The thesis discusses the task of easements appraisement in detail. The theoretical part is aimed to general analysis of easements; kinds of easements, possible ways of their formation and termination are stressed. Separate part deals with delimitation of basic terms associated with appraicement of real estate, basic techniques of appraicement of easements from the point of view of appraicement purpose and the kind of easement. Consecutively the theoretical part is applied to appraicement of easement for cost free using of family house and garden, easement for participating on crop from garden and appraicement of easement for domestic animals breeding for tax purposes so as contractual purposes for the lifetime of the eligible person.

Arbetets syfte är att ge en fördjupad inblick i det aktiebolagsrättsliga vinstsyftet och särskilt undersöka hur det påverkar bolagsledningens beslutsförmåga. Som ett koncept har vinstsyftet varit en del av aktiebolagen sedan bolagsformens uppkomst, men kom inte till uttryck i aktiebolagslagen före 1944 års revidering. Den ledande principen för uppfyllande av vinstsyftet är vinstmaximeringsprincipen. Enligt den ska bolagsledningen sträva efter en maximering av bolagets värde. På vilket sätt detta ska ske är omdiskuterat och inget tydligt svar verkar finnas i den nuvarande rätten. Som en konsekvens av att bolagsledningen måste följa vinstmaximeringsprincipen samt att enbart aktieägarnas intresse får tas i beaktning medför vinstsyftet flera begränsningar vid beslutsfattandet. Trots detta anses utrymme för flexibilitet fortfarande finnas. Vinstsyftet är även inte utan undantag. Resultatet är en bestämmelse med faktisk verkan men utan klar innebörd och osäkra ramar. Det är därför nödvändigt att försöka klargöra vinstsyftets innebörd och vilken verkan det kan ha på förvaltningen av bolagets angelägenheter.

Sense of purpose in life, or the view that one’s life has direction and is guided by overarching life aims, has been found to predict better health outcomes across the adult lifespan, including better cognitive functioning and dementia risk, physical health, and improved longevity. This research is based on multi-study replications of large longitudinal datasets, as well as intensive measurement design to examine short-term (e.g., within-day, day-to-day) and long-term (years) associations between sense of purpose and markers of cognition and health. The first project used multistate survival modeling to evaluate the role of sense of purpose on transitions across cognitive states and death and was based on two large longitudinal datasets – the Rush Memory and Aging Project (MAP) and the Health and Retirement Study (HRS). More purposeful older adults were found to have lower prospective risk of developing mild cognitive impairment (and equivalent classification in HRS), later onset of impairment, and increased likelihood of improvement in cognitive functioning following MCI classification. These results were replicated across two independent longitudinal studies with disparate samples and measurement procedures. The second project examined longitudinal associations between sense of purpose in life and allostatic load in two nationally representative samples of American (HRS) and English (English Longitudinal Study of Ageing; ELSA) adults over age 50. Blood-based biomarkers of cardiovascular, metabolic, immune, and renal function, as well as anthropometric and physical markers such as lung function were used to compute overall scores representing allostatic burden. Sense of purpose in life was associated with lower overall level of allostatic load across measurement occasions in the two samples but did not predict rate of change or within-person fluctuations in allostatic burden across time. The third study investigated daily variations in sense of purpose and associations with daily cognitive performance using an ecological momentary assessment design. Multilevel models examined within- and between-person associations between end of day sense of purpose ratings and performance on five indices of cognitive functioning. Results showed no associations between daily ratings of purposefulness and performance on five cognitive tasks across a two-week period. Taken together, these findings advance existing theory and highlight important directions for the field moving forward. / Graduate / 2023-07-29

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The process of determining outputs and outcomes plays a key role in the setting of global targets, in defining national sector policy and strategic plans and in ensuring a continuous, safe supply of affordable water. Each of these actions, are integrally linked by aggregated data sets generated through an effective monitoring and evaluation (M&E) process. This thesis examines the various components of M&E across three case studies: Global, Kenya and Uganda, including aspects such as whether roles and responsibilities are realistically assigned and whether there is a recurring set of core indicators being monitored and reported. The research has also sought to establish an evidence base of the associated costs and efficacy of use of M&E. Through purposive and snowball sampling, fieldwork was undertaken across the case studies with 85 key stakeholders. Programme, national and global level data sets were collected through structured literature reviews, document and data archive reviews, key informant and semi-structured interviews. Qualitative and quantitative data analysis methods were applied. The results demonstrate that despite having a recurring global goal and associated target, the number and variety of indicators reported against has grown over time and at each level. In turn this is placing a burden on already resource constrained countries. Regardless of the various principles of harmonization and alignment, countries are still required to manage internally and externally driven parallel systems. Whilst the research suggests the costs of M&E are escalating, the full extent of this increase remains unknown as does the extent of efficacy of use of M&E. Despite evidence that country-led M&E processes are at some level achieving their objectives, with the continuing complexities of the sector particularly around the accompanying aid architecture, M&E is not currently ‘fit for purpose’ for use in the WASH sector and is unlikely to be providing value for money.

Resilience and perceived life purpose are phenomena which have been getting more and more attention in foreign literature recently. The results of resilience and life purpose research has its own place in psychotherapy, psychological consultancy and preventive care. The purpose of the theoretical part of diploma thesis was first to present the concepts of resilience and perceived life purpose as separate areas, and then to connect them into an interacting unit. The theoretical part of the thesis refers to the age - related specifics of resilience in connection to developmental tasks of each stage. The aim of the empirical part of diploma thesis was to prove the relationship between resilience and perceived life purpose using a research sample (N = 231), which was being measured by three questionnaire methods - Connor - Davidson Resilience Scale (CD - RISC), Life Engagement Test (LET) a LOGO - test. Another step in the empirical part was to find out if there are differences in grades of resilience and perceived life purpose between two groups (age 18 - 30 and 31 - 65). The results of the empirical part have proven a significant relationship between both variables. The LOGO - test shows considerable differences between the groups in the grades of perceived existential frustration. The results of the...

Master of Science / Department of Special Education, Counseling, and Student Affairs / Doris Carroll / Hall and Chandler argued that one of the deepest forms of satisfaction or psychological success can occur when the person experiences work as more than a job or career – when it is a calling (2005, p. 160). They defined calling as work that a person perceives as his purpose in life. Adams (2012) said “there has been a recent awareness of the need to find ways to incorporate meaning into people’s work (p. 66).” Steger defined meaning as “the extent to which people comprehend, make sense of, or see significance in their lives, accompanied by the degree to which they perceive themselves to have a purpose, mission, or over-arching aim in life” (Steger, 2009, p. 680). Historically, an individual received an external calling from God but today another type of calling is being discussed: that of an internal calling. The Student Volunteer Movement or SVM was the name of one of history’s most impactful Christian missionary movements to ever take place, and it originated in collegiate America (Ahrend, 2010). More missionaries were sent out in the first year of the Student Volunteer Movement than had been sent from the United States in the previous century. From 1890 to 1930 the SVM was comprised of 100,000 volunteers who committed to give their lives to the employment of Christian missions. Of those, 20,000 actually left America to live in other countries while 80,000 stayed behind in America. Those who stayed behind formed the Laymen's Missionary Movement to financially support the goers (Ahrend, 2010). During these forty years, this mobilization effort was able to recruit one out of every thirty-seven university students in the United States (Ahrend, 2010). Undoubtedly, there are important implications for understanding the Student Volunteer Movement if you are affiliated with a Christian campus ministry. However, if the Student Volunteer Movement were seen as only religious individuals, then one would have misunderstood the developmental excellence of the SVM. The lessons learned from the Student Volunteer Movement, transcend religious boundaries. Examining the Student Volunteer Movement helps student development educators create new ways to support students as they discover their calling. Additionally, it has implications for how faculty and professionals advise students who have calling. This paper provides an example of the relationship between student affairs professionals and spiritual development among students. This comprehensive analysis of the Student Volunteer Movement informs student affairs professionals how best to support a student’s holistic development.

Master of Science / Department of Psychological Sciences / Patrick A. Knight / Despite the functional importance of performance appraisals in organizational settings, rating inaccuracies persist and have been a widely researched topic for decades. Contemporary efforts to explore the problem have turned to components of accuracy to foster a more detailed understanding of the influence of situational factors and individual biases. In particular, a great deal of research has examined the role of rating purpose (e.g., administrative, developmental) on subsequent accuracy, consistently revealing greater leniency for administrative ratings than for developmental ratings. On the basis of spreading activation theory, rating purpose was conceptualized as a priming event, and in combination with rating strategy priming, was expected to prompt predictable enhancements to specific components of accuracy. Participants for this experimental study were 160 undergraduate students. Participants were randomly assigned a rating purpose with “real-world” implications, and exposed to a strategy priming task designed to promote specific rating cognitions. Students viewed video-recorded competitive marching band performances, and rated them. Participants’ ratings were compared to those made by experienced raters to compute accuracy estimates. Results were largely non-significant, but in the directions expected. Limitations and future research opportunities are discussed.

Syftet med studien är att beskriva fyra lärares respektive tio elevers syn på varför matematikläxor används i lågstadiet samt vilka attityder de har gentemot dem. Metoden som har använts är semistrukturerade intervjuer med elever och lärare i årskurs 1–2. Resultaten visar att samtliga lärare framförallt ger läxa i syfte att repetera och befästa kunskap. Eleverna framförde en likartad uppfattning och menade att läxan är till för att träna mer på det innehåll som har behandlats under lektionstid. Lärarnas attityder gentemot läxor skiljde sig, då två av lärarna uppgav en positiv inställning medan två av lärarna uttryckte en direkt negativ inställning till läxor. Resultaten visar vidare att lärarnas uppfattning om elevernas attityder gentemot matematikläxor skiljer sig från elevernas faktiska attityd. Lärarna förklarade att de upplevde de flesta elevers inställning som positiv. Samtidigt uppgav sex av tio elever en negativ inställning till arbetet med den senaste matematikläxan. Samtliga lärare uppgav att det kan finnas svårigheter med läxor, såsom tidsbrist och att konflikter kan uppstå i hemmet. En slutsats som kan dras från resultaten är att färdighetsträning är den vanligaste orsaken till att läxor ges, enligt både lärarna, eleverna och forskare. / The purpose of the study is to describe four teachers 'and ten students' views on why mathematics homework is used in primary school as well as what attitudes they have towards them. The method used is semi-structured interviews with students and teachers in grades 1–2. The results show that all teachers primarily give homework in order to repeat and consolidate knowledge. The students presented a similar view and said that the purpose of homework is to practice more on the content that has been treated during lesson. The teachers' attitudes towards homework differed, as two of the teachers stated a positive attitude, while two of the teachers expressed a direct negative attitude to homework. The results also show that the teachers' perception of the students' attitudes towards the mathematics homework differs from the students' actual attitude. The teachers explained that they experienced the attitude of most students as positive. At the same time, six out of ten students expressed a negative attitude to the work on the latest mathematics homework. All teachers stated that there may be difficulties with homework, such as lack of time and that conflicts may occur in the home. One conclusion that can be drawn from the results is that skill training is the most common reason why homework is given, according to both the teachers, the students and the researchers.

Thesis advisor: Candace Jones / Online communities support collective action without many of the constraints that have belied collective actors and formal organizations in the past. They have become increasingly pervasive platforms for activism as well as potential catalysts for novelty in organizing practices. Scholars have shown that by leveraging affordances of the Internet, these communities have displaced or become complements to face-to-face organizations such as churches, community centers, labor unions and political groups that have traditionally structured civic engagement. Few empirical studies, however, systematically address how processes ranging from mobilization to the coordination of complex, large-scale collective action and practices that enable and support these processes are different in online environments. In this dissertation, I provide conceptual background that supports the study of online communities as dynamic and diverse modes of civic engagement. I reveal how locations, boundaries, interactions and identities are instantiated differently in online communities, influencing processes and practices that are crucial to social change. Using Internet-based ethnographic methods, I examine: (1) how an online community called `Anonymous' experiences shifts in purpose as it transitions from being focused on recreation to becoming both an incubator and support system for several social change projects and (2) how the community adopts a repertoire of coordinating practices that allows it to organize complex projects. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2013. / Submitted to: Boston College. Carroll School of Management. / Discipline: Management and Organization.