The U.S. Public Health Service led human-subject experiments in Guatemala during the late 1940s in which the researchers intentionally infected prisoners, soldiers, and psychiatric patients with venereal disease to study prophylaxis and treatment for syphilis, gonorrhea, and chancroid. The U.S. doctors also conducted a serological study in an attempt to standardize blood testing methods for venereal disease in Central America. This thesis argues that the PHS went to Guatemala not just for the opportunities it presented for research, but also because the organization was seeking to expand its influence in Latin America during this time period. Through experimentation and serological testing in relation to venereal disease, this thesis suggests that the U.S. doctors sought to produce knowledge about venereal disease in Central Americans as part of their goal to augment their role as medical authorities in the region. / text

Made available in DSpace on 2014-06-11T19:29:36Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 0 Previous issue date: 2001Bitstream added on 2014-06-13T19:17:54Z : No. of bitstreams: 1 oikawa_lt_me_botfm.pdf: 261151 bytes, checksum: c62a888e2773e9ae391eae8670076b39 (MD5) / A condição da acessibilidade aos serviços básicos de atenção à saúde envolve um conjunto de variáveis, tais como: distância entre a moradia e o serviço de saúde, a capacidade de oferta do serviço, a receptividade do funcionário para com o usuário, o intervalo de tempo entre o agendamento e a obtenção da ação de saúde requerida pelo usuário, a necessidade do usuário, entre outras. Como estas variáveis se apresentam e se relacionam entre si, merece ser conhecido, analisado e disponibilizado a todos aqueles que se interessam pelo bom funcionamento do sistema de saúde. O presente trabalho reúne informações que contextualizam teórica e conjunturalmente o objeto de estudo, qual seja, acessibilidade à rede pública de atenção básica à saúde de Botucatu, que aqui é estudada analisando-se o Centro de Saúde “Dr. Sebastião de Almeida Pinto”. Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo, realizaram-se 269 entrevistas domiciliares entre moradores da área de abrangência do Centro de Saúde. Também foram coletadas opiniões dos membros da equipe deste serviço estudado através de questionário. Os resultados obtidos indicam, entre outros aspectos, que dos moradores entrevistados na área de abrangência do serviço estudado, 69,5% (IC 90% 64,9% – 74,1%) são usuários e 30,5% (25,9% - 35,1%) não são usuários. Quanto às características demográficas dos moradores entrevistados, tanto usuários, quanto não usuários se concentram na faixa etária compreendida entre 20 e 50 anos de idade. Em relação ao sexo, entre os usuários, a clientela é majoritariamente feminina 84,5% (80,2% - 88,8%), ao passo que entre os não usuários, a distribuição do sexo é mais... / The accessibility to primary health care comprises a set of variables such as: distance between the house of the user and the health service, service offer, receptivity of the employee towards the user, the time spent between setting the appointment and the assistance required by the user and his necessities. How these variables occur and relate to one another is not only worth being studied and analyzed but it should also be provided to those interested in the appropriate management of the health system. This research gathers information which contextualize in theory and in practice the object of study that is, accessibility to public health service in Botucatu, which is studied through the evaluation of the Health Center “Dr. Sebastião de Almeida Pinto”. Two hundred and sixty nine interviews were made in the houses of the population of the area assisted by the Health Center and the opinion of the staff of this service was heard through questionnaires. The results show that among the dwellers of this area 69,5% (CI 90% 64,9% – 74,1%) are users, and 30,5% (25,9% - 35,1%) are non users. As to demographic characteristics, users as well as non-users, the age ranges from 20 to 50 years old. As to gender, among the users, the clientele is mostly female 84,5% (80,2% - 88,8%) but among the non-users sex distribution is more balanced 40,2% (31,4% - 49,1%) men and 59,8% (50,9% - 68,6%) women. Considering the relationship to the Health Center mainly the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below)

A thesis submitted to the Faculty of Arts in partial fulfilment of the requirements for the Degree of Master of Arts Community Work in the Department of Social Work at the University of Zululand, South Africa, 2015. / This study aimed at examining the extent to which the public participates in service delivery, looking specifically at the level and nature of participation in service delivery processes, and perceptions communities have with regards to the type of services rendered. The study was necessitated by continuous protests over service delivery at local government level noticed since 2006, and reports of very slow provision of services that did not meet the expectations of residents. Communities perceived the municipal officials to be self-serving and neglectful of their needs, while some municipalities were reported to be under investigation, and some were even put under provincial administration. Therefore the significance of this research cannot be overemphasised. The researcher acknowledges that there are numerous problems hindering service delivery at local government level, and this research study could not unpack all of them, but the delimitations of the study are stated in the dissertation. Contextualisation of the study was based on the existing legislative, theoretical and conceptual perspectives that apply in the domains of public participation and service delivery. Perspectives were drawn from various sources to test the level and effectiveness of public participation processes used by uMhlathuze Municipality in its service delivery. The nature of the study necessitated the use qualitative methods of data collection such as in-depth interviews and observation in order to: assess the level of community participation in decision-making regarding service delivery; examine community perceptions of the causal factors of good or poor service delivery; identify forms of service delivery that were provided and the beneficiaries of the services delivered. The findings of the study indicate that the participation of community members has been limited to being consulted and informed, but does not include involvement in decision-making about level of service provision nor creation of the beneficiary lists. Public is not involved in the creation of implementation plans, or monitoring and evaluation procedures. The findings of the study also reveal that the community perceived the political environment as a limiting factor in that it tended to have a big influence on the delivery of some the services. Although services such as water, electricity, sanitation (in a form of VIP toilets) and houses are provided to rural communities there are concerns regarding access and distribution of some of the resources, which are allegedly influenced by political alignment. It is concluded that public participation at municipal level really only takes the form of informing and consultation of communities. The public is not involved in crafting the actual implementation plan, and monitoring and evaluation procedures. It is also concluded that service delivery is characterised by lack of clarity on the criteria used for creating the beneficiary list. However, although the community is not satisfied with the lack of clarity on such an important aspect of the delivery of services, the level of infrastructural development, nor with the delivery of services itself, their being continuously informed and consulted by the municipality reassure them of the municipality‟s commitment to service provision. Recommendations are made for uMhlathuze Municipality, including a theoretical framework of effective public participation in service delivery. There are also recommendations for further research.

The National Response Plan (NRP) was developed to provide support during national disasters. The U.S. Public Health Service (USPHS) Corps is 1 of the 7 uniform services and contributes to the mission of the (NRP). The USPHS Commissioned Corps (CC) Officers may be deployed for national disasters at any time and they must be ready to deploy. The purpose of this phenomenological qualitative study was to explore the lived experiences of USPHS CC Nurse Officers who have deployed in response to disasters in the United States. This study addressed the gap in literature related to the deployment perception of USPHS Nurse Officers and may lead to an increase in deployment readiness. The lifeworld theory was used to guide the study that addressed the question of how nurse officers of the USPHS CC described their clinical nursing experience while deployed. Selection criteria used to recruit the 10 participants included USPHS Nurse Officers in non-clinical billets that have deployed in support of hurricane responses in 2017. In-depth interviews were conducted, and data were organized and analyzed using NVivo analysis software. The themes that emerged from the data included characteristics of nurse officers, clinical preparedness, training needs, challenges, and lessons learned. USPHS Nurse Officers perceived other nurse officers as resourceful, skillful educators, felt comfortable and prepared during the deployment, recommended additional training to benefit future Corps deployments, and identified physical and emotional challenges they experienced. These findings may assist in promoting positive social change within nursing practice of the USPHS Nurse Officers as it may enhance and improve readiness training, and USPHS policies for deployment readiness.

This paper adopts a communication perspective on public electronic forms (e-forms). By doing so we define forms as instruments for communication and, thus, also instruments through which citizens perform different communicative actions towards government agencies. As such instruments, the forms might be more or less useful. The purpose of this paper is to explore what features of an e-form that increase the communication quality. We conduct a theoretical synthesis of three existing approaches for designing information systems. The result is a combined theory on key features of an e-form that make the establishment of communication quality more likely. The result consists of four key concepts, each of which give rise to one set of design principles for communication from the issuer of the e-form to the user (citizen), and one set of design principles for communication from the user (citizen) to the recipient of the e-form.

How does PTS provide services of radio and television for audiences under thecompetition of numerous channels and without the support of related resources andpolicy ? Taking the scheduling strategy of ¡§PTS Evening News¡¨ as an example, this thesis analyzed the performance of its service to find this survival kit . Through this analysis of scheduling, it can reveal how PTS deal with public demands. The study adopted qualitative research method to interview five professional operators who are TV program planners and producers of PTS news to realize their articulation of public in service which are influenced by organization culture. By referring to the interview, it also further acted more review and examination of the appropriateness of publicity of PTS. Comparing to commercial broadcasters transmitted evening news at 7:00 pm permanently which competes with each others for advertising, it found that the scheduling strategy of ¡§PTS Evening News¡¨ is more flexible. The issue of suitable time for audience has been discussed since ¡§PTS Evening News¡¨ has started and it is also decided by PTS managers to strike the existed commercial patterns. And in the meantime, PTS also introduced ¡§multi-dimensional evaluation index¡¨ to measure the performances of programs and also expect to transcend the market rules that taking TV rating primarily. In addition, to understand the demands of audiences, PTS operators negotiate with audiences about this issue by the way of focus groups investigation. This paper then suggests that the scheduling strategy of PTS take the environment of multi-channels into consideration. PTS Evening News is most suitable to broadcast at 8:00 pm in this situation it mentioned. However, keeping away from 7:00 pm is not meant a supplement mechanism of commercial broadcasters. Instead, ¡§PTS Evening News¡¨ signified the value that commercial television company can not provide, and all the employees of PTS must compete with other news service using this time slot. PTS Evening News displays an audience profile that are mainly constituted by people who are ¡§the college-educated¡¨, ¡§the middle-aged¡¨ and ¡§office workers¡¨ . It doesn¡¦t averagely represent every layers of people and bridge the gap from it followed expected planning. Therefore, the thesis proposed PTS to do a self-criticism about its whole programming strategy to reconstruct a clearer concept of serving public. Although PTS adopt ¡§multi-dimensional evaluation index¡¨, we found that ¡§TV rating¡¨ is still the key factor among the considerations when making decision. This study also suggested PTS to avoid glorifying ¡§TV rating¡¨ simply and more importantly should focus on the real needs among audiences.

This study investigated the following: “Leadership styles of senior librarians in the City of Cape Town”. Stueart and Moran (1998) state that despite the vast amount of knowledge, training and focus on management, little is known about how to lead efficiently and effectively. The motivation behind this study originated from the assumption that determining the different leadership styles of senior librarians could contribute to a more effective public library service. If senior librarians were made aware of particular outcomes prompted by certain behaviour, they would be empowered to evaluate their leadership styles and adapt them in a more effective way, which could in turn lead to a more effective public library service. Empirical research techniques were used to apply both quantitative and qualitative research methods. Riggs (2001:6) states that librarians need to understand the difference between management and leadership. If senior librarians understand this difference, they will be able to lead more effectively. Hence, this study focused on transformational leadership, a leadership style which looks at the bigger picture, questions the status quo and focuses on improving services (Riggs, 2001:14). This study aimed to answer the following research questions: What are library managers’ job histories, educational qualifications and historical backgrounds? What are their beliefs about leadership, and how do they view their roles as leaders? Are they emulating a predecessor or leader whom they admire? Do they consciously consider their behaviour, actions and the consequences of their behaviour? In other words, do they apply strategies when they lead? Do managers inspire, motivate and communicate with their staff? Data were collected by means of a questionnaire administered to senior librarians and staff, which allowed the researcher to explore issues not previously thought of or planned for, and this provided valuable new insight into the problem. The results of this study affirmed that this research could contribute to an awareness of leadership in public libraries, and not only concentrate on management, as this could result in organisations becoming too task-driven, with the associated risk of the destination becoming more important than the journey itself. / Magister Bibliothecologiae - MBibl

Orientador: Antonio Luiz Caldas Junior / Resumo: A condição da acessibilidade aos serviços básicos de atenção à saúde envolve um conjunto de variáveis, tais como: distância entre a moradia e o serviço de saúde, a capacidade de oferta do serviço, a receptividade do funcionário para com o usuário, o intervalo de tempo entre o agendamento e a obtenção da ação de saúde requerida pelo usuário, a necessidade do usuário, entre outras. Como estas variáveis se apresentam e se relacionam entre si, merece ser conhecido, analisado e disponibilizado a todos aqueles que se interessam pelo bom funcionamento do sistema de saúde. O presente trabalho reúne informações que contextualizam teórica e conjunturalmente o objeto de estudo, qual seja, acessibilidade à rede pública de atenção básica à saúde de Botucatu, que aqui é estudada analisando-se o Centro de Saúde "Dr. Sebastião de Almeida Pinto". Para o desenvolvimento deste estudo, realizaram-se 269 entrevistas domiciliares entre moradores da área de abrangência do Centro de Saúde. Também foram coletadas opiniões dos membros da equipe deste serviço estudado através de questionário. Os resultados obtidos indicam, entre outros aspectos, que dos moradores entrevistados na área de abrangência do serviço estudado, 69,5% (IC 90% 64,9% - 74,1%) são usuários e 30,5% (25,9% - 35,1%) não são usuários. Quanto às características demográficas dos moradores entrevistados, tanto usuários, quanto não usuários se concentram na faixa etária compreendida entre 20 e 50 anos de idade. Em relação ao sexo, entre os usuários, a clientela é majoritariamente feminina 84,5% (80,2% - 88,8%), ao passo que entre os não usuários, a distribuição do sexo é mais... (Resumo completo clicar acesso eletrônico abaixo) / Abstract: The accessibility to primary health care comprises a set of variables such as: distance between the house of the user and the health service, service offer, receptivity of the employee towards the user, the time spent between setting the appointment and the assistance required by the user and his necessities. How these variables occur and relate to one another is not only worth being studied and analyzed but it should also be provided to those interested in the appropriate management of the health system. This research gathers information which contextualize in theory and in practice the object of study that is, accessibility to public health service in Botucatu, which is studied through the evaluation of the Health Center "Dr. Sebastião de Almeida Pinto". Two hundred and sixty nine interviews were made in the houses of the population of the area assisted by the Health Center and the opinion of the staff of this service was heard through questionnaires. The results show that among the dwellers of this area 69,5% (CI 90% 64,9% - 74,1%) are users, and 30,5% (25,9% - 35,1%) are non users. As to demographic characteristics, users as well as non-users, the age ranges from 20 to 50 years old. As to gender, among the users, the clientele is mostly female 84,5% (80,2% - 88,8%) but among the non-users sex distribution is more balanced 40,2% (31,4% - 49,1%) men and 59,8% (50,9% - 68,6%) women. Considering the relationship to the Health Center mainly the... (Complete abstract click electronic access below) / Mestre

Against the background of frequent organizational changes and restructuring, often based on impulsive decisions rather than structured feasibility studies or evaluations, this study examines the nature and influence of management on the performance of the Ethiopian public extension service. Based on a survey of 353 respondents from Oromia region, one of the nine regions in Ethiopia, representing various agro-ecological zones and managerial positions, the study examines the current level of organizational performance, the influence of the 2002 restructuring on organizational performance and the factors influencing the organizational effectiveness. The knowledge of these influences is important for improving the current and future design of organizational change and development practices. The study was guided by the following research questions: (1) how efficiently is the Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development currently functioning? (2) what is the current situation of Oromia Bureau of Agriculture and Rural Development regarding managerial efficiency level and the application of improved management practices? (3) are there any differences between before and after 2002 organizational restructuring in terms of improvements in organizational performance? (4) what are the factors that currently influence, (enhance or restrain) the organizational and managerial functioning of OBARD? (5) are there any variations regarding assessed organizational and managerial performance between various categories of respondents? The findings show that the current organizational efficiency is low. The effect of the 2002 restructuring on organizational performance was negligible and mixed. The organizational performance was influenced by various factors. The most critical factors found to influence organizational performance were skilled manpower, availability of accommodation/offices, extension teaching aids; farmers’ willingness, collaborations between institutions, government policy and regulations and political forces. These findings can be useful in assisting managers in their endeavours to correct the weaknesses and to focus on the most critical issues for the improvement of organizational performance. Finally, this study raises issues that need policy and managerial interventions and have implications for further research. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Agricultural Economics, Extension and Rural Development / unrestricted

Masters in Public Administration - MPA / Public service motivation refers to individuals’ with a predisposition to perform public service for largely altruistic motives in public institutions. The purpose of this study was to investigate what public service motivation (PSM) meant to state-employed social workers in the South African context. In gaining insight into PSM amongst social workers in the public sector, my objectives were to explore the value social workers place on intrinsic rewards, the reasons why participants entered the profession, and what social workers’ self-perceptions of their role was as public servants and what public service meant for their own identities. This qualitative study was conducted in the Western Cape with state-employed social workers. The social workers were selected using snowball sampling. Participants varied in age, years of experience as social workers, gender, and race. Data for this study was based on in-depth, semi-structured interviews. With public service motivation being an under-researched subject in the South African context, an open-ended inquiry into the important variables that influence PSM in the local context was followed. This approach will inform ways in which PSM could be measured in the future in the South African context. The results of my study indicate that social workers were attracted to public sector employment because it offered the greatest extrinsic incentives – higher salaries, medical aid benefits, and a housing subsidy, compared to NGO’s in the private sector. This finding challenges the widely accepted notion in PSM literature that social workers place more value on intrinsic reward than extrinsic rewards. Extrinsic reward refers to financial or other tangible incentives. The data further revealed that participants were willing to leave the social work profession and exit public service for employment opportunities that offered them greater support from superiors, and remuneration that acknowledged their academic qualifications. Poor remuneration adversely affected participants’ feeling of job satisfaction and motivation to perform their duties. Politics has played a seminal role in shaping the quality, and the denying of public service to certain categories of citizens.