published_or_final_version / Architecture / Master / Master of Architecture

Thesis (MPhil)--Stellenbosch University, 2014. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: Building structures have a major impact on the quality of the macro-climates of the world, in particular in terms of pollution and environmental costs associated with their creation, operation and maintenance. Emerging global trends to make buildings more efficient, effective and sustainable, led to the question can one establish how sustainable existing buildings are? Building rating tools like LEED, BREEAM and Green Star, can already be used to rate and certify buildings in terms of their environmental performance and sustainability, but seem to fall short of establishing true overall building performance sustainability. As an architect, the researcher was involved in a project to develop a process for the Provincial Government Western Cape to comply with the Government Immovable Asset Management Act, Act no.19 of 2007 (GIAMA). The problem statement of this study links to the objective to comply with GIAMA, which requires that all government buildings be assessed in terms of their sustainability. This led to a number of research questions being asked. The first of these questions are what can be learnt from currently available rating systems and would it be possible to track and monitor the sustainability performance of a building over time. This triggered a series of related questions: What role can benchmarking play in establishing and tracking a building’s sustainability over time? How can benchmarking help to identify which part of a building’s overall sustainability is most in need of resourcing, to bring it closer to overall sustainability? How can capital and maintenance expense budgets associated with the building life-cycle be effectively utilised to bring buildings closer to overall sustainability? How can the availability of detailed information pertaining to the costs and benefits of green investments in existing buildings help building owners to identify the best initiatives to invest in? The methodology used in this study to answer the above questions is based on two research approaches. The first part made use of a literature review to establish and define the knowledge framework to be used in the second case study portion of the study. The methodology used for the case study was based on applied research, where the real life problems associated with the development of a suitability benchmarking process for the PGWC was documented and assessed. The results of the study found that there exist a missing link between theoretical knowledge of sustainability benchmarking and the legislative requirement of GIAMA and that this missing link is the standardised accurate and verifiable data required for the benchmarking process. In addition to this it was also found that the social aspects of buildings are generally neglected. A universal standard for collection of the required data is also needed. The study also highlighted that a general misperception exist that Environmental Sustainability is synonymous with the Sustainability paradigm. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: Bou strukture het 'n groot impak op die gehalte van die makro-streke van die wêreld. Veral in terme van besoedeling en die ekologiese koste wat verband hou met die ontwikkeling, werking en onderhoud daarvan. Globale opkomende tendense om geboue meer doeltreffend en volhoubaar te maak, het gelei tot die vraag: Hoe kan 'n mens die volhoubaarheid van 'n bestaande gebou vasstel? 'n Aantal bou-graderings-stelsels, soos LEED, BREEAM en Green Star, kan reeds gebruik word om geboue te gradeer en sertifiseer in terme van hul omgewingsvolhoubaarheid, maar skiet te kort ten opsigte van algehele volhoubaarheid van ʼn gebou. As ʼn argitek was die navorser betrokke by ʼn projek om ʼn proses te ontwikkel vir die Provinsiale Regering van die Wes-Kaap (PGWK) om te voldoen aan die Wet op die Bestuur van Onroerende Regeringsbates, Wet no. 19 van 2007. Die probleemstelling van hierdie studie koppel aan die vereiste om te voldoen aan Wet 19 van 2007, wat vereis dat alle regeringsgeboue geassesseer word ingevolge hul volboubaarheid . Dit het gelei tot 'n aantal navorsingsvrae: Eerstens, watter lesse kan geleer word uit die bestaande bou-graderings-stelsels en tweedens, is dit moontlik om op die volhoubaarheid van 'n gebou te monitor en gradeer oor tyd? Dit het tot verwante vrae gelei, naamlik: Watter rol die stel van maatstawe kan speel om die volhoubaarheid van ʼn gebou te monitor? Hoe kan die stel van maatstawe bepaal watter aspekte van 'n gebou die meeste hulpbronne benodig, ten einde dit nader aan algehele volhoubaarheid te bring? Kan die kapitaal- en instandhoudingsbegrotings, wat verband hou met die lewens-siklus van die gebou, effektief gebruik word om ʼn gebou nader aan volhoubaarheid te bring? Hoe kan die beskikbaarheid van inligting met betrekking tot die koste en voordele van groen beleggings van bestaande geboue, gebou-eienaars help om die beste inisiatiewe te identifiseer om in te belê? Die metode wat in hierdie studie gebruik is om bogenoemde vrae te antwoord, is gebaseer op twee navorsings benaderings. Die eerste deel van hierdie studie het gebruik gemaak van 'n literatuuroorsig om ʼn kennisraamwerk te definieer en te vestig, wat dan in die tweede deel van die studie, ʼn gevallestudie, gebruik word. Die metode wat gebruik is vir die gevalle studie is gebaseer op toegepaste navorsing, waar die werklike probleme wat verband hou met die ontwikkeling van 'n geskikte volhoubaarheid maatstawings proses vir die PRWK gedokumenteer en geassesseer is. Die resultate van die studie was die bevinding dat daar 'n vermiste skakel bestaan tussen die teoretiese kennis ten opsigte van ‘n maatstawings stelsel vir volhoubaarheid en die wetlike vereiste van Wet 19 van 2007. Die vermiste skakel is dat gestandariseerde, accurate en verifieerbare data bemodig word vir die maatstawings proses. Daar is ook gevind dat die sosiale impakte van geboue verwaarloos word. Die studie stel voor dat ʼn universele standaard benodig word vir die versameling van die vereiste data. Die studie het ook n belangrike observasie gemaak dat daar 'n algemene wanopvatting in die industrie bestaan dat Omgewingsvolhoubaarheid sinoniem is met die Volhoubaarheid paradigma.

Submitted by Antonio Alves Souza Filho (aafilho@policiamilitar.sp.gov.br) on 2018-10-06T01:47:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza Filho. AA 2018 (rev 4).pdf: 4649855 bytes, checksum: dcfc50a9345ca994092558164184fe17 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Tamara Oliveira (tamara.oliveira@fgv.br) on 2018-10-09T16:31:16Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza Filho. AA 2018 (rev 4).pdf: 4649855 bytes, checksum: dcfc50a9345ca994092558164184fe17 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Suzane Guimarães (suzane.guimaraes@fgv.br) on 2018-10-10T12:22:55Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza Filho. AA 2018 (rev 4).pdf: 4649855 bytes, checksum: dcfc50a9345ca994092558164184fe17 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-10-10T12:22:55Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Souza Filho. AA 2018 (rev 4).pdf: 4649855 bytes, checksum: dcfc50a9345ca994092558164184fe17 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2018-08-28 / No mundo corporativo o aumento da lucratividade permeia por ações efetivas em relação à prevenção e a redução de desperdícios. Em 2016 os dados da Empresa de Pesquisa Energética - EPE mostraram que o setor público apresentou taxa de crescimento do consumo de energia elétrica de 2,3% ao ano em média em 20 anos, sendo equivalente a taxa da indústria, porém sem que o setor público realize a manufatura de qualquer produto e, acima, ainda, dos setores Residencial e Agropecuário no mesmo período, exacerbando a questão sobre a eficiência na gestão dos recursos financeiros no setor público e levando a questionar qual o nível de desperdício existente. O presente trabalho objetivou analisar tecnologias como meio para tornar prédios públicos utilizados pela Polícia Militar do Estado de São Paulo - PMESP mais sustentáveis, direcionada a entregar os resultados com melhor eficiência nos consumos de água e energia, minimizando desperdícios, utilizando-se a metodologia qualitativa com um estudo de caso, revisão bibliográfica e aplicação de pesquisa estruturada, de modo a compreender quais as barreiras e alavancas para a implantação de tecnologias ambientais em prédios públicos no Estado de São Paulo, mantendo suas atividades rotineiras, com gestão mais eficiente, direcionada nos consumos de energia e de água. A Escola Superior de Sargentos – ESSgt, situada na Avenida Condessa Elizabeth de Robiano, 750, São Paulo-SP, foi selecionada para este estudo de caso, visto ter sido pioneira na certificação ambiental e de qualidade, propiciando um ambiente de maior aderência a este estudo e no estabelecimento de padrões com diretrizes para licitação das tecnologias, difundindo a outros edifícios públicos. Referente aos ganhos ambientais, concluiu-se que a eficiência energética e o uso mais eficiente do recurso hídrico observados podem assegurar retorno econômico e ecoeficiente. / In a corporate world the increase in profitability permeates by effective actions in relation to the prevention and reduction of waste. In 2016 the Energy Research Company (Empresa de Pesquisa Energética) - EPE data showed that the public sector presented an average energy consumption annual growth rate of 2.3% per year in 20 years, being equivalent to the industry rate, but without the public sector realizing the manufacture of any product and, above, still, the residential and agricultural sectors in the same period, intensifying the issue of efficiency in the management of financial resources in the public sector and leading to question the level of waste. The objective of this study is based on analyze technologies as a means to make public buildings used by the São Paulo Military Police Corporation - PMESP more sustainable, aimed at delivering the results with better efficiency in the consumption of water and energy, minimizing waste, using qualitative methodology with some case study, bibliographical review and structured research application, in order to understand the barriers and lever for the implantation of environmental technologies in public buildings in São Paulo State , maintaining its routine activities, with management more efficiency, focused on energy and water consumptions. The Senior Sergeant School - ESSgt (Escola Superior de Sargentos), located at 750, Condessa Elizabeth de Robiano Avenue, São Paulo-SP, in Brazil, was elected for this case study in particular, because it was a pioneer in environmental and quality certification, providing an environment of greater adherence to this study and the establishment of standards with guidelines for the bidding of the technologies, spreading to other public buildings. Regarding the environmental gains, it was concluded that the energy efficiency and the more efficient use of the water resource observed, can ensure economic and eco-efficient return.

The present study estimated the Energy Conservation Potential (PCE) of the lighting and air conditioning systems of the Federal Institute of Sergipe (IFS) – Campus Lagarto. Both systems were classified according to the Technical Regulation of Quality for the Energy Efficiency Level of Commercial Buildings, Services and Public Buildings (RTQ-C), Inmetro Ordinance n.º 372, of September 17, 2010. The analysis was done using the comparative method to check the installed power and how much could be saved if efficient air conditioning units and lamps were used instead of the current ineffective ones. With regard to the lighting system, it was verified that the institution has 66.576 kW of installed load. The efficiency of this system was analyzed by the method of the building activities included in the RTQ-C and the initial hypothesis that the system was inefficient was verified. There was a great amount of burned lamps and that many environments did not have switches to control the lighting circuit in the place where the activities are carried out, besides the lack of natural light and the nonautomation of the places with areas bigger than 240 m2. This made, after checking the requirements, the building receives the C classification. It was simulated the replacement of the fluorescent lamps by LED and found a significant energy conservation potential of 39.90% and it was found enough to completely illuminate the whole building spending only 1.01% more energy than is currently spent with the working lamps. Regarding the air conditioning system, the building has a total of 2.5665 million of BTU/h (752.166 kW or 213.875 TR), implying 271.048 kW of installed power connected to the electric grid. All airconditioned environments in the FIS - Campus Lagarto were evaluated and 91 units were found, distributed in three types: window, split floor -ceiling and split Hi-wall. Of this total, 73 equipment’s are of classification level D, being this also the general conjuncture of the system. When calculating the energy conservation potential, it reached 29.30%, and in some equipment, simple replacement can generate savings of 53.06%. Regarding the emissions from the acquisition of electric energy in the period from 2010 to 2015, the FIS - Campus Lagarto registered the consumption of 1.38 MWh of electricity, incurring 142.181 tCO2 of emissions. It was identified 106 trees planted in the institution, being the minimum quantitative recommended for the neutralization of these of 1655 trees. If FIS - Campus Lagarto wanted to use the carbon credits market to do so, it would have to pay the sum of R$ 2872.44. It is therefore recommended that the institution conduct a complete inventory of its GHG emissions and plant a forest or forest reserve outside the Campus to neutralize its emissions and use it for research and/or scientific studies. It is also suggested to the school that creates a permanent Environmental Education Project aimed at reducing waste in the consumption of electric energy and adoption of environmentally sustainable practices. / A presente pesquisa estimou o Potencial de Conservação de Energia (PCE) dos sistemas de iluminação e condicionamento de ar do Instituto Federal de Sergipe (IFS) – Campus Lagarto. Ambos foram classificados de acordo com o Regulamento Técnico da Qualidade para o Nível de Eficiência Energética de Edifícios Comerciais, de Serviços e Públicos (RTQ-C), Portaria Inmetro n.º 372, de 17 de setembro de 2010. A análise foi feita utilizando-se o método comparativo para verificar a potência instalada e o quanto poderia ser economizado se fossem utilizadas unidades condicionadoras de ar e lâmpadas eficientes no lugar das atuais ineficazes. No que diz respeito ao sistema de iluminação, constatou-se que a instituição possui 66,576 kW de carga instalada. Analisou-se a sua eficiência pelo método das atividades do edifício constantes no RTQ-C e comprovou-se a hipótese inicial de que o mesmo está ineficiente. Verificou-se uma grande quantidade de lâmpadas queimadas e que muitos ambientes não possuíam interruptores para comandar o circuito de iluminação no local onde são realizadas as atividades, além do não aproveitamento da iluminação natural e da não automatização dos locais com áreas maiores que 240 m2. Isto fez, após a verificação dos requisitos, a edificação receber a classificação C. Foi simulada a substituição das lâmpadas fluorescentes por LED e encontrou-se um significativo potencial de conservação de energia de 39,90% e que se constatou suficiente para iluminar completamente todo o prédio gastando apenas 1,01% mais energia do que atualmente é despendido com as lâmpadas operantes. Quanto ao sistema de condicionamento de ar a edificação possui um total de 2,5665 milhões de BTU/h (752,166 kW ou 213,875 TR), implicando em 271,048 kW de potência instalada conectada à rede elétrica. Foram avaliados todos os ambientes climatizados no IFS - Campus Lagarto e encontradas 91 unidades, distribuídas em três tipos: janela, split piso-teto e split Hi-wall. Desse total, 73 equipamentos são de nível de classificação D, sendo esta também a conjuntura geral do sistema. Ao se calcular o potencial de conservação de energia, chegou-se ao número de 29,30%, sendo que, em alguns equipamentos, a simples substituição pode gerar economia de 53,06%. Já em relação às emissões oriundas da aquisição de energia elétrica no período de 2010 a 2015, o IFS – Campus Lagarto registrou o consumo de 1,38 MWh de energia elétrica no intervalo de tempo considerado, incorrendo em 142,181 tCO2 de emissões. Foram identificadas 106 árvores plantadas na instituição, sendo o quantitativo mínimo recomendável para a neutralização destas de 1.655 árvores. Caso o IFS – Campus Lagarto desejasse utilizar o mercado de créditos de carbono para tal, despenderia a quantia de R$ 2.872,44. Recomendase, portanto, que a instituição realize um inventário completo das suas emissões de GEEs e plante um bosque ou uma reserva florestal fora do Campus a fim de neutralizar as suas emissões e utilizá-lo em pesquisas e/ou estudos científicos. Também é sugerido ao estabelecimento de ensino que crie um Projeto de Educação Ambiental local e permanente visando à redução do desperdício no consumo de energia elétrica e adoção de práticas ambientalmente sustentáveis.

M.Tech. (Architectural Technology) / Contested territories have strongly contributed to the displacement of people worldwide, resulting in the loss of the right to belong. Considering the boundaries of belonging in Mayfair, a marginalised social landscape in Johannesburg, this architectural response to a social and urban investigation will ascertain whether and how architecture can respond to the global issue of xenophobia. Johannesburg as uitvalgrond has, since its founding, offered migrants opportunities for meaningful participation and self-actualisation. This reiterates the idea that the city’s in-between spaces often allow for a new realisation or actualisation of identity. The author argues that space-and-place-making and identity are intrinsically linked - the one enforcing, defining or denying the Other. The dissertation conceptualizes how architecture can acknowledge Mayfair residents’ unique and evolving post-national identity as a marginalised community in an young democracy. The study suggests how architecture can give form to contemporary African public space that contributes to a sense of belonging for both the Self and the Other in Mayfair. The methods used in this study are: observation through site visits, drawing, on-site interviews and film; mapping boundaries and edges defining various ethnic territories, open space network (utilised and unutilised), mobility, nodes and landmarks, actual land use as opposed to zoned land use and experiential observations; correspondence and discussions, making use of official databases to research historic maps and photographs; examining precedents, and applying all of the above into an appropriate architectural model. Each chapter concludes with a reflection extracting the most important notions from that chapter to be taken into the next section. This dissertation interrogates the importance and the role of architecture and public open space in Johannesburg by exploring new ways of thinking, doing and making in Johannesburg’s present, changing urban condition.

M.Tech. (Architectural Technology) / Alexandra's Far East Bank, formerly an apartheid buffer zone, is caught up in a reactive process by government to provide both housing and public transport. This process has resulted in a segregated relationship between the Marlboro Gautrain Station and the adjacent Reconstruction and Development Programme (RDP) housing scheme. The station is completely cut off from the immediate community by a perimeter fence with 24-hour security. This further entrenches the division between the Gautrain commuters and surrounding community. This forced physical relationship sets up an opportunity to design and create a space that aims to straddle the current socioeconomic gap. After on-site investigation and research, a This project would be the first catalytic response to the City of Johannesburg’s Regional Spatial Development Framework (RSDF) for Region E (CoJ 2009/10: 149). The

Orientador: Luísa Andréia Gachet Barbosa / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Tecnologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-26T12:45:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Silva_FabianaMariada_M.pdf: 2221147 bytes, checksum: acb168d3d261f81f3d6f6d1d25e50816 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: O reaproveitamento de resíduos na construção civil tem sido uma alternativa viável para diminuir o consumo de materiais naturais e a disposição inadequada dos resíduos no meio ambiente. Neste trabalho avaliou-se o reaproveitamento de resíduo de borracha de pneus, proveniente do processo de recauchutagem, em substituição parcial do agregado miúdo natural, para a produção de pisos táteis intertravados de concreto. O piso tátil de concreto é uma peça utilizada na pavimentação, que permite a percepção do ambiente ou rotas acessíveis, proporcionando mais segurança e autonomia para as pessoas com deficiência visual. A substituição foi feita em relação à massa da areia nas proporções de 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% e 50%. As seguintes propriedades do concreto foram investigadas: consistência no estado fresco, resistência à compressão, resistência à tração na flexão, absorção de água, índice de vazios, massa específica do concreto endurecido, resistência à abrasão, resistência ao impacto e análise de microestrutura. Embora a grande limitação do uso da borracha de pneus como agregado no concreto seja a redução das resistências mecânicas, os traços com até 50% de substituição atingiram ótimos valores de resistência à compressão e resistência à tração na flexão e apresentaram melhores resultados de resistência à abrasão. A utilização do resíduo de borracha de pneus, em substituição parcial da areia natural no concreto para a produção de piso tátil, além de contribuir com a sustentabilidade na construção civil, por meio da economia de extração de matérias-primas e redução do descarte e acúmulo inadequado de pneus inservíveis, proporcionou melhorias a algumas propriedades importantes para a eficiência e qualidade do piso tátil de concreto / Abstract: The reuse of waste in construction has been a viable alternative to reduce the consumption of natural materials and the improper disposal of waste on the environment. In this work recycled tire rubber (crumb rubber) was used as aggregate in concrete to produce tactile paving block. The concrete tactile paving block allows perception of the place or accessible routes, providing more security and independence for people with visual disabilities. The crumb rubber was used to replace sand by mass at the level of 10%, 20%, 30%, 40% and 50%. The concrete characterization was performed by testing its consistency, compressive strength, flexural strength, water absorption, porosity, density, abrasion resistance, impact resistance and microstructure analysis. Although the major limitation using the crumb rubber as aggregate in the concrete is to reduce the mechanical strength, the mixtures with up to 50% of substitution reached optimal values ??of compressive strength and flexural strength and showed a better abrasion resistance. The use of crumb rubber in partial replacement of natural sand in concrete to produce tactile paving block, proved to be a viable alternative. Besides contributing to construction sustainability, minimizing the extraction of raw materials, and reducing improper disposal and accumulation of scrap tires, provided improvements to some important properties that assure the efficiency and quality of the concrete tactile paving block / Mestrado / Tecnologia e Inovação / Mestra em Tecnologia

The thesis deals with the issue of protection of Prague's main train station as a soft target and it's regular operation, mainly by using evacuation model with emphasis on barrier-free issues. Mapping of the building was conducted by using Decree No. 398/2009 Coll. general technical requirements ensuring the barrier-free usage of buildings and their parts. Adapting the environment to people with reduced mobility is not always axiomatic, especially in terms of evacuation. For the movement of these persons it is necessary to take into account their needs and possibilities in normal traffic and during evacuation. The sociological and psychological aspects of crowd and individuals have also significant impact on evacuation. For identifying critical points of the main train station, it has been used knowledge of local research, knowledge of barrier-free buildings, sociology and psychology, and special simulation tools for modeling the movement of people. It has been found that space can be optimized by detailed analysis of simulation outputs to meet all expected requirements without negative impact on barrier-free domain. Thanks to this, it was possible to achieve a new design, which accomplishes higher safety of people with movement and orientation disabilities, especially during emergency situations in building of main train station Prague.

This thesis examines the possibility of passive house standard construction of public buildings in the countryside of the Czech Republic, the possibility of application of natural materials in their construction and in the end set of architectural principles for their design. Examines the situation of expansion of this type of buildings in the surrounding countries as well as in our country, differences in their architectural and technical characteristics and possibilities of natural materials use in their construction so that the newly proposed public buildings meet not only the technical and architectural design principles of passive houses, but at the same time reflect using of traditional local natural materials.

This PhD Thesis has been immersed in investigating the holistic experience of way-finding in buildings by people who have a range of visual ability. Previous research studies, spanning across a broad spectrum of disciplines, have focused on various characteristics of human way-finding (Arthur and Passini, 1992;Lynch, 1960;Downs and Stea, 1973). It is specifically recognised that the built environment is failing people with visual loss (Barker et al., 1995) and the strategic task and skill of way-finding within a building is a particular problem (Arthur and Passini, 1992). Under the social model of disability (Oliver, 1990) this is recognised as a form of architectural disablement (Goldsmith, 1997). There are few evidence-based studies of way-finding in a building. Furthermore, there are no studies of real-life experiences of way-finding undertaken by real-life participants who have a range of visual ability within the context of a real-life building. This leads to a research question: What are the design issues revealed by participants who have a range of visual ability as they way-find in a large public building? This doctoral research, based within the discipline of architecture, focuses on the holistic experiential components of a Journey (Myerson, 2001;Harper and Green, 2000). It coins and defines the term Way-finding Hot-spot as it explores the events [positive and negative] which are experienced and therefore impact on a Way-finding Journey around a building. To fill an important gap in the current knowledge a research enquiry, based on a user-centred design approach, was implemented. Exploratory in nature, the methodology was inductive and it evolved throughout the study. A series of Research Principles, borrowed from the established methodologies of Grounded Theory (Glaser, 1968) and Case Study (Yin, 2003a;Yin, 2003b), guided this study. Ten participants [with varying degrees of visual ability, different ages and other forms of disability] undertook a Way-finding Scenario designed to evaluate both existing memories of way-finding and present way-finding experience. This was composed of a Purposeful Conversation (Burgess, 1982) and a context specific Way-finding Task. The study has produced a large amount of data based on user experience in a real-world way-finding context – this has not been done before. Participant data contributed to a new Theory of Way-finding – The Experiential Charting of a Way-finding Journey – which derived from experiential data, was found to be composed of three elements: Journey Stages, Tasks Components and Communication Requirements. This thesis presents detailed findings which generate dialogue in the design of way-finding systems suitable for a diverse range of way-finders. It provides a research-based foundation to open the problem area and provide an insight into the issues people with different visual abilities encounter as they undertake a Way-finding Journey around a building. It generates a greater understanding of the problems and joys of way-finding in a building which will be of use in professional practice across disciplines of architecture and design as well as in areas of rehabilitation, policy-making and academia. This research is a start, but it is not the end. Future research questions have been revealed and these, combined with further reviews of literature and creative use of method, will further explore the phenomenon of way-finding within the context of buildings.