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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
1

A ROUTE TO DISCOVER SMALL MOLECULE INHIBITORS OF PSAA, A POTENTIAL TARGET FOR STREPTOCOCCUS PNEUMONIAE

Obaidullah, Ahmad J. 01 January 2014 (has links)
Due to the development of multidrug resistance in Streptococcus pneumoniae, research has begun to define new drug targets for pneumonia therapy. Different research groups have identified a lipoprotein, PsaA that is important for pneumonia virulence. PsaA is a manganese transporter that is required for bacterial virulence and growth. We have employed computer modeling to virtually screen a small-molecule database for inhibition of PsaA function by targeting the metal binding pocket, performing receptor-based virtual screening and molecular docking and scoring to identify potential inhibitors of PsaA function. We have developed an assay for screening compounds, including the use of a PsaA mutant, testing of multiple compounds, and identification of compounds that inhibit Streptococcus pneumoniae growth at concentrations less than 20 μM. We experimentally tested the effect on Mn uptake and their PsaA dependence for 42 compounds, but these experiments suggested that these compounds were affecting bacterial growth by a different mechanism.
2

Estudo do efeito adjuvante de CTB em fusões com as proteínas pneumocócicas PsaA e PspA no desenvolvimento de vacinas protéicas contra Streptococcus pneumoniae / Study of the adjuvant effect of CTB in fusions with PsaA and PspA pneumococcal proteins in the development of proten-based vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae

Arêas, Ana Paula de Mattos 18 May 2005 (has links)
A colonização da mucosa respiratória é a primeira etapa na patogênese de Streptococcus pneumoniae, bactéria causadora de pneumonia, meningite, e otite média, responsável por mais de um milhão de mortes por ano no mundo. As proteínas de superfície PsaA e PspA têm sido investigadas como candidatos vacinais para estas doenças. CTB é a porção não tóxica da toxina colérica (CT), responsável pela ligação da toxina ao receptor celular GM1 e descrita como adjuvante de mucosas. Neste trabalho, estes genes de S. pneumoniae foram clonados em pAE, um vetor de expressão de E. coli, que utiliza o promotor T7, ou a 3\' de ctxB no plasmídeo pAE-ctxB. As proteínas recombinantes CTB, PsaA, CTB-PsaA, PspA1, CTB-PspA1, PspA3 e CTB-PspA3 foram expressas em E. coli BL21 (SI) e purificadas através de coluna carregada com níquel. Ensaios de ligação ao receptor GM1 mostraram que CTB e a porção CTB das proteínas de fusão foram obtidas na forma funcional. Imunização por via intranasal com CTB-PsaA e, por via intranasal e intradérmica com CTB-PspA1 e CTB-PspA3 induziu a produção de IgG no soro. Em compensação, somente a imunização com a fusão CTB-PsaA induziu produção de IgA nas secreções de mucosa. Ensaios de colonização da nasofaringe de camundongos BALB/C e C57BL/6 mostraram que a imunização intranasal com CTB-PsaA resulta em diminuição de colonização por S. pneumoniae. Desafios letais com linhagem virulenta de S. pneumoniae mostraram que a imunização intradérmica com CTB-PspA3, ao contrário da imunização intranasal, é capaz de proteger os animais. Uma vez que estas proteínas de fusão induziram resposta imune protetora, estas deverão ser investigadas como componentes de uma nova vacina para infecções causadas por S. pneumoniae. / The colonization of the respiratory mucosa is the first step in the pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae, bacterium that causes pneumonia, meningitis and otitis media. It is responsible for more than one million deaths per year worldwide. The surface proteins PsaA and PspA have been investigated as vaccine candidates against these diseases. CTB is the non-toxic portion of cholera toxin (CT), responsible for the toxin binding to the cellular receptor GM1 and described as mucosal adjuvant. In this study, these genes from S. pneumoniae were cloned in pAE, an E. coli expression vector that uses T7 promoter, or downstream to ctxB gene in the pAE-ctxB plasmid. The recombinant proteins CTB, PsaA, CTB-PsaA, PspA1, CTB-PspA1, PspA3 and CTB-PspA3 were expressed in E. coli BL21 (SI) and purified through a chelating resin charged with nickel. GM1 binding assays showed that CTB and CTB portion of the fusion proteins were functional. Intranasal immunization with CTB-PsaA and, intranasal and intradermal administration of CTB-PspA1 and CTB-PspA3 induced IgG production in the serum. On the other hand, only CTB-PsaA fusion protein induced IgA in the mucosal secretions. Nasopharyngeal colonization assays in BALB/C and C57BL/6 mice showed that intranasal immunization with CTB-PsaA results in a decrease of colonization by S. pneumoniae. Lethal challenges with S. pneumoniae virulent strains indicated that intradermal immunization with CTB-PspA3, in contrast to the intranasal immunization, is able to protect mice. Since the fusion proteins induced a specific immune response, they should be further investigated as components of a new vaccine against infections caused by S. pneumoniae.
3

Estudo do efeito adjuvante de CTB em fusões com as proteínas pneumocócicas PsaA e PspA no desenvolvimento de vacinas protéicas contra Streptococcus pneumoniae / Study of the adjuvant effect of CTB in fusions with PsaA and PspA pneumococcal proteins in the development of proten-based vaccines against Streptococcus pneumoniae

Ana Paula de Mattos Arêas 18 May 2005 (has links)
A colonização da mucosa respiratória é a primeira etapa na patogênese de Streptococcus pneumoniae, bactéria causadora de pneumonia, meningite, e otite média, responsável por mais de um milhão de mortes por ano no mundo. As proteínas de superfície PsaA e PspA têm sido investigadas como candidatos vacinais para estas doenças. CTB é a porção não tóxica da toxina colérica (CT), responsável pela ligação da toxina ao receptor celular GM1 e descrita como adjuvante de mucosas. Neste trabalho, estes genes de S. pneumoniae foram clonados em pAE, um vetor de expressão de E. coli, que utiliza o promotor T7, ou a 3\' de ctxB no plasmídeo pAE-ctxB. As proteínas recombinantes CTB, PsaA, CTB-PsaA, PspA1, CTB-PspA1, PspA3 e CTB-PspA3 foram expressas em E. coli BL21 (SI) e purificadas através de coluna carregada com níquel. Ensaios de ligação ao receptor GM1 mostraram que CTB e a porção CTB das proteínas de fusão foram obtidas na forma funcional. Imunização por via intranasal com CTB-PsaA e, por via intranasal e intradérmica com CTB-PspA1 e CTB-PspA3 induziu a produção de IgG no soro. Em compensação, somente a imunização com a fusão CTB-PsaA induziu produção de IgA nas secreções de mucosa. Ensaios de colonização da nasofaringe de camundongos BALB/C e C57BL/6 mostraram que a imunização intranasal com CTB-PsaA resulta em diminuição de colonização por S. pneumoniae. Desafios letais com linhagem virulenta de S. pneumoniae mostraram que a imunização intradérmica com CTB-PspA3, ao contrário da imunização intranasal, é capaz de proteger os animais. Uma vez que estas proteínas de fusão induziram resposta imune protetora, estas deverão ser investigadas como componentes de uma nova vacina para infecções causadas por S. pneumoniae. / The colonization of the respiratory mucosa is the first step in the pathogenesis of Streptococcus pneumoniae, bacterium that causes pneumonia, meningitis and otitis media. It is responsible for more than one million deaths per year worldwide. The surface proteins PsaA and PspA have been investigated as vaccine candidates against these diseases. CTB is the non-toxic portion of cholera toxin (CT), responsible for the toxin binding to the cellular receptor GM1 and described as mucosal adjuvant. In this study, these genes from S. pneumoniae were cloned in pAE, an E. coli expression vector that uses T7 promoter, or downstream to ctxB gene in the pAE-ctxB plasmid. The recombinant proteins CTB, PsaA, CTB-PsaA, PspA1, CTB-PspA1, PspA3 and CTB-PspA3 were expressed in E. coli BL21 (SI) and purified through a chelating resin charged with nickel. GM1 binding assays showed that CTB and CTB portion of the fusion proteins were functional. Intranasal immunization with CTB-PsaA and, intranasal and intradermal administration of CTB-PspA1 and CTB-PspA3 induced IgG production in the serum. On the other hand, only CTB-PsaA fusion protein induced IgA in the mucosal secretions. Nasopharyngeal colonization assays in BALB/C and C57BL/6 mice showed that intranasal immunization with CTB-PsaA results in a decrease of colonization by S. pneumoniae. Lethal challenges with S. pneumoniae virulent strains indicated that intradermal immunization with CTB-PspA3, in contrast to the intranasal immunization, is able to protect mice. Since the fusion proteins induced a specific immune response, they should be further investigated as components of a new vaccine against infections caused by S. pneumoniae.
4

Clonagem, expressão e purificação das proteínas de superfície, PsaA e fragmentos de PspA de Streptococcus pneumoniae / Cloning, expression and purification of proteins of surface, PsaA and fragments of PspA from Streptococcus pneumoniae

Silva, Marcelo da 25 April 2005 (has links)
Streptococcus pneumoniae é o principal causador da pneumonia bacteriana. As vacinas atualmente disponíveis contêm polissacarídeo capsular conjugado ou não com proteínas carreadoras. No entanto, elas apresentam elevado custo ou proteção reduzida nos grupos de risco (crianças abaixo de 5 anos de idade e idosos). Proteínas de superfície de S. pneumoniae, como a PsaA e PspA, são consideradas fortes candidatas vacinais. Com o objetivo de se desenvolver uma vacina de ampla cobertura e baixo custo contra pneumococos, os genes psaA e pspA foram clonados em vetores de expressão em E. coli, pAE e pET e as proteínas expressas foram purificadas por cromatografias de afinidade e de troca aniônica. O rendimento de proteína recombinante obtido com a construção baseada em pET foi 3 vezes maior que o obtido com pAE. Condições de cultivo foram estabelecidas utilizando meio definido com indução por IPTG e/ou por lactose. As cepas recombinantes estão adequadas para serem usadas em estudos para escalonamento da produção em biorreatores. / Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main causative agent of bacterial pneumonia. The current vaccines available contain capsular polysaccharide conjugated or not with carrier proteins. However these are either too expensive or do not protect the high-risk groups. Surface proteins of S. pneumoniae, such as PsaA and PspA, are considered strong vaccine candidates. With the aim of developing a broad-coverage and low-cost vaccine against pneumococcus, the psaA and pspA genes were cloned in E. coli expression vectors, pAE and pET and the expressed proteins were purified through affinity and anion exchange chromatography. The yield of the recombinant protein obtained with the construction based in pET was 3-fold higher than that obtained with pAE. Culture conditions were established using defined media with IPTG and/or lactose induction. The recombinant strains are now ready to undergo studies for scale-up of production in bioreactors.
5

Clonagem, expressão e purificação das proteínas de superfície, PsaA e fragmentos de PspA de Streptococcus pneumoniae / Cloning, expression and purification of proteins of surface, PsaA and fragments of PspA from Streptococcus pneumoniae

Marcelo da Silva 25 April 2005 (has links)
Streptococcus pneumoniae é o principal causador da pneumonia bacteriana. As vacinas atualmente disponíveis contêm polissacarídeo capsular conjugado ou não com proteínas carreadoras. No entanto, elas apresentam elevado custo ou proteção reduzida nos grupos de risco (crianças abaixo de 5 anos de idade e idosos). Proteínas de superfície de S. pneumoniae, como a PsaA e PspA, são consideradas fortes candidatas vacinais. Com o objetivo de se desenvolver uma vacina de ampla cobertura e baixo custo contra pneumococos, os genes psaA e pspA foram clonados em vetores de expressão em E. coli, pAE e pET e as proteínas expressas foram purificadas por cromatografias de afinidade e de troca aniônica. O rendimento de proteína recombinante obtido com a construção baseada em pET foi 3 vezes maior que o obtido com pAE. Condições de cultivo foram estabelecidas utilizando meio definido com indução por IPTG e/ou por lactose. As cepas recombinantes estão adequadas para serem usadas em estudos para escalonamento da produção em biorreatores. / Streptococcus pneumoniae is the main causative agent of bacterial pneumonia. The current vaccines available contain capsular polysaccharide conjugated or not with carrier proteins. However these are either too expensive or do not protect the high-risk groups. Surface proteins of S. pneumoniae, such as PsaA and PspA, are considered strong vaccine candidates. With the aim of developing a broad-coverage and low-cost vaccine against pneumococcus, the psaA and pspA genes were cloned in E. coli expression vectors, pAE and pET and the expressed proteins were purified through affinity and anion exchange chromatography. The yield of the recombinant protein obtained with the construction based in pET was 3-fold higher than that obtained with pAE. Culture conditions were established using defined media with IPTG and/or lactose induction. The recombinant strains are now ready to undergo studies for scale-up of production in bioreactors.
6

Physiological adaptations in two ecotypes of Fucus vesiculosus and in Fucus radicans with focus on salinity

Gylle, A Maria January 2011 (has links)
The in origin intertidal marine brown alga Fucus vesiculosus L. grow permanently sublittoral in the brackish Bothnian Sea, side by side with the recently discovered F. radicans L. Bergström et L. Kautsky. Environmental conditions like salinity, light and temperature are clearly different between F. vesiculosus growth sites in the Bothnian Sea (4-5 practical salinity units, psu; part of the Baltic Sea) and the tidal Norwegian Sea (34-35 psu; part of the Atlantic Ocean). The general aims of this thesis were to compare physiological aspects between the marine ecotype and the brackish ecotype of F. vesiculosus as well as between the two Bothnian Sea species F. vesiculosus and F. radicans. The result in the study indicates a higher number of water soluble organic compounds in the marine ecotype of F. vesiculosus compared to the brackish ecotype. These compounds are suggested to be compatible solutes and be due to an intertidal and sublittoral adaptation, respectively; where the intertidal ecotype needs the compounds as a protection from oxygen radicals produced during high irradiation at low tide. The sublittoral ecotype might have lost the ability to synthesize these compound/compounds due to its habitat adaptation. The mannitol content is also higher in the marine ecotype compared to the brackish ecotype of F. vesiculosus and this is suggested to be due to both higher level of irradiance and higher salinity at the growth site. 77 K fluorescence emission spectra and immunoblotting of D1 and PsaA proteins indicate that both ecotypes of F. vesiculosus as well as F. radicans have an uneven ratio of photosystem II/photosystem I (PSII/PSI) with an overweight of PSI. The fluorescence emission spectrum of the Bothnian Sea ecotype of F. vesiculosus however, indicates a larger light-harvesting antenna of PSII compared to the marine ecotype of F. vesiculosus and F. radicans. Distinct differences in 77 K fluorescence emission spectra between the Bothnian Sea ecotype of F. vesiculosus and F. radicans confirm that this is a reliable method to use to separate these species. The marine ecotype of F. vesiculosus has a higher photosynthetic maximum (Pmax) compared to the brackish ecotype of F. vesiculosus and F. radicans whereas both the brackish species have similar Pmax. A reason for higher Pmax in the marine ecotype of F. vesiculosus compared to F. radicans is the greater relative amount of ribulose-1.5-bisphosphate carboxylase/oxygenase (Rubisco). The reason for higher Pmax in marine ecotype of F. vesiculosus compare to the brackish ecotype however is not due to the relative amount of Rubisco and further studies of the rate of CO2 fixation by Rubisco is recommended. Treatments of the brackish ecotype of F. vesiculosus in higher salinity than the Bothnian Sea natural water indicate that the most favourable salinity for high Pmax is 10 psu, followed by 20 psu. One part of the explanation to a high Pmax in 10 psu is a greater relative amount of PsaA protein in algae treated in 10 psu. The reason for greater amount of PsaA might be that the algae need to produce more ATP, and are able to have a higher flow of cyclic electron transport around PSI to serve a higher rate of CO2 fixation by Rubisco. However, studies of the rate of CO2 fixation by Rubisco in algae treated in similar salinities as in present study are recommended to confirm this theory. / Fucus vesiculosus L. (Blåstång) är en brunalg som i huvudsak växer i tidvattenzonen i marint vatten men arten klarar också att växa konstant under ytan i det bräckta Bottenhavet. Norska havet och den del av Bottenhavet, där algerna är insamlade i denna studie, har salthalterna 34-35 psu (praktisk salthaltsenhet) respektive 4-5 psu. F. radicans L. Bergström et L. Kautsky (Smaltång) är en nyligen upptäckt art (2005) som har utvecklats i Bottenhavet. F. radicans och Bottenhavets ekotyp av F. vesiculosus växer sida vid sida och har tidigare ansetts vara samma art. Sett till hela Östersjön, så ändras ytans salthalt från 25 till 1-2 psu mellan Östersjöns gräns mot Kattegatt och norra Bottenviken. Den låga salthalten i Östersjön beror på det höga flödet av sötvatten från älvarna och på ett litet inflödet av saltvatten i inloppet vid Kattegatt. Salthaltsgradienten är korrelerad med antalet arter som minskar med minskad salthalt. Östersjön är ett artfattigt hav och de arter som finns är till stor del en blandning av söt- och saltvattenarter. Det finns bara ett fåtal arter som är helt anpassade till bräckt vatten och F. radicans är en av dem. Exempel på miljöskillnader för F. vesiculosus i Norska havet och i Bottenhavet är salthalten, tidvattnet, ljuset och temperaturen. Tidvattnet i Norska havet gör att algerna växlar mellan att vara i vattnet och på land, vilket utsätter algerna för stora ljusskillnader, snabba och stora temperaturväxlingar samt även torka. De alger som växer i Bottenhavet har däremot en jämnare och lägre temperatur, istäcke på vintern och mindre tillgång på ljus eftersom de alltid lever under vattenytan. Skillnaderna i miljön mellan växtplatserna leder till skillnader i fysiologiska anpassningar. Anledningen till att F. vesiculosus och F. radicans valdes som studieobjekt i denna avhandling är att de är viktiga nyckelarter i Bottenhavet. F. vesiculosus och F. radicans är de enda större bältesbildande alger som finns i det artfattiga ekosystemet och de används därför flitigt som mat, gömställe, parningsplats och barnkammare för t.ex. fisk. Att de är nyckelarter gör det angeläget att försöka förstå hur algerna är anpassade och hur de reagerar på miljöförändringar för att få veta hur de kan skyddas och bevaras. F. radicans inkluderades även för att se hur en naturlig art i Bottenhavet är anpassad i jämförelse med den invandrade F. vesiculosus. Marin F. vesiculosus inkluderades för att vara en artreferens från artens naturliga växtplats. Studien visar att det finns fler vattenlösliga organiska substanser (finns vissa organiska substanser som har en proteinskyddande funktion) i den marina ekotypen av of F. vesiculosus än i Bottenhavets ekotyp. Anledningen till detta föreslås vara en anpassning till att växa i tidvattenzonen. Vid lågvatten utsätts F. vesiculosus från Norska havet för starkt ljus, uttorkning, och snabba temperatur- växlingar vilket gör att den kan behöva dessa organiska substanser som skydd mot fria syreradikaler som bildas under lågvattenexponeringarna. F. vesiculosus från Bottenhavet har troligen mist förmågan att syntetisera dessa substanser på grund av anpassning till att hela tiden växa under ytan. Mängden mannitol (socker) är högre i den marina ekotypen av of F. vesiculosus än i Bottenhavets ekotyp. Detta föreslås bero på högre fotosyntetiskt maximum i F. vesiculosus från Norska havet jämfört med ekotypen från Bottenhavet. Skillnaden i fotssyntetiskt maximum är bland annat kopplat till ljus- och salthaltskillnaden på algernas växtplatser. Denna teori styrks av att både fotosyntesen och halten av mannitol ökar i Bottenhavets ekotyp när den behandlas i högre salthalt. Studien visar även att båda ekotyperna av F. vesiculosus samt F. radicans har ett ojämnt förhållande mellan fotosystem II och I (PSII och PSI) med en dominans av PSI. Denna slutsats är baserad på fluorescens emissions mätningar vid 77 K (-196 °C) och mätning av den relativa mängden D1 protein (motsvarar PSII) och PsaA protein (motsvarar PSI). F. vesiculosus från Bottenhavet visar ett emission spektrum som pekar mot en jämnare fördelning av PSII och PSI jämfört med den marina ekotypen och F. radicans. Detta stämmer dock inte med förhållandet mellan D1/PsaA som indikerar att alla tre har mer PSI än PSII. Förklaringen till avvikelsen mellan metoderna antas vara att F. vesiculosus från Bottenhavet har större ljus-infångande antennpigment än marin F. vesiculosus och F. radicans. De tydliga skillnaderna i 77 K fluorescens emission spektra mellan Bottenhavets F. vesiculosus och F. radicans visar att denna metod kan användas som säker artidentifiering. Den marina ekotypen av F. vesiculosus har högre fotosyntetiskt maximum än de båda arterna från Bottenhavet. Mätningar av den relativa mängden av enzymet Rubisco, viktigt för upptaget av koldioxid hos växter och alger, visar att mängden enzym är en sannolik förklaring till skillnaden i fotosyntetiskt maximum mellan den marina ekotypen av F. vesiculosus och F. radicans och detta är troligen en normal artskillnad. Mängden Rubisco kan dock inte förklara skillnaden i fotosyntetiskt maximum mellan de båda ekotyperna av F. vesiculosus. För att undersöka vad skillnaden mellan dessa två beror på så föreslås istället mätningar av Rubisco’s koldioxidfixeringshastighet. Det är en ökning av fotosyntetiskt maximum i Bottenhavets ekotyp av F. vesiculosus när den behandlas i högre salthalt (10, 20 och 35 psu) och det högsta fotosyntetiska maximumet uppmättes i alger som behandlats i 10 psu. Denna ökning beror inte på ökning i den relativa mängden av Rubisco. Ökningen i fotosyntesen speglas dock av en ökning av den relativa mängden PsaA. Detta antas bero på att det behövs mer energi i form av ATP och att en ökning av detta kan ske på grund av att mer PsaA kan driva den cykliska elektrontransporten i fotosyntesreaktionen. Ökat behov av ATP antas bero på en ökning av Rubisco aktiviteten men mätning av aktiviteten krävs för att bekräfta detta.

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