L'utilisation de virus de bactéries ou bactériophages pourrait être un complément efficace à l’antibiothérapie. Mon travail a porté sur la caractérisation de bactériophages dirigés contre l’espèce Pseudomonas aeruginosa, pathogène opportuniste responsable d'infections des voies respiratoires des patients atteints de mucoviscidose.J'ai tout d'abord déterminé la sensibilité des souches mucoviscidosiques au Pyophage (un cocktail de phages thérapeutiques Géorgien) et identifié six phages lytiques de quatre genres différents. Environ 15% des souches sont résistantes au Pyophage. Ensuite, en utilisant les souches cliniques multi-résistantes aux phages comme bactérie d’enrichissement, 32 phages ont été obtenus à partir des eaux usées de France et Côte d’Ivoire. Tous les phages analysés sont caudés et distribués au sein de dix genres parmi lesquels six exclusivement lytiques. J'ai identifié des souches bactériennes qui demeurent insensibles à tous les phages. J'ai montré que le système CRISPRs-Cas n'est pas associé à la résistance des souches aux phages lytiques. / The use of viruses of bacteria commonly called bacteriophages could constitute an efficient complement to antibiotics. During my PhD, I have characterized phages infecting the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas. aeruginosa, responsible for lung infections in cystic fribrosis patients. Firstly, I investigated the efficiency of Pyophage (a cocktail of phages therapeutic Georgian) on clinical P. aeruginosa strains and recovered six lytic phages from four different genus. The Pyophage appears to be unactive on approximately 15% of clinical strains. Secondly, and using multi-phages resistant strains as enrichment bacteria, 32 phages were isolated from waste water of France and Côte d’Ivoire. All phages are tailed and distributed within ten different genus including six exclusively lytic. I identified bacterial strains which remain insensitive to all phages. I also demonstrated that the CRISPRs-cas system plays no role in the resistance of strains to lytic phages.

Reproduction de : Thèse de doctorat : Physiologie, Biologie des organismes, populations, interactions : Lille 2 : 2008. / Résumé en français et en anglais. Titre provenant de l'écran-titre. Bibliogr. f. 143-175.

The Gram-negative bacterium Pseudomonas aeruginosa is a notorious opportunistic pathogen of individuals with the genetic disease cystic fibrosis (CF). Pseudomonas aeruginosa establishes a chronic infection within the CF lung, where the sputum accumulation characteristic of CF provides a complex and copious growth substrate. P. aeruginosa can grow to high densities in vivo (>10⁹ cells/ml lung sputum), and exacerbations associated with P. aeruginosa high density in vivo growth are primary contributors to CF morbidity and mortality. Surprisingly little is known about the catabolic processes that underlie P. aeruginosa in vivo growth. Unfortunately, nutritional modeling of the CF lung environment in animal models is difficult, as current animal models fail to mimic the sputum accumulation characteristic of CF. In this dissertation, I describe the use of expectorated CF sputum as a P. aeruginosa in vitro growth medium. Using global expression analysis, I show that P. aeruginosa up-regulates genes important for amino acid and lactate metabolism during growth in CF sputum as compared to a laboratory medium. P. aeruginosa also demonstrates enhanced production of the cell-cell communication signal 2-heptyl-3-hydroxy-4-quinolone (the Pseudomonas quinolone signal, PQS), a critical regulator of virulence factor production, during growth in CF sputum. Further, I use chemical analyses of CF sputum samples to develop a defined, synthetic medium that can be used to nutritionally model in vivo conditions. Using this medium, I show that PQS biosynthesis and aromatic amino acid metabolism are intimately linked and that cell-cell communication mediated by PQS is strikingly dependent upon the growth environment of P. aeruginosa. In addition, I demonstrate that P. aeruginosa preferentially consumes specific carbon sources present in the CF sputum milieu during rapid growth. I also describe the use of in vivo-relevant nutrient concentrations to evaluate the potential for P. aeruginosa anaerobic growth in CF sputum. Finally, I describe the purification and characterization of the aromatic amino acid-responsive transcriptional regulator PhhR and discuss its potential role in regulation of P. aeruginosa in vivo carbon substrate preference. / text

This work was undertaken with the objective of isolating and characterising the bdh gene of P. aeruginosa PAOI. Isolation of the bdh gene was initially attempted by PCR amplification and then by heterologous complementation of E. coli (LS5218) and S. meliloti (Rm11107) strains unable to catabolise 3-hydroxybutyrate. Three classes of plasmids were isolated. Class I comprised two plasmids, p5218-02 and p5218-07, isolated via complementation of LS5218, which were capable of complementing both LS5218 and Rm11107 for growth on 3-hydroxybutyrate. 3-hydroxybutyrate dehydrogenase (BDH) activity was not detected in an extract of LS5218 (p5218-02). The sole 3.6-kb EcoRI fist was partially sequenced and found to have three putative open reading frames (ORF). ORF 1 is homologous to the fusE gene of E. coli. We hypothesised that p5218-02 encodes an enzyme capable of degrading 3 hydroxybutyrate, but does not encode the bdh gene. Plasmids of class II (p30065) and class III (p30066) were isolated via complementation of Rm11107. Significant BDH activity was detected in an extract of Rm11107 (p30066), but not in Rm11107, leading to the hypothesis that p30066 carries the bdh gene.

Disertacijos tema: Potencialių hospitalinės pneumonijos sukėlėjų Pseudomonas aeruginosa ir Klebsiella pneumoniae patogeniškumo veiksniai bei jų įtaka ligos eigai Darbo tikslas -ištirti Pseudomonas aeruginosa ir Klebsiella pneumoniae padermių, kolonizavusių apatinius kvėpavimo takus ar sukėlusių hospitalinę pneumoniją, patogeniškumo veiksnius ir jų įtaką hospitalinės pneumonijos eigai. Uždaviniai: • Ištirti hospitalinę pneumoniją sukėlusių ar apatinius kvėpavimo takus kolonizavusių Pseudomonas aeruginosa padermių patogeniškumo veiksnius - atsparumą serumo baktericidiniam poveikiui, gebėjimą įsiskverbti į kvėpavimo takų epitelio ląsteles, atsparumą antibiotikams ir O serogrupinę priklausomybę. • Įvertinti Pseudomonas aeruginosa padermių patogeniškumo veiksnių tarpusavio sąsajas. • Ištirti Klebsiella pneumoniae padermių, sukėlusių hospitalinę pneumoniją ar kolonizavusių apatinius kvėpavimo takus, gebėjimą gaminti plataus spektro beta laktamazes bei atsparumą antibiotikams. • Įvertinti Pseudomonas aeruginosa ir Klebsiella pneumoniae padermių patogeniškumo veiksnių įtaką hospitalinės pneumonijos eigai. Darbas yra pirmas Lietuvoje, kurio metu ne tik nustatytas Pseudomonas aeruginosa patogeniškumo veiksnys – atsparumas serumo baktericidiniam poveikiui, bet ir įvertinta galima šį patogeniškumo veiksnį įgijusių Pseudomonas aeruginosa padermių įtaka hospitalinės pneumonijos vystytis bei ligos eigai. Pirmą kartą apskritai vertintas Pseudomonas aeruginosa padermių gebėjimas įsiskverbti į... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study: To examine pathogenicity factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, colonizing lower respiratory tract or causing hospital-acquired pneumonia, and to evaluate their influence on the course of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Objectives of the sudy: 1. To examine pathogenicity factors – resistance to serum bactericidal activity, ability to penetrate epithelial cells of the respiratory tract, dependence of O serogroup, and resistance to antibiotics – of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, colonizing lower respiratory tract or causing hospital-acquired pneumonia. 2. To evaluate the relationship between pathogenicity factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains. 3. To examine the ability of Klebsiella pneumoniae strains, colonizing lower respiratory tract or causing hospital-acquired pneumonia, to produce extended-spectrum beta-lactamases and resistance of these pathogen to antibiotics. 4. To evaluate the influence of pathogenicity factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa and Klebsiella pneumoniae strains on the course of hospital-acquired pneumonia. Such work is first in Lithuania, because we determined not only pathogenicity factors of Pseudomonas aeruginosa – i.e., resistance to bactericidal activity of serum, but also evaluated possible influence of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains, having this pathogenicity factor, on hospital-acquired pneumonia development and outcome. Therefore, the ability of Pseudomonas aeruginosa strains to invasive into... [to full text]

Diss. (sammanfattning) Stockholm : Karolinska institutet, 2007. / Härtill 5 uppsatser.

Thesis (Ph. D.)--West Virginia University, 1999. / Title from document title page. Document formatted into pages; contains xi, 131 p. : ill. Vita. Includes abstract. Includes bibliographical references.

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / ExoU, uma citotoxina produzida pelo patógeno oportunista Pseudomonas aeruginosa e translocada para o citosol de células hospedeiras via sistema de secreção do tipo III, é associada à gravidade de infecções agudas. No presente trabalho, o efeito de ExoU na ativação do estresse oxidativo e da resposta antioxidante foi avaliado em culturas de células epiteliais respiratórias humanas infectadas com a cepa PA103 de P. aeruginosa (produtora de ExoU), com a mutante deletada no gene exoU, PA103∆exoU, ou com a mutante complementada com exoU sem atividade tipo fosfolipase A2, PA103∆UT/S142A. Análises das dosagens de hidroperóxidos lipídicos e isoprostanos, considerados marcadores de estresse oxidativo, revelaram que ExoU promoveu um aumento em suas concentrações. Foi observado, também, que ExoU estimulou a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio, óxido nítrico e peroxinitrito nas células infectadas, assim como a expressão de iNOS e eNOS, mas não de nNOS. Além disso, ExoU foi responsável pelo aumento da atividade de SOD1 e pela redução dos níveis de GSH, mas não afetou a atividade da catalase ou de NQO1. No modelo in vivo, a dosagem de malondialdeído, um subproduto da lipoperoxidação de membranas, evidenciou uma maior produção deste composto no pulmão de camundongos infectados pela cepa produtora de ExoU, em comparação ao pulmão de camundongos infectados pela cepa mutante. Em conjunto, estes resultados mostram que ExoU ativa a produção de espécies reativas de oxigênio e nitrogênio, levando à peroxidação lipídica e modulando o sistema de defesa antioxidante / ExoU, a cytotoxin produced by the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa and translocated into the cytosol of host cells via a type III secretion system, is associated with severity of acute infections. In the present work, the effect of ExoU in the activation of oxidative stress and antioxidant response was evaluated in cultures of human respiratory epithelial cells infected with P. aeruginosa PA103 strain (producer of ExoU), or with its isogenic mutants, the ExoU-deficient PA103∆exoU or the exoU-depleted mutant complemented with an exoU gene with a site-specific mutation in the PLA2 catalytic site, PA103∆UT/S142A. Analysis of dosages of lipid hydroperoxides and isoprostanes, considered markers of oxidative stress, revealed that ExoU promoted an increase in their concentrations. It was also observed that ExoU stimulated the production of reactive oxygen species, nitric oxide and peroxynitrite in infected cells, as well as the expression of iNOS and eNOS, but not nNOS. Furthermore, ExoU was responsible for the increased activity of SOD1 and the reduced levels of GSH, but did not affect the activity of catalase or NQO1. In the in vivo model, the analysis of malondialdehyde, a byproduct of lipid peroxidation of membranes, showed increased production of this compound in the lungs of mice infected with the ExoU-producing strain compared to the lungs of mice infected with the mutant strain. Together, these results show that ExoU activates the production of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species, leading to lipid peroxidation and modulating the antioxidant defense system.

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:32:54Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2010-02-26Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T20:24:18Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oliveira_ac_dr_jabo.pdf: 650394 bytes, checksum: 3022a3790349efbed366f6fa0374267e (MD5) / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior (CAPES) / Foram estudadas 180 amostras de água de 45 consultórios odontológicos da cidade de Barretos-SP, com o objetivo de isolar, identificar, determinar a contagem de isolados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa UFC/mL, determinar o perfil clonal e avaliar a diversidade genômica dos isolados e a suscetibilidade das mesmas frente a diferentes antibióticos. As amostras de água foram filtradas em filtro Millipore® e a membrana colocada sobre o centro de uma placa de Petri contendo agar cetrimida, As colônias típicas de bactérias do gênero Pseudomonas foram identificadas pelo método de Gram, inoculação em TSI agar (Triple Sugar Iron), crescimento a 42ºC, produção de pigmento, produção de alginato, oxidase, motilidade e alcalinização da acetamida. O teste utilizado para análise genômica foi o ERIC-PCR. Dos 76 (42,2%) isolados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa, 15 eram provenientes das amostras de torneira de lavagem das mãos, 18 de reservatório de garrafa pet, 23 de seringa tríplice e 20 do motor de alta rotação. Todos os isolados de Pseudomonas aeruginosa foram submetidos ao teste de suscetibilidade segundo a técnica de Kirby- Bauer. Dos antibióticos testados o que apresentou melhor resultado quanto à sensibilidade (65,8%) foi a ciprofloxacina. Quanto à similaridade genética dos isolados dos diferentes pontos analisados, foram encontrados nove “clusters” de 100% de similaridade. / The biofilm found in water supplies and lines of hospitals and dental units is extremely important because it presents a large number of bacteria, leading to risk of infection in immunocompromised patients vulnerable to opportunistic pathogens such as the Pseudomonas aeruginosa. One hundred eighty water samples from dental units of the city of Barretos-SP were evaluated. The water samples filtered in Millipore® filter were incubated in plates containing Cetrimide ágar. The bacteria colonies were identified through the gram-staining test, inoculation in agar T.S.I (triple sugar Iron), growth at 42 ° C, pigment production, production of alginate, oxidase acetamide alkalization and motility observation. All Pseudomonas aeruginosa bacteria were submitted to the susceptibility test according to the Kirby-Bauer technique. The test used for genomic analysis was the ERIC-PCR. From the total microorganisms studied, 76 (42,2%) were positive for Pseudomonas aeruginosa, isolates from 180 water samples, where 15 strains were from hand washing incoming local water supplies, 18 from PET bottled water, 23 from 3-in-1 syringes and 20 from the high speed handpiece. In relation to the antibiotics tested, the one presenting the best result with regard to sensibility was ciprofloxacin with 65.8%. The genetic similarity of isolates from different points analyzed, there were nine clusters of 100% similarity.

Objetivos: Avaliar o perfil de suscetibilidade, a prevalência da produção de AmpC, β-lactamase de espectro estendido (ESBL) e Metalo-β-lactamase (M-βla) em Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtidas de dois hospitais universitários distintos (ISCMPA e HCPA) em Porto Alegre. Em adição, tipagem molecular por PFGE foi realizada entre os isolados produtores de M-βla para avaliar a relação clonal. Métodos: Foi determinada a suscetibilidade de 238 isolados de P. aeruginosa para 8 agentes antimicrobianos, através do teste de disco-difusão, usando agar Müller-Hinton (MH) de acordo com “National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards” (NCCLS) . Todos isolados foram avaliados para produção de AmpC com o disco de imipenem (indutor) próximo ao disco de cefepima/ceftazdima (substrato). Um achatamento no halo de cefepime/ceftazidima pela indução da enzima pelo imipenem, indicava resultado positivo para AmpC. Todos isolados forma avaliados para a presença de ESBL através do teste de aproximação de disco com ceftazidima, cefepima, cefotaxima, ceftriaxona e ticarcilina-clavulanato como inibidor de β-lactamase. A produção de M-βla foi determinada através do teste de aproximação de discos de CAZ a discos impregnados com ácido2-mercatopropiônico (2-MPA). As taxas de resistência foram comparadas através do Teste Exato de Fisher. Valor de P<0,05 foi considerado estatisticamente significativo. Análise de macrorestrição com a enzima speI foi realizada em isolados produtores de M-βla. Resultados: As taxas de resistência para todos os agentes foram superiores entre os isolados obtidos na ISCMPA em relação aos do HCPA. A ceftazidima mostrou ser o antibiótico mais efetivo contra os isolados de ambos Hospitais (ISCMPA e HCPA) com taxa de resistência de 25,7% (ISCMPA) e 6,1% (HCPA). A expressão de AmpC foi observada em 190 isolados (83,7% HCPA e 77,1% ISCMPA). Não foi possível detectar a presença de ESBL entre todos as P. aeruginosa avaliadas em ambos hospitais. Foi observada a presença de M-βla em 28 isolados (20,0%) da ISCMPA. Mas não foi detectada M-βla em nenhuma P. aeruginosa do HCPA. A análise de macrorestrição mostrou que 14 de 16 P. aeruginosa Mβla positivas pertenciam a um clone (denominado clone A), e seus subclones. Apenas dois outros clones (B e C) foram identificados em um isolado cada. / Objectives: To evaluate susceptibility profile, the prevalence of extendedspectrum β-lactamases (ESBL) production, AmpC and Metallo-β-lactamases (M-βla) in Pseudomonas aeruginosa obtained from two distinct hospitals (ISCMPA and HCPA) in Porto Alegre, Brazil. In addiction, molecular typing by PFGE was perfomed among isolates producing M-βla in order to evaluate probably clonal relatedness. Methods: The susceptibility of 238 P. aeruginosa to 8 antimicrobial agents was determined by the disk diffusion method, using Müller-Hinton agar (MH) in accordance with “National Committee for Clinical Laboratory Standards” guidelines. All isolates were evaluated for AmpC production with the imipenem disk (strong inducer) near of the cefepime/ceftazidime disk (substrate). A blunting of the cefepime/ceftazidime zone by imipenem-induced enzyme, indicated positive result for AmpC. All isolates were evaluated for ESBL production by disk approximation test with ceftazdime, cefepime, cefotaxime, ceftriaxone plus ticarcillin-clavulanate as inhibitor. M-βla production was determined by disk approximation test with disks containing CAZ and 2-mercatopropionic acid (2-MPA). The results were compared by the Fisher’s Exact Test. Macrorestriction analysis by SpeI, followed by PFGE, was perfomed in isolates M-βla positive. The resistance rates were compared by The Fisher’s Exact Test. P values < 0.05 were considered to be statistically significant. Results: The resistance rates to all antimicrobial agents were higher among isolates obtained from ISCMPA than those obtained from HCPA. The ceftazidime was the more active antibiotic against the isolates in both hospitals with resistance rates of 25,7% (ISCMPA) and 6,1% (HCPA). The derepression of AmpC was observed in 190 isolates (83,7% HCPA and 77,1% ISCMPA). It was not possible to detect the presence of ESBL among all P. aeruginosa evaluated in both hospitals. Positive results for M-βla production were observed in 28 isolates (20,0%) from ISCMPA. But none M-βla production was identified in P. aeruginosa from HCPA. The macrorestriction analysis by PFGE, showed that 14 of 16 M-βla positive P. aeruginosa beloneed to one clone (named clone A) and its subclones.Only two others clones (B and C) were identified in one isolate each.