The main goal of this thesis project is to identify interesting concepts related to cooling of electrical motors and generators which could be evaluated using suitable computer simulation tools. As the project proceeded it was decided to focus on investigating how the air from a fan flows along the finned frame of a general purpose low voltage electrical machine, how the heat is transferred between the frame and the cooling air and what the temperature distribution looks like. It was also investigated if it is possible to make improvements in the effectiveness of the cooling without adding additional coolers. This investigation focused on varying the fin design and evaluating the resulting temperature distribution. Due to the complex nature of the simulations a segment, and not the full frame, was considered. Simulation model validation was performed through comparing air speed measurements that were performed on two different machines with the corresponding simulated air speed. The validation showed that good agreement between simulated and measured air speeds are obtained. The conclusion from the simulations is that slight modifications to the current fin design could increase the cooling effect of the finned surface. The air velocity measurements also indicate that the cooling of the machines surface could potentially be improved by small changes in the exterior of the frame. / Målet med detta examensarbete var att identifiera intressanta koncept relaterade till kylning av elektriska maskiner och generatorer, som kunde utvärderas med lämplig programvara för datorsimuleringar. Under projektets gång så bestämdes det att fokusera på hur luften från en fläkt flödar längs med en generell lågspänningsmaskin, hur värmen överförs från ramen till den omgivande luften och hur temperaturfördelningen ser ut. Det undersöktes även om det var möjligt att förbättra effektiviteten av kylningen utan att ansluta extra kylanordningar. Undersökningarna fokuserades på olika fendesigner och dess påverkan på värmefördelningen. På grund av simuleringarnas komplexitet så har simuleringarna endast utförts på ett segment istället för hela maskinen. Validering av simuleringarna utfördes genom att jämföra de simulerade lufthastigheterna med verklig lufthastighet som mättes på två maskiner i testmiljö. Valideringen visade att simuleringarna överensstämmer väl med de mätningar som utfördes. Slutsatsen utifrån simuleringarna är att mindre förändringar av fenornas nuvarande design kan förbättra fenornas kylningsförmåga. Mätningarna av lufthastigheten ger även indikationer på att kylningen av maskinens utsida eventuellt kan förbättras genom små förändringar av ramens exteriör.

Percent Moisture Content (MC %) of wood is defined to be the weight of the moisture in the wood divided by the weight of the dry wood times 100%. Equilibrium Moisture Content (EMC), moisture content at environmental equilibrium is a very important metric affecting the performance of wood in many applications. For best performance in many applications, the goal is to maintain this value between 6% and 8%. EMC value is a function of the temperature and the relative humidity of the surrounding air of wood. It is very important to maintain this value while processing, storing or finishing the wood. This thesis develops a special purpose sensor and processor system to be implemented as a small hand-held device used to sense, calculate and display the value of EMC of wood depending on surrounding environmental conditions. Wood processing industry personnel would use the hand-held EMC calculating and display device to prevent many potential problems that can show significant affect on the performance of wood. The design of the EMC device requires the use of sensors to obtain the required inputs of temperature and relative humidity. In this thesis various market available sensors are compared and appropriate sensor is chosen for the design. The calculation of EMC requires many arithmetic operations with stringent precision requirements. Various arithmetic algorithms and systems are compared in terms of meeting required arithmetic functionality, precision requirements, and silicon implementation area and gate count, and a suitable choice is made. The resulting processor organization and design is coded in VHDL using the Xilinx ISE 6.2.03i tool set. The design is synthesized, validated via VHDL virtual prototype simulation, and implemented to a Xilinx Spartan2E FPGA for experimental hardware prototype testing and evaluation. It is tested over various ranges of temperature and relative humidity. Comparison of experimentally calculated EMC values with the theoretical values of EMC derived for corresponding temperature and relative humidity points resulted in validation of the EMC processor architecture, functional performance and arithmetic precision requirements.

Bakgrund:    Ekonomistyrningen omfattar planering och uppföljning av ekonomiska mål och mått, samt påverkan på en verksamhet och dess personal genom beslut och handling. Styrmedel behövs för att fullgöra ekonomistyrningens funktioner och uppnå företagets uppsatta mål. Budget är ett av de vanligaste styrsystemen inom de formella styrmedlen. I dagsläget är debatten om budgetering intensiv och det råder oenigheter om budgeten i själva verket är ett bra verktyg eller ett onödig ont.   Syfte:     Syftet med denna studie är att undersöka vilken betydelse budgeten har som styrmedel i det valda fallföretaget. Vidare vill vi ta reda på om de driftsansvariga på Burger King upplever budgeten som ett stöd eller en belastning.   Metod:   En kvalitativ undersökningsmetodik och ett deduktivt angreppssätt har använts i  uppsatsen. Uppsatsens primärdata har samlats in via semistrukturerade   intervjuer  med det valda fallföretaget.     Resultat & Slutsats   Efter genomförd undersökning framkom det att syftet med budgeten skiljer sig  åt i de tre fallföretagen. I de större företagen utgjorde ansvarsstyrning det  främsta syftet med budgeten medan budget som planeringsverktyg ansågs vara  viktigare i den mindre organsationen. Samtliga respondenter upplever budgeten mer som ett stöd än en belastning och är överens om att det nästintill hade varit omöjligt att styra verksamheten lönsamt utan budgeten av den orsaken att  Burger King är en komplex organisation präglad av standardisering och små vinstmarginaler. / Background: Financial reporting includes planning and monitoring of financial goals and metrics and  it has an impact on a business and its staff by decisions and actions. Management control measures are required to fulfill the functions of financial reporting and to achieve company goals. Budget is one of the most common management control systems within the formal control means. Currently, the debate about budgeting is intense and there is a disagreement on whether the budget in reality is a useful tool or  an unnecessary evil. Purpose:   The purpose of this study is to investigate the impact that the budget has as a management control measure in the selected case company.  Furthermore we want to find out if the operation managers at Burger King experience the budget as a support or a burden.   Method:   A qualitative research methodology and a deductive approach were used in the essay. The primary data in the essay was collected through semi-structured interviews from the selected case company.       Result & Conclusion The completed research has shown that the purpose of the budget differ in the three  case companies. In the two larger companies the main purpose of the budget was  responsibility management while budget used as a planning tool was considered to be more important in the smaller company. All the respondents are experiencing budget  more as a support than a burden and agree that it would almost be impossible to manage the business profitably without the budget because Burger King is a complex organization characterized by standardization and low profit margins.

Wireless sensor networks have many sensor devices that send their data to the sink or base station for further processing. This is called direct delivery. But this leads to heavy traffic in the network and as the nodes are limited with energy, this decreases the lifetime of the network. So data aggregation technique is introduced to improve the lifetime. This technique aggregates or merges the multiple incoming packets in to single packet and forwards it to sink. There is different data aggregation techniques based on the topology of the network. This report clearly explains the purpose of data aggregation and gathering in WSN, data aggregation in flat networks and data aggregation in hierarchical networks, different data aggregation techniques in cluster based networks, chain based, tree based and grid based networks. Data aggregation technique can successfully minimize the data traffic and energy consumption only when it is carried out in a secure manner. Part2 of the survey explains the possible attacks that affect data aggregation in wireless sensor network. The secure data aggregation techniques in wireless sensor networks are also discussed in this report.

In South Africa, certain areas are well developed with infrastructures that compare with first world standards, while in others, people live in abject poverty without basic services being rendered Poverty is the single greatest burden of South Africa's people. It is defined as the inability to meet a specified set of basic needs. This means that apart from low income levels, malnutrition and hunger, poverty manifests itself in poor people's lives in many other ways, including lack of access to basic social services. Poverty is characterized by the inability of individuals, households or communities to command sufficient resources to satisfy a socially acceptable minimum standard of living. It is perceived by poor South Africans themselves to include alienation from the community, food insecurity, crowded homes, usage of unsafe and inefficient forms of energy and lack of jobs that are adequately paid and I or secure. Because the government doesn't want to alienate those it is trying to serve, public services are being brought closer to people, so as to improve the quality of community life. The underlying reason for the implementation of Multi-purpose Community Centres (MPCCs) is to bring government services closer to people and to provide the community with the opportunity to communicate with government. Multi-Purpose Community Centres have been identified as the primary approach for the implementation of development communication and information programmes. MPCCs also serve as a base from which a wide range of services and products can reach communities. The aim is for communities to access such services and engage in government programmes for their own empowerment. As a result, MPPCs are a necessary poverty alleviation strategy that needs to be promoted for the improvement of the quality of community life. / Thesis (M. Development and Management)--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2006.

Off balance sheet financing (OBF) is either not visible or only partially visible in financial reporting for a number of reasons. It has attracted controversy in the light of its employment in a number of major corporate scandals. Previous investigations dominated by short works and consultancy papers have focused mainly on the financial aspects of OBF. This academic cross-country research on the use of OBF in the UK and US capital markets was undertaken to extend the published analyses to include a legal perspective by studying its legal implications for directors, financial advisers, auditors and financial regulators. The study’s legal focus prompted relying primarily on the doctrinal approach, which was in turn completed by the use of a modified case study in order to help address the how and why issues of the research phenomenon. The study found that OBF instruments are double-edge financial instruments with good and bad consequences. When corporations used OBF for liquidity enhancement or to realise financial savings, they result in positive outcomes. In contrast, when used for aggressive window-dressing or in the manipulation of financial reporting for fraudulent ends, OBF mechanisms generated serious legal liabilities for directors, auditors, and financial advisers in terms of compensation suits or even criminal sanctions. Financial regulators were nonetheless found to be less likely to face legal consequences as a result of current judicial attitudes on the tort of public misfeasance. However, the extensive applications of OBF in conjunction with other forms of creative accounting have resulted in various regulatory responses. On a comparative note, litigation and enforcement actions were found to be relatively more extensive in the US because of the higher incidence of large corporate frauds and the work of regulatory champions especially in New York using deferred prosecution agreements.

Hard Red Winter (HRW) and Soft Red Winter (HRW) wheat classes (Triticum aestivum L.) and oat (Avena sativa L.) are commonly established as a source of winter and spring forage for cattle grazing in many regions of Texas and the U.S. Southern Great Plains. Small grains used in these grazed systems offer the flexibility of management for season long forage production or production of both forage and grain (dual-purpose). Many commercially available and experimental cultivars are continually evaluated on their ability to produce grain, but little yield data is available on wheat and oats under dual-purpose management systems. In forage production systems, soil fertility management is also an integral component in meeting specific yield goals that producers depend upon to sustain adequate animal performance. Current nitrogen (N) recommendations in Texas are based on heavy, moderate, and light levels of grazing. To address these issues, two-year studies were initiated at three locations in Central Texas. The objectives of these studies were; (1) to evaluate thirty wheat and ten oat cultivars based on forage production and grain yield to identify those best suited to dual-purpose management; (2) to determine winter wheat forage yield potential at varying levels of N fertility; and (3) to evaluate five minimally invasive and non-destructive methods of quantifying forage yield. Results from dual-purpose cultivar evaluations included significant differences in forage yield, nutritive value, and grain yield between cultivars and species. Overall, oat produced less forage than either class of wheat, but Mg content was generally higher in oat. For grain production, SRW performed better under irrigation, but in dryland situations both wheat classes performed equally. We also found that pre-plant N fertilizer significantly reduced stand establishment in dry environments. The 67 kg ha-1 pre-plant N and the 45 kg ha-1 top-dress rates produced the highest forage yield. Nutritive value generally increased as N application rate increased, even when no yield increase was observed. Hand clipping and canopy height both correlated very well with full plot harvest and visual ratings and NDVI had moderate relationships with full plot harvest. The relationship between ground cover and dry matter yield was variable and only weakly correlated.

Thesis (Master of Arts)--Miami University, Dept. of Comparative Religion, 2009. / Title from first page of PDF document. Includes bibliographical references (p. 63-66).

<p>The purpose of this study is to contribute to a better understanding of how visions could be applied in subsidiaries and similar sub organisations of global enterprises. With increasing globalisation it becomes more difficult to work in accordance to same standards and towards a common and unifying interest. The study has a qualitative and deductive approach and is based on interviews with three global subsidiaries with some hundred people employed each.</p><p>Conclusions are that the subsidiaries visions have to be based on a <em>guiding philosophy</em> issued by their mother entities and it is the responsibility of the sub organisation to develop a <em>tangible image</em> with a local vision, mission and strategy with targets requiring feedback. Sustainable strategies cannot be issued without a vision describing where the organisation want be in the future. Otherwise they will not come very far until they have to make a restart with a new strategy and they will never be a market leader.</p>

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