This thesis is a quantitative study of distributive justice between generations or age groups. It is theoretically informed by a synchronic generation approach and John Rawls’s theory of justice-as-fairness. The empirical part compares the economic positions of, and public spending on, children, adults and the elderly in 16 European countries. The theoretical part is used as a platform for the empirical analysis. In addition to Rawls, a discussion of distributive justice includes the classical theories of Plato and Aristotle and more recent utilitarian, egalitarian and desert-based theories. The synchronic generation approach is presented and compared to diachronic approaches to studies of generational relations. The synchronic approach is theorized by scholars working in the tradition of the social studies of childhood. The chapter on methods identifies children, adults and the old by way of age brackets, it presents indicators of public spending and income, and it points out empirical applications of equality, equal opportunity and the difference principle. The techniques of analyses are presented; descriptive analysis and OLS regression. The explanatory variables vary, but in all cases include economic performance, age structure and a modified version of Esping-Andersen`s classification of welfare states (Social Democratic, Conservative, Liberal and Southern European). Six research questions are answered in the empirical part, using official statistics from Eurostat, OECD and Statistics Norway. Over the past few decades there is an extensive growth on spending on the elderly, but spending on family and children does not decline. Multivariate analyses indicate that the size of old age and family and child benefits vary across welfare regimes. The Social Democratic and Conservative welfare states are more egalitarian and have lower poverty rates compared to the Liberal and Southern European welfare states. These regime variances are also seen in multivariate analyses of child poverty and old age poverty. Risk factors for child poverty are parental unemployment, children living with single parents, young parents, ethnic parents, and low educated parents. A multivariate analysis points to a link between the size of family and child benefits and fertility rates. / Children`s welfare: money, time and space

Att fånga kundens behov och förväntningar är nyckeln till stärkt konkurrensförmåga och ökad lönsamhet. Trots detta är offentliga verksamheter dåliga på att ta till vara på kunden och dennes erfarenheter och kunskap som en resurs i kvalitetsförbättringsarbetet. I januari 2012 trädde den nya kollektivtrafiklagen i kraft i Sverige. En tydlig målsättning med den nya kollektivtrafiklagen är att resenärsperspektivet i större utsträckning ska vara en del av kollektivtrafikplaneringen. Syftet med denna uppsats är att utveckla kunskap om hur offentliga verksamheter med ansvar för kollektivtrafik kan uppnå ökad kundorientering med hjälp av co-production, co-design och service design. Undersökningsdesignen innebär en fallstudie av Uddevalla kommun och bytespunkten Uddevalla C. I undersökningen tillämpades service design-metoderna direktobservationer, servicesafari, kundresor genom samtalsintervjuer, mobiletnografi, persona och storyboards för att undersöka och visualisera arbetspendlares upplevelse av Uddevalla C som bytespunkt. Resultatet visar att tillämpning av service design-metoder kan användas i kollektivtrafikplaneringen för att skaffa värdefull kunskap om kundernas behov och förväntningar. Uppsatsen och dess resultat bidrar till att visa hur offentliga verksamheter med ansvar för kollektivtrafik kan uppnå ökad kundorientering genom tillämpning av service design där co-production och co-design spelar en avgörande roll. / Capturing the needs and expectations of the customers is key to an enhanced competitiveness and increased profitability. Despite this, the public activities of the poor to take advantage of the customer and his experience and knowledge as a resource in quality improvement efforts. In January 2012, a new Public Transport Act came in to force in Sweden. A clear goal of the new law was to enhance the travelers’ perspective as an important part of the public transport planning process. The purpose of this paper is to develop knowledge on how public agencies responsible for public transport planning can achieve greater customer orientation with the use of co-production, co-design and service design. A case study of the Uddevalla Municipality and Uddevalla Central Station as transfer node was conducted. The service design methods direct observations, service safaris, customer journey mapping through in-depth interviews, mobile ethnographies, persona and story boards were applied to examine and visualize commuters’ experience of Uddevalla Central Station as the transfer node. The result show that the application of service design methods can be used in public transport planning in order to gain valuable information about customers' needs and expectations. The thesis and its results will help to demonstrate how public organizations responsible for public transport planning can achieve greater customer orientation through the use of service design where the co-production and co-design play a crucial role.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-26T20:27:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Alexandre Sansone Pacheco.pdf: 607413 bytes, checksum: 49c0d01f6bafc226910b87244538303d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-06-20 / The rates required by the Brazilian Federal Government when exploring the use of its real estates are ruled by federal legislation with which were established the emphyteusis payments, the rates of occupation, legitimacy and use, the public rental and charges requested for rental under special conditions, the public transfer of use and the permission to use. Because the normative structure of these public prices are very close to those taken by taxes and also considering that some of the real estate charges in question have themselves elements of the tax species it is necessary to investigate on how these tax rules differ from real estate collection. It is hereby demonstrated that it is not acceptable that the Brazilian Federal Government takes elements drawn from its acts of sovereignty, like its taxing power, to explore the public real estate of their available assets. In fact, in that economic field the State operates without any public interest, producing, with the individuals, agreements that are essentially ruled by Private Law. The absence of material and formal limits for the institution of public real estate prices also does not justify the establishment by the State of any legal standards to explore its real estates. To conclude we should always meet the cause and the function of these collections, and when these premises are not observed the various legislative abuses practiced in this area would be challenged / As prestações exigidas pela União na exploração do uso de seus bens imóveis são regradas pela legislação federal, com a qual se instituiu os laudêmios e o foro públicos, as taxas de ocupação, de legitimação e de utilização, o aluguel e as cobranças levadas a efeito com fundamento no arrendamento mediante condições especiais, na cessão de uso e na permissão de uso. Em razão da estrutura normativa desses preços públicos vir a ser muito próxima da assumida pelos tributos e considerando, ainda, que algumas das cobranças imobiliárias em questão apresentam elementos próprios das espécies tributárias é necessário investigar no quê se distinguem as normas tributárias das normas com as quais ingressam nos cofres públicos tais prestações patrimoniais. Verifica-se não ser admissível que a União aproveite elementos tirados de seus atos de soberania para explorar os bens de seu patrimônio disponível, pois, nessa seara econômica, o Estado atua despido de qualquer interesse público, produzindo, com os particulares, acordos de vontade que são regrados, essencialmente, pelo Direito Privado. A ausência na legislação de limites materiais e formais para a instituição dos preços públicos imobiliários também não justifica a postura pela União de quaisquer normas jurídicas para a exploração de seus bens imóveis. Há de se atender à causa e à função dessas cobranças, sendo que, por desconsideram essas premissas firmadas, são impugnáveis os diversos abusos legislativos praticados nesse domínio

Cette recherche démontre que, compte tenu des tendances passées dans les comportements individuels face à la participation au marché du travail, l’augmentation de l’âge normal de la retraite n’est ni urgente ni nécessaire au Canada si son seul objectif est de pallier une augmentation de la durée de la retraite. Par ailleurs, si l’accueil d’un nombre toujours grandissant d’immigrants alimente la croissance de la main-d’œuvre, il entraîne aussi un déficit fiscal non négligeable. Celui-ci est toutefois en bonne partie lié au sous-emploi de cette main-d’œuvre potentielle; sous-emploi qui affecte aussi la population native, alimentant ainsi les risques de pénurie de main-d’œuvre. D’une part, et contrairement à l’opinion répandue selon laquelle l’allongement de la vie a été accompagné d’un rétrécissement du nombre d’années dédiées au travail, la durée de vie au travail en 2016 a augmenté de 4,96 ans et représente une part plus importante de l’espérance de vie, soit 3,55 points de pourcentage, comparé à son niveau en 1981. En outre, bien que l’évolution de la structure par âge de la population ait exercé une pression à la baisse (−11,7%) sur la croissance de l’offre agrégée de travail, les changements de comportement individuel quant à la participation au travail (19,3%) et les heures travaillées (5,8%) ont plus que compensé cet effet, entre 1981 et 2016. Au cours de cette période, les comportements individuels, notamment la participation des femmes au marché du travail, ont connu de profonds changements. Si ces changements étaient déjà connus et pleinement documentés, la quantification de leur contribution à l’offre individuelle et agrégée de travail le sont moins. Cette étude vient combler ce vide. Par exemple, et comme on pouvait s’y attendre, la participation des femmes au marché du travail a été la principale source de l’offre additionnelle de travail entre 1981 et 2016, contribuant 9,6 ans (contre 0,25 an pour les hommes) au changement de la durée de vie au travail. Au vu de ces résultats, le vieillissement de la population n’a pas encore entraîné une diminution de la durée de la vie active qui justifierait une augmentation de l’âge normal de la retraite au Canada. D’autre part, si l’immigration explique à elle seule 32,9% de l’augmentation de l’offre de travail entre 1981 et 2016, cette contribution n’est pas à coût nul. Par exemple, entre 1997 et 2015, les immigrants, comparés aux natifs du même âge, ont reçu 110$ de plus et contribué 3 520$ de moins en transferts publics. Ainsi, au même âge, l’immigrant moyen a reçu 3 640 en transferts nets de plus que le natif moyen. Toutefois, 85% de ce surplus provient des déséquilibres sur le marché du travail, dont le sous-emploi de cette main-d’œuvre potentielle. En effet, les résultats de cette recherche montrent que le sous-emploi représente un défi important dans un contexte de vieillissement de la population et de pénurie de main-d’œuvre appréhendée. S’il touche plus durement la population immigrante, il affecte aussi les natifs. Ainsi, en moyenne entre 1981 et 2016, 20,1% des travailleurs canadiens ont été en situation de sous-emploi, alors que le plein emploi aurait contribué à l’ajout de 1,5 million (±0,2) de travailleurs équivalent temps plein. Ces résultats découlent de l’application de plusieurs méthodes notamment la méthode de Sullivan (Sullivan, 1971), le modèle de changement continu (Horiuchi et al., 2008) ainsi que l’optimal matching et l’analyse des clusters sur un large éventail de données. Les sources de données incluent les recensements, les estimations de la population, les enquêtes sur la main-d’œuvre, la santé, et la consommation, au Canada et aux États-Unis. Cette recherche vient nuancer certaines des conséquences prétendues du vieillissement de la population sur la main-d’œuvre canadienne, tout en apportant un nouvel éclairage sur les solutions à mettre de l’avant afin de faire face à certains défis au cours des prochaines décennies. Si l’immigration peut ici jouer un rôle non négligeable, un meilleur arrimage entre l’offre et la demande de travail réduirait le sous-emploi parmi l’ensemble de la population canadienne, tout en améliorant leur niveau de vie. Les discussions sur l’augmentation de l’âge normal de la retraite ou des quotas d’immigration ne peuvent ignorer un tel constat. / This research demonstrates that, given past trends in individual behaviour in the labour market, increasing the normal retirement age is neither urgent nor necessary in Canada if its sole purpose is to offset an increase in the duration of retirement. Moreover, while the inflow of ever-increasing numbers of immigrants fuels labour force growth, it also creates a significant fiscal deficit. However, this deficit is largely related to the underemployment of this potential workforce, which also affects the native population, thus fuelling the risk of labour shortages. On the one hand, and contrary to the widespread opinion that population ageing has led to shrinking worklife for financing longer lifespan, Worklife Duration increased by 4,96 years and 3,55 percentage points of life expectancy over the last four decades. Furthermore, although the change in the age structure of the population has put a slight downward pressure (−11,7%) on the growth of aggregated labour supply, changes in individual behaviour regarding labour participation (19,3%) and worked hours (5,8%) have more than compensated for this effect between 1981 and 2016. During this period, individual behaviours, including women’s participation in the labour market, have undergone profound changes. While these changes were already known and fully documented, their contribution to individual and aggregate labour supply is less so. This study fills this gap. For example, and not surprisingly, women’s participation in the labour market was the main source of additional labour supply between 1981 and 2016, contributing 9,6 years (compared to 0,25 year for men) to the change in worklife duration. Given these results, population aging has not yet resulted in a decrease in working life which would justify an increase in the normal retirement age in Canada. On the other hand, while immigration alone accounts for 32,9% of the increased labour supply between 1981 and 2016, this contribution is at not zero cost. For example, between 1997 and 2015, immigrants, compared to natives at the same age, received $110 more and contributed $ 3 520 less, in public transfer. As a result, the average immigrant has received $3 640 in net transfer more than the average native. However, 85% of this deficit arises from the labour market imbalances such as the underemployment of this potential labour supply. Indeed, the results of this research show that underemployment represents a major challenge in the context of an aging population and a perceived labour shortage. While it affects the immigrant population most severely, it is also prevalent among native workers. Thus, on average, between 1981 and 2016, 20,1% of Canadian workers were underemployed, while full employment would have contributed an additional 1,5 million (±0,2) full-time equivalent workers. This study uses various methods, including the Sullivan method (Sullivan, 1971) and the model of continuous change (Horiuchi et al., 2008), as well as optimal matching and cluster analysis on a wide range of data. The data sources include censuses, population estimates, labour force, and health and consumer surveys in Canada and the United States. This research brings new evidence to the debates around the consequences of population aging on the Canadian workforce while shedding new light on the solutions to be put for facing the challenges in the coming decades. While immigration can play an important role, a better match between labour supply and demand would reduce underemployment among the Canadian population while improving their standard of living. Discussions about increasing the normal retirement age or immigration quotas cannot ignore such a finding.