As environmental impact and environmental emissions are an important part of today's society, due to climate change, high demands are placed on material selection, how the product is recycled and how the product is remanufactured. Remanufacturing is by definition to manufacture an old product into a new product Remanufacturing is an important process to get a sustainable life in the industries, this is because of the increased consumption of products and technique that are thrown away near the products end-of-life. Remanufacturing is a process applied to a product or a part near its end-of-life to transform a used product to a like-new product. At present, remanufacturing is a process that is not used as much in the marine world as other transportation industries, such as automotive and rail. At present, the remanufacturing process is only applying on smaller structures such as engines, propeller shafts, compressors and pumps.  This project work aimed to investigate the effects of implementing remanufacturing into Onmar products. In order to study how remanufacturing affects a company, an analysis was carried out on the company's Rail actuator to study the effects of implementing remanufacturing into the product. Since there are high demands on how the product is designed, an analysis was carried out on how the rail actuator was designed to meet the criteria set. This resulted in two different covers being produced in order to meet the requirements needed to carry out remanufacturing on the product. By implementing remanufacturing on the rail actuator resulted in large savings on energy consumption, material recycling, manufacturing costs, raw materials and carbon dioxide emissions when manufacturing new material.

This thesis report aims to help the client developing their new product. The new product to be developed is a safety bracket for a safety system. The safety bracket connects different parts which create the safety system and it should be able to withstand impacts from moving objects. The client has a set of requirements that needs to be addressed during the product development process. One of the most important requirements that must be fulfilled is the given impact energy that the safety bracket must withstand. The methodology used during this thesis work is the product development processes (PDP). The product development process is used to find concepts that have the potential to answer the research questions and to fulfil the requirements. Some methods used in the product development process are brainstorming, brainwriting and combining working principles. The concepts were evaluated with a combination of Pugh´s matrix and weighting matrix. The three best concepts were selected for further development and tested with FEA simulation with Abaqus CAE. The impact simulation gave indications if the concepts could handle the impact energy and if they could fulfil the requirements. All three concepts could withstand the impact energy based on the simulations and most of the requirements could be fulfilled. The concepts with thinner profile walls had a reduction in stress and an increase in impact duration, where the kinetic energy is distributed throughout the impact. A protective shell helps with the reduction of stress and the energy absorption during the impact simulation.

The aim of this thesis work is to design an electric axle that contains all the operational components, like the powertrain, suspension, brakes, and steering system. One of the requirements of this design work is to package all the axle components compactly in one single unit. This work is also carried out to assess the viability of assisting in the overall modularity of the chassis as modularity in commercial vehicles has become a popular trend in recent years due to the increasing market competition as well as the need for more sustainable products. The work has been carried out in three phases - research, conceptualization, and analysis. The research phase consisted of both market research on the existing products available commercially and a literature review of the various components of an axle to find feasible alternatives to the components currently being used in electric axles. In the conceptualization phase, the various e-axle concepts were compared using methods like PUGH’s matrix to eliminate concepts that did not seem feasible for the detailed design. Preliminary CAD models were designed for the One-motor solution and the In-wheel motor solution. The In-wheel motor solution was eliminated due to some critical limitations and the One-motor solution was chosen for the next sub-phase of detailed CAD modeling. This concept was then analysed using Finite Element analysis as well as kinematic analysis to get insights into the axle performance as well as to observe the load distribution on the axle during operation. / Målet med detta examensarbete är att designa en elektrisk axel som innehåller alla driftskomponenter, såsom kraftöverföring, fjädring, bromsar och styrning. Ett av kraven för denna design är att kompakt packa alla axelkomponenter i en enda enhet. Arbetet utförs också för att bedöma genomförbarheten av att bidra till den övergripande modulariteten hos chassit, eftersom modularitet inom kommersiella fordon har blivit en populär trend de senaste åren på grund av ökad marknadskonkurrens samt behovet av mer hållbara produkter. Arbetet har genomförts i tre faser - forskning, konceptualisering och analys. Forskningsfasen bestod av både marknadsundersökningar av befintliga produkter som finns kommersiellt tillgängliga och en litteraturgenomgång av olika delkomponenter i en axel för att hitta genomförbara alternativ till de komponenter som för närvarande används i elektriska axlar. I konceptualiseringsfasen jämfördes olika e-axelkoncept med hjälp av metoder som PUGH-matrisen för att eliminera koncept som inte verkade genomförbara för den detaljerade designen. Preliminära CAD-modeller designades för enmotorslösningen och in-wheel- motorlösningen. In-wheel-motorlösningen eliminerades på grund av vissa begränsningar, och enmotorslösningen valdes för nästa underfas av detaljerad CAD-modellering. Detta koncept analyserades sedan med hjälp av elementanalys samt kinematisk analys för att få insikter i axelns prestanda och observera belastningsfördelningen på axeln under drift.

Byggindustrin har hamnat på efterkälken i arbetet med att integrera produktutvecklingsprocesser. Ett traditionellt arbetssätt har resulterat i svårigheter att hantera kundkrav i en komplex industrid är många olika aktörer är inblandade. Kundernas krav blir ofta dåligt kommunicerade vilket resulterar i förseningar och ekonomiska förluster i projekt. Studien syftar till att undersöka och utvärdera olika metoder för att identifiera och översätta kundkrav till tekniska lösningar i byggindustrin. Dessutom är syftet att testa och utvärdera en metod från tillverkningsindustrin på byggindustrins produktutvecklingsprocess. För att uppfylla syftet gjordes en kartläggning över vilka metoder organisationer använder för att översätta kundkrav till tekniska lösningar, samt en utvärdering av dessa i ljuset av fördelar och nackdelar. För att testa metoder från tillverkningsindustrin användes metoderna Quality Function Deployment och Pugh’s matris. För att besvara de vetenskapliga frågeställningarna byggdes en teoretisk referensram kring ämnet. Därefter genomfördes semistrukturerade intervjuer på två olika organisationer och en workshop på en av organisationerna. Den teoretiska bakgrunden presenterar olika perspektiv på vem kunden är i byggprocessen och olika vetenskapliga metoder som används för att översätta kundkrav till tekniska lösningar. De sex respondenterna som hördes i intervjuerna och workshopen arbetar inom organisationer som verkar i byggindustrin. Resultatet visade på att organisationerna inte använder någon vetenskapligt förankrad metod utan förlitar sig på traditionellt beprövade metoder. De båda organisationerna arbetar på olika sätt då den ena arbetar kontinuerligt mot en och samma beställare och den andra har olika beställare för varje projekt. Den gemensamma positiva aspekten med deras nuvarande metoder är att arbetet går snabbt. Den gemensamma svårigheten är i kommunikationen för att förhindra möjliga ändringar av krav under projektets gång. De testade metoderna Quality Function Deployment och Pugh’s matris visade sig vara svåra att använda i en av organisationernas arbetsprocess. Studien visar på att det finns ett behov för företagen att arbeta vidare med utvecklingen av deras metoder, där delar av befintliga produktutvecklingsprocesser kan integreras. I ett större perspektiv finns det ett behov i byggindustrin av fler studier inom det här ämnet med tester av andra metoder. / The construction industry is limited in its progress to incorporate product development processes in their line of work. Due to a traditional way of working, difficulties in managing customer requirements have increased. The construction industry is complex with many different clients and variables, where customer requirements are often poorly communicated, thus resulting in delays and projects exceeding budget expectations. This degree project aims to investigate and evaluate methods to identify and translate customer requirements into technical solutions in the construction industry. In addition, the purpose is to test and evaluate methods from the manufacturing industry in the construction industry's product development process. To fulfill the purpose, different methods used in organizations to translate customer requirements to technical solutions were mapped and evaluated after their advantages and disadvantages. Quality Function Deployment and Pugh’s matrix were used to test a method from the production industry in one of the organization's processes. To answer the research questions, a theoretical framework was formed and semi-structured interviews were conducted. Also, to test a method from the production industry, a workshop was concluded at one of the organizations. Two organizations and six respondents were included in the study, where all respondents work within organizations that operate in the construction industry. The theoretical framework demonstrates several perspectives of who the customers are in the construction industry as well as different scientifically proven methods to identify and translate customer requirements into technical solutions. Instead of using scientifically established methods, the results exposed that the organizations rely on traditional proven methods. The two organizations work in different ways, as one continuously works with one customer and the other has different clients for every project. The shared positive aspect with the organization's methods is the swiftness, and the negative is the communication between different counterparties that prevent modification of requirements during the project. The tested methods, Quality Function Deployment och Pugh’s matrix proved to be difficult to use in one of the organization's processes. This project reveals a need for the organizations to develop their methods where parts of the existing product development processes can be integrated. Further on, there is a demand for more studies and tests of methods within the construction industry.