The radical democratic conception of civil society strives for theoretically constructing and politically defending civil society as a social sphere autonomous from both the economy and state. As a position taken against Marxist and liberal theories, radical civil societarianism views the cultural and normative structures of modern societies as independent from and prior to systemically conceived economic and political relations. These structures is purported to give way to spontaneous social solidarity characterising civil society. With the mechanisms of domination and exploitation defined outside civil society, this approach ends up with excessive voluntarism characterising social relations thereof. Similarly, in the Turkish context, the dominant centre-periphery approach is predicated upon the external contradiction between the vertical state-society relations and horizontal relations between social actors. It is argued that the dominance of the former has caused the underdevelopment of civil society which is a particular expression of the latter. In any case, social conflicts are detached from structural political and economic mechanisms and conceived in voluntaristic terms. Consequently, the normative position radical civil societarianism takes vis-&agrave / -vis social movements fails to go beyond an imposition of the arbitrary notion of &ldquo / civility&rdquo / through the discourse of self-limitation.

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Il existe de nombreux modèles de calcul sur les réels. Ces différents modèles<br />calculent diverses fonctions, certains sont plus puissants que d'autres,<br />certains sont deux à deux incomparables. Le calcul sur les réels est donc de<br />ce point de vue bien différent du calcul sur les entiers qui est unifié par la<br />thèse de Church-Turing qui affirme que tous les modèles raisonnables calculent<br />les mêmes fonctions.<br /><br />Les résultats de cette thèse sont de deux sortes. Premièrement, nous<br />montrons des équivalences entre les fonctions récursivement calculables et une<br />certaine classe de fonctions R-récursives et entre les fonctions<br />GPAC-calculables et les fonctions récursivement calculables. Ces deux<br />résultats ne sont cependant valables que si les fonctions présentent quelques<br />caractéristiques : elles doivent être définies sur un compact et dans le<br />premier cas être de classe C^2. Deuxièmement, nous montrons également une<br />hiérarchie de classes de fonctions R-récursives qui caractérisent les<br />fonctions élémentairement calculables, les fonctions<br />En-calculables pour n?3 (où les En sont les<br />fonctions de la hiérarchie de Grzegorczyk), et des fonctions récursivement<br />calculables. Ce résultat utilise un opérateur de limite dont nous avons prouvé<br />la généralité en montrant qu'il transfère une inclusion sur la partie discrète<br />des fonctions en une inclusion sur les fonctions sur les réels elles-mêmes.<br /><br />Ces résultats constituent donc une avancée vers une éventuelle<br />unification des modèles de calcul sur les réels.

This essay examines upper secondary school pupils as well as the Swedish National Agency for Educations views on the education in subject of religion. How they describe its purpose, what content the topic should address, how the education should be implemented and what influence the pupils should have over their own studies. This to examine how the views of pupils and the Swedish National Agency of Education correlate and to analyze how it possibly can affect the pupil’s motivation. The survey is conducted by semi-forging tured interviews and text analysis in order to ascertain the pupils and the Swedish National Agency of Educations opinions on the issues. The results are then analyzed by various motivational theories that have played a vital role in the Swedish school and that have been found relevant to the study. The survey shows that the pupils and the Swedish National Agency of Education are relatively unanimous about how they regard studies on the subject of religion but that there are differences. It appears that the education the pupils have receive, despite the unity of these pupils and the Swedish National Agency of Education, not always seem to comply with the requirements of the Agency's governing documents. It also appears that the pupil’s motivation is affected by how the National Agency and the pupils' objectives, goals and beliefs correlate. When those are alignment or when the school takes account of pupils' expectations and their own goals the education seems more adequate to the pupils.

Denna studie syftar till att undersöka hur förskollärare tänker kring och arbetar med bilderböcker i barngruppen i den dagliga verksamheten. Studien undersöker förskollärares attityd till lässtunden och bilderbokens vidare användningsområden. Datainsamlingen gjordes genom kvalitativa intervjuer med fem förskollärare från fem olika förskolor. Materialet har bearbetats genom analys och resultatet är en förståelse för professionens möjligheter och begränsningar inom det berörda området. Denna studie utgår från en hypotes om att den planerade lässtunden i förskolan ofta är kort och utan bakomliggande tanke vad gäller språkutveckling. Resultatet visar på en tydlig språklig medvetenhet bland förskollärare i deras arbete med bilderböcker. Studien visar utifrån min hypotes andra resultat vad gäller bilderbokens vidare användningsområden samt barnens delaktighet i både lässtunder och annan användning av bilderboken. I resultatet av studien framkommer också förskollärarnas önskan om utökat arbete kring flerspråkighet, vilket vissa tror att en vidare användning av bilderboken kan ligga till grund för. / The purpose of this study was to explore preschool teachers’ attitudes and work with picture books as an active component of daily activities. The purpose was also to investigate in what other ways picture books are used apart from reading them out loud to the children. In order to examine this, qualitative interviews with five preschool teachers were used as a method of investigation. An analysis of the interviews indicates the possibilities and limitations of the profession in this area. This study is based on the hypothesis that the planned reading sessions with children in preschools are often short and without purpose in terms of language development. The result shows that the preschool teachers are well aware of the possibilities and applications offered by picture books. The result of the study shows a different view compared to the hypothesis, of how the preschool teachers use picture books in several different ways in their projects with the children. It also shows that the participation of the children while reading, and in other preschool activities, is a constant factor. The result also shows how preschool teachers wish to work more with multilingual development and that preschool teachers believe that picture books can provide the foundation for that kind of work.

Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS) is a progressive neurodegenerative disease. Despite the debilitating nature of this disease, some evidence suggests patients maintain their quality of life (QOL). Caregivers, on the other hand, experience decreased QOL. Evidence suggests existential aspects of well-being such as purpose in life (PIL) may be unique and stable sources of well-being for patients and caregivers. Furthermore, patients’ and caregivers’ well-being may impact one another. The present study examined the variance structure, trajectory, and dyadic relationship of PIL and QOL in patients with ALS and their caregivers (N = 110 dyads). Data from the Seattle ALS Patient Profile Project were utilized; PIL and QOL were assessed seven times, over eighteen months. PIL was more stable than QOL and therefore a psychological resource for patients and caregivers. PIL and QOL declined with time and disease severity. Individual differences in proximity to diagnosis and death moderated within-individual change. Decline was more rapid following diagnosis and approaching death, suggesting these are critical periods in which individuals need increased support. Well-being within the dyad was interrelated. Average QOL was similar across dyads. PIL within the dyad changed together over time. Dyadic relationships may reflect similar life conditions and a shared disease experience.

Research indicates that a more hands-on education in mathematics could improve how students relate to mathematics. Laboratory mathematics is a way of making mathematics more concrete.  How is the purpose of laboratory mathematics perceived? This thesis has its focus on the pupils’ perceptions of the purpose of laboratory mathematics, but the intention of the teacher involved is also investigated. The main research questions asked were: What is the teacher's definition of laboratory mathematics? Which is the teacher's purpose in using laboratory education? How do the students perceive the purpose of the laboratory teaching of mathematics? To answer the questions, I conducted a series of qualitative interviews. Data has been collected in a 3rd grade in Stockholm.  I interviewed a teacher and 17 students.  Results show that the teacher uses laboratory materials to ease the learning of mathematics and to concretize the content of mathematics. By using the phenomenographic method, I got five different preconceptions that students have about the purpose of laboratory education: Laboratory mathematics is for students who have difficulty with mathematics, laboratory mathematics allows more concentration in the classroom, using laboratory materials makes it easier to calculate, laboratory mathematics will help me when I calculate mathematics in every day situations and, finally when I use laboratory mathematics, I work with my hands. The study reaches the conclusion that teachers need to a highlight better the pedagogic purpose for the pupils to use laboratory mathematics.  Laboratory mathematics is in need of a higher status so that more students want to work with laboratory materials.

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Lietuvos istorijoje vyko daug žemės pertvarkymo procesų, kurie turėjo įtakos žemės naudojimui, naudmenų kitimui, kuriuos lėmė nuosavybės formų pokyčiai bei gamtinės sąlygos. Magistrantūros studijų baigiamajame darbe analizuojama žemės fondo kitimas ir pagrindinės tikslinės žemės naudojimo paskirties keitimas Kauno apskrityje 1998 – 2008 metais. Tyrimas atliktas išanalizavus literatūros šaltinius, norminius bei teritorijų planavimo dokumentus, surinktus statistinius duomenis. Kauno apskrityje didžiausią žemės fondo dalį užima žemės ūkio paskirties žemė – 61,54 %, kuri nuo 1998 – 2008 m. padidėjo 2 tūkst. ha. Mažiausiai yra konservacinės paskirties žemės – 0,18 % apskrities žemės fondo. Žemės savininkas ar kitas naudotojas privalo naudoti žemę pagal pagrindinę tikslinę naudojimo paskirtį. Tačiau žemės ūkio paskirties žemės, naudojamos ūkininkavimui, ir kitos paskirties žemės, naudojamos gyvenamųjų namų statybai, kaina labai stipriai skiriasi, todėl žmonės yra suinteresuoti keisti žemės naudojimo paskirtį. Per 2005 – 2008 metus įregistruotų žemės sklypų skaičius, kuriems buvo pakeista pagrindinė tikslinė žemės naudojimo paskirtis, visoje Lietuvoje išaugo 1,6 karto, Kauno apskrityje – 2,6 karto. Kauno apskrityje daugiausia rengiami detalieji planai žemės ūkio paskirties pakeitimui į kitos paskirties (mažaaukščių gyvenamųjų namų statybos ir komercinės paskirties objektų teritorijos/pramonės ir sandėliavimo objektų teritorijos). / A number of land reform processes took place in Lithuanian history, which influenced land use and landed property change, which were conditioned by changes of property’s forms and natural conditions. Change of land fund and main purpose change of purposive land use in Kaunas district in the period 1998 – 2008 are analysed in the final Master studies paper. Research has been carried out after analysing literature sources, regulative and territory planning documents, collected statistical data. Most part of land fund in Kaunas district is occupied by agricultural purpose land – 61,54 %, which from 1998 – 2008 enhanced by 2 thousand ha. There is least of conservation purpose land – 0,18 % of district land fund. Land owner or other user is obliged to use land in accordance with main targeted land use purpose. However, the price of agricultural purpose land used for farming and other purpose land, used for dwelling houses construction, differs a lot thus people are interested in changing the purpose of land use. During the period of 2005 – 2008 the number of recorded land sites, the purpose of which was changed, increased in Lithuania by 1,6 times, whereas in Kaunas district by 2,6 times. Detailed plans for changing land use purpose into other kind of land use (low floor dwelling house construction and commercial purpose objects territory and storage object territories) are mostly prepared in Kaunas district.

With increased enrolment in post-secondary education in Canada, communities hosting universities or colleges have witnessed a higher number of students residing in their near-campus neighbourhoods. The concentration of students has negative impacts on these once low-density, family-oriented neighbourhoods. Near-campus neighbourhoods are often associated with images of run-down properties, garbage-strewn front yards, and alcohol fuelled parties. Some Ontario municipalities have responded to these problems with student accommodation strategies and planning initiatives. However, the problems in near-campus neighbourhoods and the effectiveness of the planning strategies have not been well understood due to the novelty of the issue and the scarcity of related research in the Canadian context. This study aims to answer two research questions: 1) what are the impacts of student populations on near-campus neighbourhoods in Ontario? 2) how, and how effectively, have planning authorities responded to the challenges of near-campus neighbourhoods? To answer these research questions, surveys and interviews were conducted among planners and post-secondary institution housing officers in Ontario university/college communities. Evidence was also sought from other resources including other academic studies, planning documents and media output. The study results showed that at least 23 Ontario municipalities faced challenges associated with the concentration of student population in near-campus neighbourhoods. The challenges relate to demographic imbalance, decreased rates of homeownership, a deteriorating neighbourhood environment, and student behavioural issues. However, only around half of the affected communities have developed planning strategies to respond to the challenges. Eleven planning approaches are identified, analyzed, and evaluated in the study. In general, planning policies to encourage high-density development to accommodate students are common approaches and considered effective: purpose-built student housing has significantly increased its market share in some university communities. This type of development relieves housing pressure, but it is not clear if it helps to stabilize low-density neighbourhoods near campus; the attempt to regulate the student private rental market by zoning and licensing regimes has several drawbacks. The study also reveals diverse interests of different stakeholders in near-campus neighbourhoods, and the lack of effective collaboration and partnerships among them in addressing challenges in their neighbourhoods in general.