Se amplía la metodología del índice de pobreza crónica generacional en el desarrollo temprano incluyendo la posibilidad del uso de las variables riqueza o consumo como representación alternativa al ingreso de la dimensión integral de estatus socio-económico. Se menciona la adaptabilidad del indicador a diversos criterios de evaluación antropométrica del crecimiento como dimensión integral socio-siológica del desarrollo integral para la siguiente generación. Entre las posibles estrategias de política para desarrollo generacional se abre una discusión sobre la implementación de programas ya sea en la forma de asignaciones condicionadas en salud en el desarrollo temprano, o bien para la focalización de políticas en el desarrollo agricola-cultural.

Cette thèse de doctorat présente une contribution pour la mise en oeuvre de films polymères cellulaires piézoélectriques ayant la capacité de transformer une contrainte mécanique en une réponse électrique (effet piézoélectrique direct) et inversement une stimulation électrique engendre une déformation du matériau (effet piézoélectrique inverse). Le développement de ces films a été obtenu par l'utilisation des montages expérimentaux développés dans le cadre de ce travail pour chaque étape du procédé. Les matériaux choisis sont le polypropylene (PP), le polyethylene haute densité (PEHD) et les particules de carbonate de calcium (CaCO₃) le procédé de chargement électrique a été obtenu par le l'effet couronne. Les résultats obtenus ont été structurés en quatre parties présentées sous forme de quatre articles : La première partie présente l'obtention de films minces par étirage bi-axial après extrusion sous forme de films épais. L'opération d'étirage bi-axial a été réalisée avec un système mécanique modulaire conçu et réalisé dans le cadre de ce travail et qui a fait l'objet d'un dépôt de brevet d'invention. Les matériaux étudiés dans cette partie sont le PP et le HDPE. La deuxième partie présente la fabrication de films minces composites à structure cellulaire non interconnectée par étirage bi-axial. Les matériaux utilisés sont de nouveau le PP et le HDPE chargés par des particules de CaCCO₃ Les films obtenus ont été caractérisés par la porosimétrie à mercure et la microscopie électronique à balayage. La troisième partie présente le gonflement par diffusion de gaz (N2) et le chargement électrique par le procédé couronne de films de PP/CaCO₃ étirés bi-axialement. L'effet piézoélectrique a été caractérisé dans le cas d'effet piézoélectrique direct en mode de sollicitation quasi-statique et dynamique. La quatrième et dernière partie présente la modélisation de l'effet piézoélectrique suivant l'épaisseur du film composite et cellulaire. Le modèle développé permet la détermination du coefficient de piézoélectricité (d₃₃) suivant l'épaisseur en fonction de la morphologie cellulaire, la porosité, l'épaisseur, le coefficient diélectrique du matériau polymère et le module de Young.

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While an information retrieval system takes as input a user query and returns a list of relevant documents chosen from a large collection, a question answering system attempts to produce an exact answer. Recent research, motivated by the question answering track of the Text REtrieval Conference (TREC) has focused mainly on answering ‘factoid’ questions concerned with names, places, dates etc. in the news domain. However, questions seeking definitions of terms are common in the logs of search engines. The objective of this project was therefore to investigate methods of retrieving definitions from scientific documents. The subject domain was salmon, and an appropriate test collection of articles was created, pre-processed and indexed. Relevant terms were obtained from salmon researchers and a fish database. A system was built which accepted a term as input, retrieved relevant documents from the collection using a search engine, identified definition phrases within them using a vocabulary of syntactic patterns and associated heuristics, and produced as output phrases explaining the term. Four experiments were carried out which progressively extended and refined the patterns. The performance of the system, measured using an appropriate form of precision, improved over the experiments from 8.6% to 63.6%. The main findings of the research were: (1) Definitions were diverse despite the documents’ homogeneity and found not only in the Introduction and Abstract sections but also in the Methods and References; (2) Nevertheless, syntactic patterns were a useful starting point in extracting them; (3) Three patterns accounted for 90% of candidate phrases; (4) Statistically, the ordinal number of the instance of the term in a document was a better indicator of the presence of a definition than either sentence position and length, or the number of sentences in the document. Next steps include classifying terms, using information extraction-like templates, resolving basic anaphors, ranking answers, exploiting the structure of scientific papers, and refining the evaluation process.

Cette thèse vise à modéliser numériquement des barrages en enrochements pendant les phases de construction et de mise en eau. Ceci est fait en se basant sur des essais en laboratoire et l’analyse des données de l'instrumentation insitu. Des essais triaxiaux en compression monotone à déformation/contrainte contrôlée sont effectués sur des assemblages compactés de particules de granit. Les échantillons utilisés en laboratoire ont initialement été préparés à différentes densités sèches et à différentes granulométries. Une loi de comportement élastoplastique parfait, en considérant l’élasticité non linéaire est implémentée dans le logiciel FLAC. Ceci est fait pour modéliser le comportement des particules de roche pendant les essais. Le nouveau modèle est basé sur le comportement hyperbolique, en considérant le critère de rupture de Mohr-Coulomb avec une règle d'écoulement non associé pour considérer la dilatance à cause du cisaillement. La technique de relaxation des contraintes de Nobari-Duncan est également implémentée dans FLAC avec les procédures modifiées et les nouveaux algorithmes pour reproduire les déformations causées par le mouillage. À l'aide de neuf paramètres, le modèle réussi à reproduire le comportement observé pendant les essais triaxiaux et à caractériser l'assemblage des particules de roche. Les effets de temps et de saturation sont également discutés en détail. Finalement, le modèle est utilisé pour la modélisation des étapes de la construction et de la mise en eau du barrage en enrochement LG4 construit au Québec, Canada. Les résultats de la modélisation sont comparés avec les données de l'instrumentation. Aussi, les efforts antérieurs de modélisation de ce barrage et les avantages du nouveau modèle sont discutés. / This thesis contributes to the field of numerical modeling of rockfill dams during construction and impoundment based on laboratory research and field instrumentation. Data is presented from monotonic triaxial compression tests, in both stress and strain-controlled conditions, on compacted assemblages of granite rock particles prepared in the laboratory using different initial dry densities and grain size distribution. A nonlinear elastic-perfectly plastic constitutive model is implemented into the commercial software, FLAC, to simulate the behavior of the rock particles during the tests. The new implemented model is the traditional hyperbolic model coupled with the Mohr-Coulomb plastic failure criteria, and with a non-associated flow rule to consider shear dilatancy. The Nobari-Duncan stress relaxation technique with modified procedures and algorithms is also implemented in FLAC to reproduce the collapse deformations due to wetting. Using nine parameters, the model is successful to capture the observed behavior in the triaxial tests and to characterize the assemblage of rock particles. The effects of time and saturation are also discussed in detail. Finally, the model is used to simulate the construction and impoundment stages of LG4 rockfill dam in Quebec, Canada. The results of the modeling of both stages are compared with the instrumentation data and previous efforts of the modeling of this dam and the advantages of the new model are discussed.

Aim: The aim of this study is to analyse potential determinants of cycle commuting speed, with the following research questions: 1. How does cycle commuting speed relate to amount of gears, access to shower facilities, and rating of perceived exertion (RPE), when sex, age, weight, body mass index (BMI), duration, last digit in self-reported duration, and cycling area are controlled for? 2. How are the earlier found relationships between speed and duration, and speed and sex, affected when amount of gears, access to shower facilities, and RPE are added to the control variables age, weight, BMI, last digit in self-reported duration, and cycling area?   Method: In this cross-sectional study, 1526 adult cycle commuters (67% females) in Stockholm County, Sweden, were recruited through advertisements. In a self-administered questionnaire, the respondents reported their sex, age, height, weight, duration of their typical cycle commuting journey, amount of gears, access to shower facilities at the destination, and rating of perceived exertion (measured by the Borg RPE Scale) while cycling. They also drew their cycling route on an individually adjusted map. Multiple linear regression was used to facilitate the analyses.   Results: In a regression model with the independent variables sex, age, weight, body mass index, duration, last digit in self-reported duration (1–4 or 6–9 compared to 0 or 5), cycling area (inner urban compared to suburban and suburban – inner urban), gears, shower facilities, and RPE, the dependent variable cycle commuting speed was positively related to using a bicycle with five or more (as compared to four or fewer) gears, having convenient (as opposed to inconvenient or non-existent) access to shower facilities, and perceiving a higher degree of exertion while cycling. Gears, showers, and RPE were also found to substantially affect the earlier found relationships between speed and duration, and speed and sex. The respondents showed a clear tendency of giving odd-numbered, compared to even-numbered, ratings of perceived exertion.   Conclusions: This study highlights the importance of gears, showers, and RPE in activities such as estimating, planning or taking measures in relation to cycle commuting. It also shows that adding new factors to control for might change earlier established relationships within this field. When the Borg RPE Scale is used, correct instructions strengthens the validity. / Syfte och frågeställningar: Syftet med denna studie är att analysera potentiella påverkansfaktorer gällande cykelpendlingshastighet, med följande frågeställningar: 1. Hur relaterar hastighet till antal växlar, tillgång till duschfaciliteter och skattning av egenupplevd fysisk ansträngningsgrad (RPE), när kön, ålder, vikt, BMI, duration, slutsiffra i självrapporterad duration samt cykelområde kontrolleras? 2. Hur påverkas de tidigare funna förhållandena mellan hastighet och duration, samt hastighet och kön, när antal växlar, tillgång till duschfaciliteter och RPE adderas till kontrollvariablerna ålder, vikt, BMI, slutsiffra i självrapporterad duration, och cykelområde?   Metod: I denna tvärsnittsstudie rekryterades 1526 vuxna cykelpendlare (67% kvinnor) i Stockholms län genom annonser. I ett själv-administrerat formulär rapporterade de kön, ålder, längd, vikt, duration vid deras typiska cykelpendlingsresa, antal växlar, tillgång till duschfaciliteter vid destinationen, och skattning av egenupplevd fysisk ansträngningsgrad (enligt Borgskalan) under cyklingen. De ritade även in sin cykelväg på en individuellt anpassad karta. Multipel linjär regression användes för att möjliggöra analyserna.   Resultat: I en regressionsmodell med de oberoende variablerna kön, ålder, vikt, BMI, duration, slutsiffra i självrapporterad duration (1­–4 eller 6–9 jämfört med 0 eller 5), cykelområde (innerstad i jämförelse med ytterstad samt ytterstad – innerstad), växlar, duschmöjligheter och RPE, var den beroende variabeln cykelhastighet positivt relaterad till användandet av en cykel med fem växlar eller fler (i jämförelse med fyra eller färre), att ha bekväm tillgång till dusch (i motsats till obekväm eller ingen tillgång alls) samt att uppleva en högre grad av fysisk ansträngning under cykling. Växlar, duschmöjligheter och RPE visade sig även substantiellt påverka de tidigare funna förhållandena mellan hastighet och duration, samt hastighet och kön. Respondenterna visade en tydlig tendens att ge ojämna, i jämförelse med jämna, RPE-skattningar.   Slutsats: Denna studie belyser vikten av växlar, duschmöjligheter och egenupplevd ansträngningsgrad vid exempelvis bedömning, planering eller vidtagande av åtgärder i relation till cykelpendling. Den visar även att nya kontrollfaktorer kan förändra tidigare etablerade förhållanden inom detta fält. Korrekta instruktioner stärker validiteten vid användandet av Borgskalan.

Avant de décrire de manière détaillée notre pavement, nous avons essayé d'avoir une idée de la maison où il se trouve ainsi que des mosaïques qui pavent certaines de nos pièces. Pour découvrir le type qui correspond le mieux à notre pavement, nous avons passé en revue de manière critique les principales typologies concernant les mosaïques d'Orphée charmant les animaux. Comme le schéma de Volubilis est comparable à celui de certains décors de plafond, nous avons cherché à connaître le genre de décor qui s'apparente au nôtre. En comparant les différents éléments iconographiques de notre mosaïque par rapport à ceux des modèles de l'ensemble des types d'art connus de l'Antiquité (peinture, reliefs, statuaire etc. ...), nous avions pour objectif la recherche du modèle qui présente le plus d'affinités avec le nôtre. Nous n'avons pas omis d'étudier le matériau et la technique utilisés; pas plus que nous n'avons oublié de tenter de découvrir si la restauration o altéré le schéma initial de cette mosaïque. Cette recherche nous o permis de voir que ce pavement présente autant d'éléments qui l'apparentent aux pavements du début du IIIe siècle que de ceux diffusés surtout au milieu du IVe siècle. / Québec Université Laval, Bibliothèque 2013

This thesis proposes a novel approach to extracting pose information from image sequences. Current state of the art techniques focus exclusively on the image space occupied by the body for pose and action recognition. The method proposed here, however, focuses on the negative spaces: the areas surrounding the individual. This has resulted in the colour-coded negative space approach, an image preprocessing step that circumvents the need for complicated model fitting or template matching methods. The approach can be described as follows: negative spaces surrounding the human silhouette are extracted using horizontal and vertical scanning processes. These negative space areas are more numerous, and undergo more radical changes in shape than the single area occupied by the figure of the person performing an action. The colour-coded negative space representation is formed using the four binary images produced by the scanning processes. Features are then extracted from the colour-coded images. These are based on the percentage of area occupied by distinct coloured regions as well as the bounding box proportions. Pose clusters are identified using feedback from an independent action set. Subsequent images are classified using a simple Euclidean distance measure. An image sequence is thus temporally segmented into its corresponding pose representations. Action recognition simply becomes the detection of a temporally ordered sequence of poses that characterises the action. The method is purely vision-based, utilising monocular images with no need for body markers or special clothing. Two datasets were constructed using several actors performing different poses and actions. Some of these actions included actors waving their arms, sitting down or kicking a leg. These actions were recorded against a monochrome background to simplify the segmentation of the actors from the background. The actions were then recorded on DV cam and digitised into a data base. The silhouette images from these actions were isolated and placed in a frame or bounding box. The next step was to highlight the negative spaces using a directional scanning method. This scanning method colour-codes the negative spaces of each action. What became immediately apparent is that very distinctive colour patterns formed for different actions. To emphasise the action, different colours were allocated to negative spaces surrounding the image. For example, the space between the legs of an actor standing in a T - pose with legs apart would be allocated yellow, while the space below the arms were allocated different shades of green. The space surrounding the head would be different shades of purple. During an action when the actor moves one leg up in a kicking fashion, the yellow colour would increase. Inversely, when the actor closes his legs and puts them together, the yellow colour filling the negative space would decrease substantially. What also became apparent is that these coloured negative spaces are interdependent and that they influence each other during the course of an action. For example, when an actor lifts one of his legs, increasing the yellow-coded negative space, the green space between that leg and the arm decreases. This interrelationship between colours hold true for all poses and actions as presented in this thesis. In terms of pose recognition, it is significant that these colour coded negative spaces and the way the change during an action or a movement are substantial and instantly recognisable. Compare for example, looking at someone lifting an arm as opposed to seeing a vast negative space changing shape. In a controlled research environment, several actors were instructed to perform a number of different actions. After colour coding the negative spaces, it became apparent that every action can be recognised by a unique colour coded pattern. The challenge is to ascribe a numerical presentation, a mathematical quotation, to extract the essence of what is so visually apparent. The essence of pose recognition and it's measurability lies in the relationship between the colours in these negative spaces and how they impact on each other during a pose or an action. The simplest way of measuring this relationship is by calculating the percentage of each colour present during an action. These calculated percentages become the basis of pose and action recognition. By plotting these percentages on a graph confirms that the essence of these different actions and poses can in fact been captured and recognised. Despite variations in these traces caused by time differences, personal appearance and mannerisms, what emerged is a clear recognisable pattern that can be married to an action or different parts of an action. 7 Actors might lift their left leg, some slightly higher than others, some slower than others and these variations in terms of colour percentages would be recorded as a trace, but there would be very specific stages during the action where the traces would correspond, making the action recognisable.In conclusion, using negative space as a tool in human pose and tracking recognition presents an exiting research avenue because it is influenced less by variations such as difference in personal appearance and changes in the angle of observation. This approach is also simplistic and does not rely on complicated models and templates