The procurement process of health care merchandise has not gone without mishaps, incidences have occurred that show numerous misadventures at the expense of human life. It is for this reason that this paper will examine health care procurement with particular emphasis on Zambia. Governments all around the world engage in the procurement of health care resources both from local and international markets and this is no exception to African governments. A lot of controversy has arisen as to African governments spending patterns around the health sector. Corruption in health procurement sector has been seen as a major challenge and concern for almost all African states, and a close observation into the same will show that the issues surrounding procurement in the health sector is a plague that needs to be eradicate in order to foster overall health and promotion of health rights. Government spending is without doubt one which has gained widespread criticism in Africa and questions have arisen as to the process’ that the governments use to procure public goods and services. There have been concerns on the lack of transparency, secrecy around the tendering process, bid rigging, corruption, flawed contract allocation and above all the procurement of sub-standard medicines and health care resources. It is for this reason that the health care sector in Zambia continuously faces challenges that are attributed to lack of medicines owing to budget deficits and substandard medication and facilities. In light of the foregoing, like many African countries, Zambia has in place legislative reforms that are aimed at governing the procurement process which also extends to health sector procurement. Zambia has the Public Procurement Act of 2020 which has been through the knife a number of times to bring it into conformity with international best practices in public procurement. Despite the progressive legal reforms by the country, the health sector demonstrates significant challenges compared to other sectors, this is primarily owed to the human aspect attached to it. Owing to the sensitivity and fragility of the health sector, the challenges are more acute, as such procurement decisions made in the sector have to be closely monitored and effectively regulated. The advent of the Covid 19 Pandemic has seen the need for more consolidated efforts to harmonise procurements laws globally, primarily those around health sector procurement. / Mini Dissertation (LLM ( International Trade and Investment Law in Africa))--University of Pretoria, 2021. / Centre for Human Rights / LLM / Unrestricted

Viešųjų pirkimų sistema yra svarbi kiekvienos Europos valstybės ekonomikos dalis. Viešiesiems pirkimams yra naudojama apie 30 procentų nacionalinių biudžetų ir kitų visuomeninių lėšų, todėl racionalus ir taupus jų panaudojimas yra vienas iš svarbiausių valstybės valdymo tikslų. Net iki 75 milijardų eurų Europos sąjungos lėšų ir apie 250 milijonų litų Lietuvos biudžeto pinigų galima sutaupyti perkėlus viešuosius pirkimus į elektroninę erdvę. Pagrindiniai įstatyminiai viešųjų e. pirkimų pagrindai numatyti 2004 m. kovo 31 dienos Europos Parlamento ir Tarybos direktyvoje 2004/17/EB (Direktyva dėl viešųjų pirkimų tvarkos vandens, energetikos, transporto ir pašto paslaugų sektoriaus koordinavimo) ir direktyvoje 2004/18/EB (Direktyva dėl darbų, prekių ir paslaugų viešojo pirkimo sutarčių sudarymo tvarkos koordinavimo), kurių normas perkeltos ir įgyvendintos 2005 m. gruodžio 15 d. priimtame LR Viešųjų pirkimų įstatymo pakeitimo įstatyme. / Public procurement system is a very important part of economy of every European country. National budgets spend almost 30% of its money on public sector procurements as well as other public spending. That is why it is very important every country has a goal of spending its money rationally and cutting its costs as much as possible. It is believed that the new e-procurement system would save at least 75 billion euros in Europe, and around 250 million litas of Lithuanian budget. The basis of public e. procurement law is set in the directory of European Parliament and Council, 2004/17/EB (directory of public procurement, water, energy, transport and post services coordination), and 2004/18/EB (directory that coordinates work services, goods and public sector procurement agreements). All these above mentioned directories are provided in Public Procurement law of Lithuania, on December 15, 2005. All European Union countries are undergoing the process of implementing public e. procurement system. New information systems of public procurement, central Web portals, the Procurement Monitoring Bureaus are being created. On 2004, April 25, EU Commission has set a goal in Communique of implementing a plan of action of public e. procurement system until 2010 in Europe. The main purpose - until the year 2010, public e. procurement process should be done 100% electronically (practically at least 50% of whole procurement system). The theme of this work is “Public e. procurement ant... [to full text]

The aim of this Master's thesis is to define the particular modes of public tenders in the Czech republic. The awarding of the public tenders represents special mean of concluding the public contracts governed by the Act N. 137/2006 Coll. This thesis concentrates mainly on the description of the particular methods of awarding the public tenders, the conditions required for their use as well as on the procurement procedure itself. The awarding procedure is characterized in accordance with the European judicial decisions, Czech case law and also the decisions of the Office for Protection of Competition. In relation to the newly adopted European directives the thesis analyses also the changes that are brought by these directives to the subject matter.

nÃo hà / O volume de compras realizadas pelas empresas pÃblicas à expressivo. à preciso que o processo de compras vise o equilÃbrio entre aquilo que compra e a conservaÃÃo dos recursos do planeta. O objetivo geral deste estudo à analisar o processo de implantaÃÃo das compras pÃblicas sustentÃveis da Universidade Federal do Cearà fundamentado em uma metodologia de compras pÃblicas sugerida pelo governo federal. A pesquisa à classificada como aplicada quanto a sua finalidade e exploratÃria e descritiva quanto aos seus objetivos. No desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi utilizada uma abordagem qualitativa e quantitativa. A etapa qualitativa exploratÃria foi realizada atravÃs de entrevistas estruturadas com servidores que participam do processo de compra da universidade. Nas informaÃÃes obtidas, foram utilizadas tÃcnicas de anÃlise de conteÃdo. Na etapa quantitativa, foi utilizado questionÃrio estruturado para servidores responsÃveis por setores estratÃgicos da PrÃ-Reitoria de AdministraÃÃo da Universidade. Para fazer uma comparaÃÃo do processo que a universidade vem desenvolvendo com modelos existentes foi utilizada a metodologia desenvolvida pelo o Governos Locais pela Sustentabilidade (ICLEI-LACS), associaÃÃo internacional formada por governos locais e outras organizaÃÃes governamentais. A metodologia à constituÃda de cinco etapas: planejamento; definiÃÃo de metas e objetivos; construÃÃo do plano de aÃÃo; aplicaÃÃo do plano e monitoramento dos resultados. As principais observaÃÃes mostram que ainda nÃo existe uma polÃtica de utilizaÃÃo de critÃrios de sustentabilidade no processo de compra da organizaÃÃo. Por motivo de cobranÃas dos ÃrgÃos fiscalizadores e medidas provisÃrias foi criado um plano de logÃstica sustentÃvel que traz varias aspectos relacionados à sustentabilidade, dentre eles, compras e licitaÃÃes. As compras pÃblicas sustentÃveis representam uma mudanÃa nos padrÃes de aquisiÃÃes de bens e serviÃos das instituiÃÃes federais, requerendo transformaÃÃo nas praticas de compras, para que se tornem um instrumento para alcanÃar os objetivos do desenvolvimento sustentÃvel. / The volume of purchases made by public companies is significant. It is necessary that the procurement process is developed aiming a balance between what purchases and conservation of the planet's resources. The aim of this study is to examine the deployment process of public sustainable procurement of the Federal University of Cearà based on a methodology of public purchases suggested by the federal government. The purpose of the research can be classified as applied, and the goals can be determined asexploratory and descriptive. Qualitat ive and quantitative approach was used in the development of research. The exploratory qualitative phase was conducted through semi - structured interviews with the staff that participate in the buying process of the university. Content analysis techniques w ere used on the information gathered. In the quantitative phase, a structured questionnaire was used with staff that was responsible for strategic sectors of the Dean of University Administration. To compare the process that the university has been develop ing with existing models, a methodology developed by ICLEI - LACS (Local Governments for Sustainability), which is an international association formed by local governments and other government organizations was used. The method of implementation of public su stainable procurement was developed based on the flexibility, being applicable to any public authority. The methodology consists of five steps: planning; definition of goals and objectives; construction of the action plan; implementing the plan and monitor ing of results. The main findings show that there is not yet a policy of using sustainability criteria in the purchasing process of the organization. Due to charges of inspection organs and provisional measures, a sustainable logistics plan that brings var ious aspects related to sustainability, including, purchasing and bidding has been created. A sustainable schedule and a actions were drawn in the plan. The public sustainable presents the change in patterns of purchases of goods and services from federal institutions, requiring transformation in purchasing practices, to become an instrument for achieving the objectives of sustainable development

Mit Wirkung zum 18. April 2016 ist das Vergaberecht in Deutschland neu geregelt worden. Anlass für die Neuregelung war die Umsetzung dreier EU-Richtlinien in nationales Recht. Die neuen Regelungen finden sich im Wesentlichen im geänderten Gesetz gegen Wettbewerbsbeschränkungen (GWB) und der geänderten Vergabe- und Vertragsordnung für Bauleistungen Teil A (VOB/A) sowie der neuen Vergabeverordnung (VgV), der neuen Sektorenverordnung (SektVO) und der neuen Vergabeverordnung Verteidigung und Sicherheit (VSVgV).

政府採購法下之工程採購較他類採購規模大，契約金額高，且因履約期長，履約之不可預期性增加，常造成履約過程中，對於契約無法明確釐清之事項及責任，在機關為維護公共利益，而廠商為爭取合理利潤，雙方立場不一致情形下，無法有效解決問題，遂產生履約爭議，而須透過履約爭議處理制度來解決雙方之紛爭。而仲裁係履約爭議處理的一種快速有效解決爭議之方式，由雙方當事人各自推舉仲裁人，再共推一名主任仲裁人組成仲裁庭解決雙方之紛爭。然現行情況機關多抗拒仲裁，不信任仲裁，質疑仲裁程序之公正性，進而提出撤銷仲裁判斷之訴訟，但幾乎皆遭法院駁回，機關最終必須接受仲裁判斷結果。本研究針對公共工程採購仲裁爭議案件，以深度訪談實際參與仲裁庭審理過程之機關與廠商兩造，就整個仲裁過程是否以公平公正、符合程序正義，有效合理的解決紛爭，並探究為何機關提起撤銷仲裁判斷之訴訟之原因。研究結果發現機關質疑仲裁制度公正性的原因係對工程採購履約爭議制度不熟悉，且仲裁人在處理過程有代理人之行為，加上機關的律師不若廠商的律師積極、仲裁結果輸多贏少，導致不信任仲裁。而機關除認為仲裁結果不公正外，又為避免遭受圖利廠商質疑遂提起撤銷仲裁判斷訴訟。因此研究建議機關可選任由具工程專業背景之資深公務人員擔任仲裁人，並提供聘任律師合理費用以提升機關參與仲裁之信心與意願。 另公開工程採購爭議仲裁判斷書供社會大眾閱覽、加強仲裁人訓練、推廣仲裁、相關主計、政風及審計等監督單位應尊重採購專業人員之判斷等建議，使當事人更能接受仲裁判斷結果。 / Under Government Procurement Law, the scale and amount of public construction procurement is usually much larger. The increased unexpected factors due to longer compliance period, and different standpoint from both sides could rise the possibility of disputes, which should be solved with a more systematic way. Arbitration, which solves disputes by selecting arbitrators and forming an arbitral tribunal, is a fast and efficient way to deal with disputes from public construction procurement. However, presently, most government agencies distrust arbitration and often file out a revocation of an arbitral, which usually be dismissed by the court. At last, government agencies have to accept the outcome of the arbitration.This thesis studies the cases of public construction procurement disputes. By interviewing both sides of the actual participants, the fairness, effectiveness and justifiability of an arbitral tribunal is carefully examines. The result indicates that the major reasons why government agencies distrust arbitration include the followings: First, government agencies are often unfamiliar with the system of public construction procurement arbitration. Second, arbitrators could assign delegates. Third, attorneys of government agencies could be less aggressive than that of contractors. Forth, government agencies often lose in arbitrations. Moreover, government agencies could file out a revocation of an arbitral preventing being suspected to be in favor to contractors. It is suggested by this study that government agencies could select senior staffs from government agencies with engineering background as arbitrators and provide them with reasonable subsidy. Other suggestions includes: arbitration award be opened for public reference, enhancing arbitrator's training, promoting arbitrator, other divisions of government agencies respect public construction procurement professionalism, et cetera.

The author analyses the existing legislation regarding crime related to public procurement, focusing on those that directly relate to public procurement. The primary objective of this thesis is a thorough analysis of sections 248 paragraph 2 alinea 2, section 256 and section 257 of the Czech criminal code. Following a brief historical introduction this thesis describes some of the important legal instruments present in the new law regulating public procurement, emphasising the new ones that may have a strong impact on criminal liability. The main part of the thesis then analyses the three aforementioned crimes, putting emphasis on the recent decisions of the Czech courts in this matter. The author also provides practical examples of criminal conduct related to public procurement. The author also focuses on some other crimes that may not be directly related to public procurement, but are in practice more or less often committed in relation to public procurement or together with the three aforementioned crimes. The author has also carried out a detailed analysis of the available case-law related to the crimes described in sections 248 paragraph 2 alinea 2 and 257 of the Czech criminal code in a time period between its entry into force up to the date of submitting this thesis. The reason for this...

The aim of the thesis is to evaluate the system of procurement at the Ministry of Labour and Social affairs between 2011-2015. The first part defines important terms in the issue of public procurement from different points of view. The second part deals with internal legislation regulating procurement at the Ministry of Labour and Social affairs and the procurement system analysis of over-threshold (below-threshold) procurement and small-scale public contracts. The last part analyzes the data of public contracts between 2011-2015. The right system adjustment of procurement at the Ministry of Labour and Social affairs is questioned.

The aim of my thesis was to identify sources of funding to selected public works and interconnect the impact of financing public construction order for manage-ment of the municipality. In the theoretical part are explained basic concepts relat-ed to public contract and the possibilities of its financing. In the practical part is characterizes specific public works, financed by using funding from the EU and its impact on the economy of the municipality.

The main aim of this work is to analyze approache of different methods providing public goods in the public interest by municipalities with extended powers in the Czech Republic. In addition to the characteristics of individual methods the work focuses on legislation, particularly the new regulation on public procurement under the Act no. 134/2016 Coll., On public procurement. The aim of this study is to compare internal regulations of local governments for the procurement of small scale, beyond what the law requires. It refers to the release of the required transparency in these processes and the associated increase in administrative burdens for procurers and suppliers of public procurement.