Problématique : Les boissons énergisantes (BÉ) font l’objet d’une promotion qui incite les jeunes québécois à consommer ces liquides sucrés et contenant de la caféine. La publicité laisse croire que ces boissons peuvent être absorbées à volonté et banalise une utilisation fréquente. En fait, la caféine ainsi que les nombreuses calories que contiennent ces boissons peuvent entraîner des conséquences néfastes. Dans ce contexte, une étude auprès des étudiants de niveau collégial au Québec a été réalisée afin de décrire l’ampleur du phénomène de la consommation de BÉ ainsi que certaines caractéristiques associées. Méthodologie : Trente-six cégeps provenant de 14 régions administratives du Québec ont accepté de participer à l’enquête. Un hyperlien menant à un questionnaire autoadministré était envoyé par courriel, à partir des cégeps. Environ 20 minutes étaient nécessaires afin de répondre aux 63 questions à choix de réponses. La collecte des données s’est effectuée du 11 février au 8 mars 2013. Analyses : Les variables à l’étude ont fait l’objet d’une analyse descriptive. De plus, les associations entre la consommation de BÉ et les caractéristiques sociodémographiques et les habitudes de vie des consommateurs ont été explorées. Résultats : Au total, 10 283 individus ont rempli un questionnaire au complet ce qui correspond à un taux de participation de 10,3%. Une faible proportion des répondants a rapporté avoir consommé des BÉ (9,1%) et/ou des boissons énergisantes alcoolisées (BÉA) (1,1%) régulièrement (≥ 1 fois/semaine) dans le dernier mois. La consommation régulière de BÉ était associée à une consommation d’autres substances psychoactives (tabac, cannabis ou amphétamines). Tandis qu’un contexte social de fête semblait associé à la consommation de BÉA, notre étude indique que la consommation de BÉ paraît liée à des motifs et des contextes de performance. Malgré cette dissimilitude, la consommation avec les pairs semblait répandue tant pour l’utilisation de BÉA que de BÉ. Peu de participants ont déclaré avoir consommé des BÉ et des drogues au même moment (5,0%) dans la dernière année. Conclusion et retombées : Notre enquête rapporte que la très grande majorité des répondants ne sont pas d’importants consommateurs de BÉ, de BÉA et de BÉ avec drogues. Tout de même, plusieurs participants ont déclaré avoir déjà eu des effets indésirables suivant l’ingestion de ces produits. Il importe d’assurer un suivi de l’évolution de cette habitude de vie en émergence, notamment dans le cadre des grandes enquêtes sur les habitudes de vie des jeunes et de poursuivre la recherche sur ces produits qui sont encore peu connus.

CoordenaÃÃo de AperfeiÃoamento de Pessoal de NÃvel Superior / O presente trabalho objetivou descrever o consumo de psicofÃrmacos entre os usuÃrios assistidos na AtenÃÃo PrimÃria de SaÃde (APS) e encaminhados ao Centro de Apoio Psicossocial (CAPS) no municÃpio de MaracanaÃ; avaliar a prÃtica de prescriÃÃo, aquisiÃÃo e uso prolongado dos psicofÃrmacos; conhecer o que representa o uso desses medicamentos no dia-a-dia e avaliar os fatores determinantes ao consumo de psicofÃrmacos, entre as variÃveis sociais, econÃmicas, demogrÃficas e biolÃgicas. Trata-se de um estudo epidemiolÃgico, quantitativo, observacional e transversal realizado no perÃodo de setembro de 2006 a fevereiro de 2008, cujo objeto de avaliaÃÃo foram os indivÃduos provenientes da APS e encaminhados ao CAPS. As informaÃÃes foram obtidas atravÃs de um roteiro de entrevista, contendo 57 perguntas. A amostra foi calculada em funÃÃo do nÃmero de pessoas cadastradas e acompanhadas pelo CAPS. No total, foram entrevistadas 200 pessoas, em que 121 (60,5%) afirmaram ter consumido psicofÃrmacos nos Ãltimos 15 dias; destas, a maioria era do sexo feminino, com renda individual mensal atà 2 salÃrios mÃnimos (85,4%), baixa escolaridade (68,8% eram analfabetos) e com algum tipo de doenÃa secundÃria (54,5%). Alguns (20,0%) informaram ser usuÃrios de bebidas alcoÃlicas, 54,0% fumavam e 72,0% nÃo praticavam atividade fÃsica. Quanto à representaÃÃo desses medicamentos no dia-a-dia, a maioria (47,9%) referiu âalÃvioâ. A mÃdia do consumo de psicofÃrmacos foi de 1,5 medicamento por pessoa. A maioria das pessoas (78,3%) os utilizava de forma contÃnua e 73,3% afirmaram nÃo ter recebido orientaÃÃo quanto aos riscos de utilizÃ-los por tempo prolongado. Os mÃdicos foram responsÃveis por 93,9% das indicaÃÃes. Os usuÃrios referiram jà ter tentado parar de tomar esses medicamentos (57,8%), sendo que 78,3% conseguiram isto de forma brusca e outros (75,6%), que estavam fazendo uso hà mais de 12 meses, relataram nÃo ter conseguido parar de tomÃ-los de forma alguma. Os grupos de medicamentos mais consumidos foram: ansiolÃticos (36,5%), antidepressivos (31,5%), antipsicÃticos (17,7%) e antiepilÃpticos (11,0%). Entre os ansiolÃticos o mais consumido foi o diazepam (27,0%). Os principais motivos para o consumo de psicofÃrmacos foram: ânervosismoâ (20,4%), âinsÃniaâ (17,8 %) e âdepressÃoâ (11,6%). Quanto à aquisiÃÃo dos psicofÃrmacos, 41,6% foram adquiridos na farmÃcia do CAPS, mas 24,3% compraram tais medicamentos. Algumas pessoas (18,3%) adquiriam esses produtos sem receita mÃdica e 83,5% utilizavam tambÃm outros medicamentos, destacando-se, segundo a classificaÃÃo ATC, os do Sistema Cardiovascular (39,5%) e do Trato Alimentar e Metabolismo (17,9%). O captopril, hidroclorotiazida, ranitidina, omeprazol, propranolol, prometazina e o paracetamol foram responsÃveis por 38,5% do consumo geral de medicamentos. O estudo possibilitou o aporte de informaÃÃes relevantes acerca do uso de psicofÃrmacos em Maracanaà e sobre seus usuÃrios. / The objectives of the present work is to describe the consumption of psychoactives amongst users who attended in the Primary Care of Health (PCS) and were directed to the Centre of Psychologic and Social Support (CPSS) in the city of MaracanaÃ; to evaluate the practice of prescribing, the acquisition and chronic use of psychoactives; to find out what represents the use of these medicines on a day-by-day basis and to evaluate factors that determine consumption of psychoactives, such as social, economic, demographic and biological variables. This was an epidemiologic, quantitative, observational, and cross sectional study carried out from September of 2006 to February of 2008 which evaluated individuals proceeding from the PCS and directed to the CPSS. The information was obtained through an interview comprising 57 questions. The sample was calculated as a function of the number of people registered and followed up by CPSS. In the total 200 people were interviewed, where 121 (60.5%) had affirmed to have consumed psychoactives in last the 15 days; of these, the majority were female, with an individual monthly income greater than two minimum salaries, low schooling (68.8% were illiterate) and with some type of secondary disease (54.5%). Some of them reported consumption of alcoholic beverages (20.0%), 54.0% were smokers and 72.0% did not take any physical activity. Concerning the questions about what the medicines represent to them, the majority (47.9%) said they felt something like âreliefâ. The average of the consumption of psychoactives was of 1,5 medicines per person. The majority of the people (78.3%) used them continuously and 73.3% had reported that they did not received any information about the risks of long-term use. Doctors were responsible for 93,9% of the indications. Of the users who reported that they had attempted to stop taking these medicines (57.8%), 78.3% did this suddenly. The groups of the most consumed medicines were: Anxyolitics (36.5%), Antidepressants (31.5%), Antipsychotics (17.7%) and Antiepileptics (11.0%). Of the anxyolitic drugs, the most consumed was diazepam it (27.0%). The main reasons for the consumption of psychoactives were: ânervousnessâ (20.4%), âsleeplessnessâ (17.8%) and âdepressionâ (11.6%). Concerning the acquisition of psychoactives, 41.6% were obtained from the pharmacy of the CPSS, but 24.3% of these medicines were bought by patients. Some people (18.3%) got these drugs without medical prescription and 83.5% also used other medicines. These were, according to ATC classification, medicines of the Cardiovascular System (39.5%) and of the Gastric Tract (17.9%). Captopril, hidroclorotiazide, ranitidine, omeprazole, propranolol, prometazine and paracetamol were responsible for 38,5% of general medicines consumed. Our study provided relevant information about the use of psychoactive drugs in Maracanaà and on its users.

Titre de l'écran-titre (visionné le 22 novembre 2023) / La consommation de substances psychoactives est un problème de santé publique important, notamment chez les jeunes adultes de 18 à 29 ans. L'état actuel des connaissances soutien l'efficacité des interventions numériques pour intervenir auprès de cette clientèle qui est moins bien rejointe par les services usuels en réduction des méfaits. Actuellement, dans la grande région de Québec, peu de services sont spécifiquement dédiés à ce groupe d'âge. Une première étude conduite en 2017 a mis en lumière l'intérêt des jeunes qui consomment des substances psychoactives et des intervenants communautaires de cette région pour le développement d'outils numériques en RDM (Guichard et al., 2020). La présente étude vise à décrire la perspective d'intervenants psychosociaux et de la santé par rapport à l'utilisation des technologies numériques pour intervenir auprès de jeunes qui consomment des substances psychoactives dans une approche de réduction des méfaits. Nous avons conduit deux groupes de discussion et six entretiens individuels semi-dirigés en ligne auprès d'un total de 12 intervenants psychosociaux et de la santé travaillant en réduction des méfaits auprès de jeunes adultes qui consomment des substances psychoactives dans la région de Québec. Les données ont été interprétées à l'aide d'une analyse thématique de contenu, s'inspirant de la méthode décrite par Braun & Clarke (2006). Les technologies numériques sont largement intégrées dans les pratiques d'intervention des participants, qui s'en servent régulièrement pour communiquer avec leurs clientèles, intervenir auprès d'elles, échanger des informations en lien avec la réduction des méfaits et diffuser des messages de prévention. Les participants ont identifié le besoin de bonifier l'accès à des services adaptés et intégrés en réduction des méfaits pour les jeunes de la région qui consomment des SPA, et celui de développer une plus grande cohérence entre les nombreux services spécialisés offerts aux personnes qui consomment. Les technologies numériques sont perçues comme pouvant pallier certaines lacunes dans l'offre de services actuelle en réduction des méfaits dans la région de Québec. Elles représentent un outil de communication devenu incontournable pour rejoindre les jeunes adultes, et sont décrites comme utiles et acceptables dans la mesure où elles permettent de favoriser l'accès aux services appropriés en personne. Leur utilisation auprès de jeunes en situation de vulnérabilité qui consomment des SPA s'accompagne toutefois de nombreux enjeux éthiques, déontologiques et juridiques. Nos résultats montrent que l'utilisation des technologies numériques en réduction des méfaits s'inscrit en complémentarité des services en personne. Alors que les interactions face à face continuent d'être privilégiées lors d'intervention psychosociale et de santé, le recours aux outils numériques apparait essentiel pour offrir des services adaptés aux préférences et aux besoins des jeunes qui consomment des SPA. / Substance abuse is a major public health problem, particularly among young adults aged 18 to 29. The current state of knowledge supports the effectiveness of digital interventions for this clientele, which is less well reached by the usual harm reduction services. Currently, in the Greater Quebec City area, few services are specifically dedicated to this age group. An initial study conducted in 2017 highlighted the interest of young consumers and community workers in this region in the development of digital tools for harm reduction (Guichard et al., 2020). The purpose of this study is to describe the perspective of psychosocial and health workers in relation to the use of digital technologies to intervene with young substance users in a harm reduction approach. We conducted two focus groups and six individual semi-directed online interviews with a total of 12 psychosocial and health workers working in harm reduction with young adult substance users in the Quebec City area. The data were interpreted using a thematic content analysis, based on the method described by Braun & Clarke (2006). Digital technologies are widely integrated in the intervention practices of the participants, who regularly use them to communicate with their clients, intervene with them, exchange information related to harm reduction and disseminate prevention messages. Participants identified the need to improve access to adapted and integrated harm reduction services for young consumers in the region, and to develop greater coherence between the many specialized services offered to people who use drugs. Digital technologies are perceived as being able to fill certain gaps in the current harm reduction service offer in the Quebec City area. They represent a communication tool that has become essential to reach young adults and are described as useful and acceptable insofar as they allow access to appropriate services in person. However, their use with young consumers in vulnerable situations is accompanied by numerous ethical, deontological, and legal issues. Our results show that the use of digital technologies in harm reduction is complementary to in-person services. While face-to-face interactions continue to be privileged in psychosocial and health interventions, the use of digital tools appears essential to offer services adapted to the preferences and needs of young consumers.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Diversos estudos apontam que existe maior vulnerabilidade - em suas três dimensões, individual, social e programática - para aquisição de HIV em homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH), e essa vulnerabilidade se potencializa quando avaliada em condições relacionadas ao uso de drogas psicoativas. Esse estudo explorou a relação entre o uso recreativo de droga psicoativa e sexo em população de HSH. Participaram da pesquisa 34 sujeitos selecionados em uma amostra de conveniência, os quais responderam questionário estruturado e semiestruturado sobre o uso de drogas e o comportamento sexual. O tamanho da amostra foi definido com base na técnica qualitativa de esgotamento de discurso. Foi utilizada análise descritiva para as questões quantitativas e análise de conteúdo para as questões qualitativas. Dos participantes, 91% (31) referiram uso drogas psicoativas. O álcool foi relatado por 94% (29) dos indivíduos, sendo o mais frequente entre as drogas licitas. A maconha, entre as drogas ilícitas, foi relatada por 58% (18). O uso intermitente do preservativo apareceu em 91% (31) das respostas. A mediana relatada de parceiros sexuais no mês anterior à pesquisa foi de 1,5 (P25-75:1-4). A análise de conteúdo mostrou uma percepção conservadora sobre a relação entre uso de drogas e sexo. O preservativo foi citado como a forma mais conhecida de prevenção. A utilização de drogas não pareceu ser o fator mais relevante associado às falhas relacionadas ao uso de estratégias de prevenção. O estudo mostrou que outros fatores, como capacidade de negociação com o parceiro, realizar oportunidades baseadas no risco e principalmente o desejo sexual, podem influenciar mais no não uso de preservativo do que as drogas psicoativas. Apesar de ter sido observada uma associação entre o uso de drogas psicoativas e a falha de prevenção no comportamento sexual de risco, fica evidente a necessidade de maior compreensão das variáveis envolvidas nesse processo para tornar mais efetivas as ações programáticas de prevenção de HIV e outras DSTs nessa população / Several studies pointed out higher vulnerability for HIV acquisition; in terms of individual, social and programmatic dimensions; in men who have sex with men (MSM). This vulnerability appears to be enhanced when assessed on psychoactive drug use conditions. This study explored the relationship between recreational use of psychoactive drugs and sex in the MSM population. Thirty-four individuals selected by convenience sample participated in the study. They answered structured and semi-structured questionnaires on drug use and sexual behavior. The sample size was defined on qualitative technique, up to the number when data saturation was achieved. Descriptive analysis was used for quantitative questions and content analysis for qualitative answers. The results showed that 91% (31) of the group referred psychoactive drug use. The most frequent licit drug used was alcohol 94% (29) and for illicit drug was marijuana 58% (18). The intermittent condom use was reported by 91% of them. The median reported number of sexual partners in the last month in this group was 1.5 (P25-75: 1- 4). The content analysis showed a conservative perception toward drug use and sex relationship. The condom appeared as the best-known prevention form. The use of drugs did not appear to be the most significant factor associated with prevention strategies failures. The study showed that other factors; such as ability to negotiate with the partner, taking risk-based opportunities and, particularly, sex drive; might have higher influence in dismissing condom use than psychoactive drugs use. Despite an association between use of psychoactive drugs and failure to avoid sexual risk behavior was observed, a better understanding of variables involved in this process is needed to make programmatic actions to prevent HIV and other STIs more effective in this population

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

La consommation élevée de psychotropes en France, l’ampleur des enjeux médico-sociétaux des maladies neurologiques et psychiatriques et les projections de population en termes de vieillissement soulignent toute l’importance d’une mobilisation des acteurs de santé. Le dispositif sanitaire français se caractérise par le rôle clé du médecin généraliste(MG) notamment pour la prise en charge des patients sous traitements de substitution aux opiacés(TSO) ou encore des personnes âgées vulnérables, justifiant que ce travail de thèse ait porté spécifiquement sur ces deux problématiques. Dans une première partie, nous avons analysé les caractéristiques des sujets sous TSO vus par les MG d’après une enquête OPEMA. L’importance d’une analyse fine des consommations via des tests rapides de dépistage urinaires des toxiques a conduit à une étude multicentrique ESUB-MG en cours. Lors de ces deux travaux, une démarche de synthèse sur la contribution du MG dans le repérage du trouble de l’utilisation de substance et dans l’Addictovigilance a été initiée. Dans une deuxième partie, nous avons analysé l’intervention du MG dans la prise en charge d’une population âgée vulnérable (Cohorte PACA-Alz). Nous avons étudié l’exposition aux antipsychotiques, puis la prévalence de l'utilisation d'antipsychotiques à long terme. Enfin nous avons voulu identifier les typologies d’exposition aux antidépresseurs chez les plus de 65 ans. L’ensemble de ce travail de thèse a permis: de confirmer le rôle clé du MG dans le dispositif sanitaire français; de souligner son implication dans le mésusage et leurs conséquences au sein de ces deux populations étudiées; de souligner sa contribution à leur prévention. / The high level of psychotropic drugs consumption in France, the extent of the medical and societal challenges of neurological and psychiatric diseases, and population projections in terms of aging, emphasize the importance of mobilizing health care stakeholders. The French healthcare system is also characterized by the key role of the general practitioner(GP), particularly in the treatment of patients under opioid substitution treatment(OST) or vulnerable elderly people, the reason why this thesis work specifically focused on these two aspects. During the first part of the study, the characteristics of subjects under OST observed in general medicine have been analyzed according to a national survey(OPEMA). The importance of a precise analysis about the consumption through urine drug screening test, led to a cluster randomized study ESUB-MG in progress. In these two studies, a synthesis approach was initiated to look for the contribution of the GP to the identification of the substance use disorder and Addictovigilance. Secondly, the intervention of the GP in the management of a vulnerable elderly PACA-Alzheimer cohort has been analyzed. The exposure to antipsychotics has been studied, then the prevalence of long-term use of antipsychotics. Finally, patterns of adherence to antidepressant treatments in patients over 65 years old have been identified. The whole of this thesis work allowed: to confirm the key role of the GP in the French health system (including health vigilance systems); to highlight its involvement in the misuse of psychoactive drugs and their consequences within the two populations that were studied; to emphasize the its contribution to their prevention.

Diversos estudos apontam que existe maior vulnerabilidade - em suas três dimensões, individual, social e programática - para aquisição de HIV em homens que fazem sexo com homens (HSH), e essa vulnerabilidade se potencializa quando avaliada em condições relacionadas ao uso de drogas psicoativas. Esse estudo explorou a relação entre o uso recreativo de droga psicoativa e sexo em população de HSH. Participaram da pesquisa 34 sujeitos selecionados em uma amostra de conveniência, os quais responderam questionário estruturado e semiestruturado sobre o uso de drogas e o comportamento sexual. O tamanho da amostra foi definido com base na técnica qualitativa de esgotamento de discurso. Foi utilizada análise descritiva para as questões quantitativas e análise de conteúdo para as questões qualitativas. Dos participantes, 91% (31) referiram uso drogas psicoativas. O álcool foi relatado por 94% (29) dos indivíduos, sendo o mais frequente entre as drogas licitas. A maconha, entre as drogas ilícitas, foi relatada por 58% (18). O uso intermitente do preservativo apareceu em 91% (31) das respostas. A mediana relatada de parceiros sexuais no mês anterior à pesquisa foi de 1,5 (P25-75:1-4). A análise de conteúdo mostrou uma percepção conservadora sobre a relação entre uso de drogas e sexo. O preservativo foi citado como a forma mais conhecida de prevenção. A utilização de drogas não pareceu ser o fator mais relevante associado às falhas relacionadas ao uso de estratégias de prevenção. O estudo mostrou que outros fatores, como capacidade de negociação com o parceiro, realizar oportunidades baseadas no risco e principalmente o desejo sexual, podem influenciar mais no não uso de preservativo do que as drogas psicoativas. Apesar de ter sido observada uma associação entre o uso de drogas psicoativas e a falha de prevenção no comportamento sexual de risco, fica evidente a necessidade de maior compreensão das variáveis envolvidas nesse processo para tornar mais efetivas as ações programáticas de prevenção de HIV e outras DSTs nessa população / Several studies pointed out higher vulnerability for HIV acquisition; in terms of individual, social and programmatic dimensions; in men who have sex with men (MSM). This vulnerability appears to be enhanced when assessed on psychoactive drug use conditions. This study explored the relationship between recreational use of psychoactive drugs and sex in the MSM population. Thirty-four individuals selected by convenience sample participated in the study. They answered structured and semi-structured questionnaires on drug use and sexual behavior. The sample size was defined on qualitative technique, up to the number when data saturation was achieved. Descriptive analysis was used for quantitative questions and content analysis for qualitative answers. The results showed that 91% (31) of the group referred psychoactive drug use. The most frequent licit drug used was alcohol 94% (29) and for illicit drug was marijuana 58% (18). The intermittent condom use was reported by 91% of them. The median reported number of sexual partners in the last month in this group was 1.5 (P25-75: 1- 4). The content analysis showed a conservative perception toward drug use and sex relationship. The condom appeared as the best-known prevention form. The use of drugs did not appear to be the most significant factor associated with prevention strategies failures. The study showed that other factors; such as ability to negotiate with the partner, taking risk-based opportunities and, particularly, sex drive; might have higher influence in dismissing condom use than psychoactive drugs use. Despite an association between use of psychoactive drugs and failure to avoid sexual risk behavior was observed, a better understanding of variables involved in this process is needed to make programmatic actions to prevent HIV and other STIs more effective in this population

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