a typical distroferric red nitosol with humic A horizon, developed in situ through pedogenic evolution from the material of origin, basalt. Since the middle of the last glacial maximum (18.060-17.845 Years Cal. BP.) this profile developed beneath vegetation, possibly less leafy than the current vegetation, with a mixture of C3 (grasses, trees and bushes) and C4 (grasses) plants. This pattern of vegetation remained until the beginning of the Holocene (8.055-7.960 Years Cal. BP.) From the Middle Holocene on, there occurred an opening up of the vegetation, marked by greater participation of C4 grasses, possibly a campo sujo (a herbaceous layer with occasional small trees), shown as much by the isotopic signal as by the phytolith assemblage. This vegetation lasted until approximately 1.875-1.715 years Cal BP, once again becoming vegetation formed predominantly by C3 plant species of photosynthetic cycle, until the formation of the current AMF found in the study area. At no time were signs of dense tree formation detected, but instead leafy vegetation, which was at times more open and at others more closed. This characteristic is prominent in the vegetation of the south of Brazil, where extensive areas of AMF are surrounded by grasslands forming great mosaics on the landscape. All the climatic oscillations, however small, reflect the retreat or advance of this forest over grassland or vice-versa / Fitólitos são microscópicas partículas de sílica ou biomineralizações formadas devido à absorção do ácido monossílico (H4SiO4) dissolvido do soluto do solo durante o crescimento da planta. Os fitólitos ficam preservados no solo em determinadas condições ambientais tornando-se um grande aliado em estudos de reconstrução paleoambiental. No Sudoeste do Paraná e Noroeste de Santa Catarina, onde ocorriam grandes área de Floresta Ombrófila Mista (FOM), o Grupo de Pesquisa Gênese e Evolução de Superfícies Geomorfológicas e Formação Superficiais (GPGESGFS) tem se dedicado às pesquisas usando diversos proxies biológicos inclusive os fitólitos para compreender quais foram os principais fatores e processos que atuaram na formação do atual relevo e na evolução da paisagem nessa região. Considerando a hipótese de mudanças ambientais (clima e vegetação) no Sul do Brasil durante o Pleistoceno/Holoceno o presente estudo tem como objetivo principal compreender a dinâmica ambiental ao longo do Pleistoceno Tardio e Holoceno , que pode ter atuado na evolução da paisagem na região de Campo Erê (SC), superfície incompletamente aplainada VI. Os resultados obtidos através das análises físicas e químicas de rotina, de assembleia de fitólitos, as razões de isótopos estáveis de carbono e datações por 14C da fração humina, permitiram concluir que o solo estudado em Campo Erê (SC), um NITOSSOLO VERMELHO Distroférrico típico com horizonte A húmico, se desenvolveu in situ através de evolução pedogenética a partir do material de origem, o basalto. Desde meados do Ultimo Maximo Glacial (18.060-17.845 Anos Cal. AP.) este perfil se desenvolveu sob uma vegetação, possivelmente menos arborizada que a atual, com mistura de plantas C3 (gramíneas, árvores e arbustos) e C4 (gramíneas). Este padrão de vegetação se manteve até o inicio do Holoceno (8.055-7.960 Anos Cal. AP.). A partir do Holoceno médio ocorreu uma abertura da vegetação, marcada pela maior participação de gramíneas C4, possivelmente um campo sujo, evidenciada tanto pelo sinal isotópico, quanto pela assembleia fitolítica. Essa vegetação perdurou até aproximadamente 1.875-1.715 anos Cal AP, tornando-se novamente uma vegetação formada predominantemente por espécie de plantas de ciclo fotossintético C3 até a formação da atual FOM encontrada na área de estudo. Em nenhum momento detectou-se sinais de uma formação arbórea densa, mas sim uma vegetação arborizada que por vezes esteve mais aberta e por vezes mais fechada. Essa característica é eminente da vegetação do sul do Brasil onde extensas áreas de FOM são cercadas por campos formando grandes mosaicos na paisagem. Todas as oscilações climáticas, por menores que sejam, refletem o retrocesso ou o avanço dessa floresta sob o campo ou vice-versa.