As ferramentas de modelagem molecular e de estudos das relações quantitativas entre a estrutura e atividade (QSAR) ou estrutura e propriedade (QSPR) estão integradas ao processo de planejamento de fármacos, sendo de extremo valor na busca por novas moléculas bioativas com propriedades farmacocinéticas e farmacodinâmicas otimizadas. O trabalho em Química Medicinal realizado nesta dissertação de mestrado teve como objetivo estudar as relações quantitativas entre a estrutura e as propriedades farmacocinéticas biodisponibilidade oral e ligação às proteínas plasmáticas. Para a realização deste trabalho, conjuntos padrões de dados foram organizados para as propriedades biodisponibilidade e ligação às proteínas plasmáticas contendo a informação qualificada sobre a estrutura química e a propriedade alvo correspondente. Os conjuntos de dados criados formaram as bases científicas para o desenvolvimento dos modelos preditivos empregando os métodos holograma QSAR e VolSurf. Os modelos finais de HQSAR e VolSurf gerados neste trabalho possuem elevada consistência interna e externa, apresentando bom poder de correlação e predição das propriedades alvo. Devido à simplicidade, robustez e consistência, estes modelos são guias úteis em Química Medicinal nos estágios iniciais do processo de descoberta e desenvolvimento de fármacos. / Molecular modeling tools and quantitative structure-activity relantionships (QSAR) or structure-property (QSPR) are integrated into the drug design process in the search for new bioactive molecules with good pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The Medicinal Chemistry work carried out in this Master’s dissertation concerned studies of the quantitative relationshisps between chemical structure and the pharmacokinetic properties oral bioavailability and plasma protein binding. In the present work, standard data sets for bioavailability and plasma protein binding were organized encompassing the structural information and corresponding pharmacokinetic data. The created data sets established the scientific basis for the development of predictive models using the hologram QSAR and VolSurf methods. The final HQSAR and VolSurf models posses high internal and external consistency with good correlative and predictive power. Due to the simplicity, robustness and effectivess, these models are useful guides in Medicinal Chemistry in the early stages of the drug discovery and development process.

Généralement les modèles QSPR ne sont utilisés que pour prédire des propriétés des corps purs. Dans cette thèse nous avons développé une approche QSPR permettant de prédire des propriétés non additives de mélanges binaires, plus précisément leur caractère azéotropique/zéotropique. Pour parvenir à ce résultat, plusieurs types de modèles quantitatifs et qualitatifs ont été développés. L’approche est originale pour deux raisons. Premièrement, peu de travaux de recherche ont été publiés sur des mélanges dont les propriétés sont non-additives. Deuxièmement, plusieurs nouveaux aspects méthodologiques ont été introduits dans ce travail. Tout d'abord des descripteurs "spéciaux", capables de décrire des mélanges ont été proposés. De plus, un protocole robuste d'obtention et de validation des modèles a été utilisé, et un domaine d'applicabilité des modèles fiable a été proposé. La méthodologie développée pendant cette thèse démontre la fiabilité d'un nouveau concept – les modèles QSPR pour les mélanges. Elle est comparable à d'autres méthodes classiques, quoique n'utilisant qu'un faible nombre de données en comparaison. / Generally, QSPR models are limited to individual compounds. In this thesis we have developed a QSPR approach to predict non-additive properties of binary mixtures, more explicitly their azeotropic behavior. To achieve this, several types of quantitative and qualitative models have been developed. This approach is original for two reasons. First, little research has been published on mixtures whose properties are no additive. Second, several new methodological aspects have been introduced in this work. First of all "special" descriptors able to describe mixtures have been proposed. In addition, a robust protocol for obtaining and validating models was used, and a reliable models applicability domain was proposed. The methodology developed during this thesis demonstrates the consistency of a new concept - the QSPR models for mixtures. It is comparable to other conventional methods, though using only limited data.

As ferramentas de modelagem molecular e de estudos das relações quantitativas entre a estrutura e atividade (QSAR) ou estrutura e propriedade (QSPR) estão integradas ao processo de planejamento de fármacos, sendo de extremo valor na busca por novas moléculas bioativas com propriedades farmacocinéticas e farmacodinâmicas otimizadas. O trabalho em Química Medicinal realizado nesta dissertação de mestrado teve como objetivo estudar as relações quantitativas entre a estrutura e as propriedades farmacocinéticas biodisponibilidade oral e ligação às proteínas plasmáticas. Para a realização deste trabalho, conjuntos padrões de dados foram organizados para as propriedades biodisponibilidade e ligação às proteínas plasmáticas contendo a informação qualificada sobre a estrutura química e a propriedade alvo correspondente. Os conjuntos de dados criados formaram as bases científicas para o desenvolvimento dos modelos preditivos empregando os métodos holograma QSAR e VolSurf. Os modelos finais de HQSAR e VolSurf gerados neste trabalho possuem elevada consistência interna e externa, apresentando bom poder de correlação e predição das propriedades alvo. Devido à simplicidade, robustez e consistência, estes modelos são guias úteis em Química Medicinal nos estágios iniciais do processo de descoberta e desenvolvimento de fármacos. / Molecular modeling tools and quantitative structure-activity relantionships (QSAR) or structure-property (QSPR) are integrated into the drug design process in the search for new bioactive molecules with good pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties. The Medicinal Chemistry work carried out in this Master’s dissertation concerned studies of the quantitative relationshisps between chemical structure and the pharmacokinetic properties oral bioavailability and plasma protein binding. In the present work, standard data sets for bioavailability and plasma protein binding were organized encompassing the structural information and corresponding pharmacokinetic data. The created data sets established the scientific basis for the development of predictive models using the hologram QSAR and VolSurf methods. The final HQSAR and VolSurf models posses high internal and external consistency with good correlative and predictive power. Due to the simplicity, robustness and effectivess, these models are useful guides in Medicinal Chemistry in the early stages of the drug discovery and development process.

Alguns nitrocompostos apresentam atividade antichagásica resultante do processo de redução do grupo nitro com conseqüente formação de radical nitro ânion e de intermediários tóxicos ao parasita. A variação estrutural dos derivados 5-nitroheterocíclicos pode interferir no processo de redução destes compostos e, também, na atividade biológica. Neste aspecto, o estudo da redução dos nitrocompostos por meio de técnicas voltamétricas, como a voltametria cíclica e a voltametria de onda quadrada é uma forma de avaliar ou até simular o mecanismo de ação destes derivados. Assim, a avaliação de processos eletródicos e a determinação dos potenciais de redução dos nitrocompostos fornecem subsídios para a compreensão do mecanismo da atividade antiparasitária. Neste trabalho, desenvolveram-se procedimentos eletroquímicos utilizados para a determinação do potencial de redução e do potencial de meia onda de vinte e três nitrocompostos (5-nitro-2-tiofilideno 4-R-benzidrazidas e 5-nitro-2-furfurilideno 4-R-benzidrazidas), visando o emprego destes em estudos de QSPR e SAR. As determinações foram realizadas empregando-se Voltametria Cíclica e Voltametria de Onda Quadrada em célula eletroquímica de 10 mL nos meios prótico (solução tampão PIPES com eletrólito de suporte NaNO3 0,1 mol L-1), misto de DMSO/solução tampão PIPES (50% v/v) e em meio aprótico de DMSO (com eletrólito de suporte Bu4NH4BF4). O eletrodos de referência e auxiliar utilizados foram Ag/AgCl saturado e platina. Os eletrodos de trabalho utilizados foram o carbono vítreo (meio aprótico e misto), pasta de carbono (meio misto e prótico) e pasta de carbono modificada com nitrocompostos (meio prótico). Foram realizados estudos teóricos, de modelagem molecular, e experimental, espectrofotometria UV/visível, com o objetivo de determinar a conformação de menor energia mínima global e confirmar a ocorrência de disposição estrutural co-planar. No estudo teórico, utilizou-se as metodologias de otimização de geometria, e análise conformacional dos nitrocompostos calculadas por meio de AM1 e HF3-21G* e HF6- 31G* para obtenção dos confôrmeros de menor energia mínima. Estes confôrmeros foram submetidos a cálculo de carga de ponto único (AM1), onde determinou-se os valores de energia de diversas propriedades de caráter eletrônico (energias de formação em vácuo e meio solvatado, de HOMO, de LUMO, momento de dipolo, dureza, potencial químico, afinidade eletrônica, potencial de ionização, cargas de potencial eletrostático), geométrica (volume molecular) e mapas 3D de densidade de potencial eletrostático, de HOMO e de LUMO. Todos os cálculos foram realizados empregando-se os pacotes computacionais Spartan O2 for Linux, Spartan O4 for Windows e ClogP 4.0 (para determinar os valores de hidrofobicidade). Os valores do potencial de pico catódico (Epc 1) e de meia onda bem como as propriedades físico-químicas, obtidos a partir de cálculos de química quântica, de σp e σR, ClogP e π) foram utilizados em análise de QSPR aplicando-se a Análise de Hansch e regressão multivariada, PLS. Avaliou-se ainda, a atividade antichagásica de dez nitrocompostos (oito derivados tiofilidênicos e dois derivados fufurilidênicos) visando investigar a possibilidade de influência do processo de redução dos nitrocompostos sobre a atividade biológica. Realizaram-se ensaios que permitiram avaliar o efeito antiproliferativo dos nitrocompostos sobre o parasita, em 24 horas, por meio de contagem do número de unidades viáveis em câmara de Neubauer. Os métodos voltamétricos utilizados mostraram-se adequados para a avaliação da redução eletroquímica dos nitrocompostos, e foram apropriados para a obtenção dos potenciais de redução de pico catódico e dos potenciais de meia onda de todos os derivados em meio aprótico e misto. Em meio aquoso, obtiveram-se os valores dos potenciais de redução de pico catódico apenas para os derivados tiofilidênicos. A partir dos resultados obtidos na análise conformacional, observou-se a quebra de efeito co-planar estrutural na região do anel benzênico substituído e porção hidrazídica molecular. Adicionalmente, nos mapas de densidade de potencial eletrostático, registrou-se a ocorrência de efeito mesomérico conjugado reduzido entre as porções moleculares citadas acima. De posse destes dados, em conjunto com as visualizações de sinais característicos para grupos cromóforos distintos em espectros UV/visível, sugere-se a ausência de efeito conjugado molecular e, como conseqüência, de influência dos grupos substituintes em posição para do anel benzênico sobre o grupo nitro ligado ao anel heterocíclico. Nos resultados obtidos a partir das análises de QSPR, observou-se que não ocorre correlação entre as propriedades físico-químicas, determinadas para os nitrocompostos, e os descritores eletroquímicos, obtidos em diferentes meios de reação. Diante deste fato, sugere-se que a quebra do efeito co-planar interfere diretamente na intensidade da influência das propriedades físico-químicas de grupos substituintes sobre o potencial de redução dos nitrocompostos. Observou-se, também, que a maioria dos compostos apresentou atividade antichagásica superior ao fármaco de referência, o benznidazol. Verificou-se que os compostos não substituído e cloro derivado da série dos 5-nitro-2-furfurilidênicos são mais ativos que os correspondentes análogos das 5-nitro-2-tiofilideno benzidrazidas. Em análise preliminar, observou-se que o potencial de redução e o potencial de meia onda não exercem influência sobre a atividade antichagásica dos nitrocompostos. / Some nitrocompounds have show activity against to Trypanosoma cruzi. Those biological activity are resulting from nitro group reduction with subsequent formation of radical nitro anion and other reaction\'s intermediates, which are toxic to the parasite. The structural difference among the 5-nitro-heterocyclic derivatives might exert influence on these compounds reduction and also on the antichagasic activity. In this way, the study of reduction process by voltammetric techniques, such as cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry, is a mode of evaluate the biological action mechanism. Therefore, the evaluation of the electrodic process and the determination of nitrocompounds reduction potential provide information for elucidating the antitrypanosomal activity mechanism. In the present work, the procedures employed to determinate the cathodic reduction and reduction potentials were carried out on twenty three nitrocompounds (5-nitro-2-tiofilidenic benzhidrazides and 5-nitro-2-furfurilidenic benzhidrazides) with the aim using those data in QSPR and SAR analysis. Cyclic voltammetry and square wave voltammetry techniques were used to determined the reduction potential in electrochemical cell of 10 mL in the protic media (PIPES buffer and electrolyte of support NaNO3 0.1 mol L-1), mixed media of DMSO and PIPES buffer 50:50 v/v (electrolyte of support NaNO3 0.1 mol L-1), and aprotic media of DMSO (electrolyte of support Bu4NH4BF4 0.1 mol L-1). The reference and counter electrodes used were Ag/AgCl (with KCl saturated) and platinum, respectively. In these studies, the work electrodes were glassy carbon (aprotic and mixed media), carbon paste (mixed and protic media) and carbon paste modified with nitrocompounds (protic media). Molecular modeling studies and UV/visible spectrophotometry were investigated with the aim for determining the lowest conformational energy and the occurrence of co-planarity molecular structure. In this work were performed the geometry optimization (using the quantum chemistry AM1, ab initio HF3-21G* and HF6-31G* level of theory), conformational analysis(AM1 and ab initio HF6-31G*) and single point calculations (AM1). All the lowest energy conformers from conformational analysis were submitted to single point calculations. These models were used to determine the physicochemical properties (energy of formation in vacuum and solvated media, energy of HOMO, energy of LUMO, dipole moment, hardness, chemistry potential, electronic affinity, ionization potential and charges of electrostatic potential) and the molecular electrostatic potential, HOMO and LUMO maps, respectively. All calculations were performed using the computational software Spartan O2 for Linux, Spartan O4 for Windows, and the ClogP 4.0 (only for hydrophobicity). The cathodic reduction and half-wave potentials values and the set of physicochemical properties, which are obtained from quantum chemistry calculations, as well as the electronic effect (σp and σR derived of σ Hammett) and the hydrophobicity property (ClogP, and π of Hansch) were used in QSPR analysis applying Hansch analysis and PLS methodologies. Afterwards, the antichagasic activity of ten compounds (eight thiofilidenic and two furfurylidenic derivatives) was evaluated considering the influence of nitrocompounds reduction on biological activity. This assay allows to analyse the antiproliferative effect of nitrocompounds on the parasites growing, in twenty-four (24) hours, reading the number of trypanosomes in Haemocytometer. The voltammetric methodologies allowed to determinate the cathodic reduction and half-wave potential values in aprotic and mixed media to all nitrocompounds. In protic media, however, the cathodic reduction potential values were obtained only for the 5-nitro-2-tiofilidenic benzhidrazides. Those procedures seen to be appropriated for perform the electrochemistry reduction evaluation. The geometry optimization and conformational analysis allows determining a lack of structural planarity in all derivatives located at the bond between the carbonilic carbon and benzhoyl group. Additionally, the electrostatic potential maps presented a decreased on the electronic conjugate effect of the structures of nitrocompounds investigated. The conformational analysis allows us to determine the nitroheterocyclic biosostere conformations dependence on the reaction phase studied. The UV/visible spectra presented two waves, which are indicating responses related to different chromophores. These results suggest the absence of conjugate effect in nitrocompound structure, indicating that the presence of groups attached to benzene ring do not exert influence on the nitro group attached to heterocyclic ring. In the QSPR analysis was not detected any correlations between thel physicochemical properties and the cathodic reduction and reduction potentials, in all reaction media investigated. Those results might be occurred due to the lack of molecular co-planarity, which is reducing the influence of any property on the nitrocompounds reduction. Almost all nitrocompounds investigated show higher antichagasic activity than the reference drug, benznidazol. In a preliminary analysis it was verified that the cathodic reduction and half-wave potentials do not exert influence on the nitrocompounds antichagasic activity.

Submitted by Edineia Teixeira (edineia.teixeira@unioeste.br) on 2017-09-04T17:30:26Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Carlos_Olguin2017.pdf: 2821259 bytes, checksum: 4f44c019ceff1c4613be9b0b525a188e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-04T17:30:26Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Carlos_Olguin2017.pdf: 2821259 bytes, checksum: 4f44c019ceff1c4613be9b0b525a188e (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-02-17 / The soil sorption coefficient normalized for organic carbon content (Koc) is a physicochemical parameter used in environmental risk assessments to determine the final destination of chemicals released in the environment. So, in oreder to predict this parameter, several models were proposed based on the relationship between LogKoc and LogP. The difficulty and cost to obtain experimental values of LogP have drawn to the algorithms development to calculate those values. Thus, in the first paper of this thesis, several free algorithms were considered to calculate LogP, and it was concluded that the best QSPR models to predict soil sorption coefficient of organic nonionic compounds were obtained using ALOGPs, KOWWIN and XLOGP3 algorithms. This study demonstrated the importance and usefulness of the statistical equivalence test used, since it allowed us to state that the models obtained from the considered algorithms are statistically equivalent. In this study, the both importance and usefulness of the statistical equivalence test were proved. These data allowed us to state that the models that have been obtained from the algorithms are statistically equivalent. Thus, in the impossibility of obtaining LogP values based on one of the algorithms, values obtained by another one of them can be used. It was also observed that the models presented in this study presented statistical quality and predictive capacity compatible with more complex models recently published in the area. In addition, it is a well accepted practice in the area the requirement to validate the prediction of a QSPR model from a data set that was not used in the model generation. In this context, some studies have explored the impact that several sizes of training sets would have on the predictive capacity of the generated QSPR models, consequently not reaching conclusive results. Thus, the second paper has been shown that, from not so large training sets, statistically equivalent QSPR models can be developed and that these models have similar predictive capacity to those ones created from a larger training set. Therefore, models were generated considering LogP values of the total training set, calculated with the ALOGPs algorithm and also with subsets of itself (i.e., halves, quarters and eighths). This study, just like the previous one, has confirmed the importance of using the statistical equivalence test since it was ascertained that, following the adopted procedures, the models obtained with subsets of the training set are statistically equivalent / O coeficiente de sorção do solo normalizado para o conteúdo de carbono orgânico (Koc) é um parâmetro físico-químico utilizado em avaliações de risco ambiental e na determinação do destino final das substâncias químicas lançadas na natureza. Vários modelos para prever este parâmetro foram propostos com base na relação entre LogKoc e LogP. A dificuldade e o custo para a obtenção de valores experimentais de LogP levaram ao desenvolvimento de algoritmos para calculá-los. Assim, no primeiro artigo desta tese foram considerados diversos algoritmos gratuitos para cálculo de LogP, e concluiu-se que os melhores modelos QSPR para predizer o coeficiente de sorção do solo de compostos orgânicos não iónicos foram obtidos usando os algoritmos ALOGPs, KOWWIN e XLOGP3. Neste estudo, foram demonstradas a importância e a utilidade do teste de equivalência estatística utilizado, dados que nos permitiram afirmar que os modelos obtidos dos algoritmos considerados são estatisticamente equivalentes. Assim, na impossibilidade de obterem-se valores de LogP a partir de um dos algoritmos, valores obtidos por outro podem ser usados. Verificou-se ainda que os modelos apresentados neste estudo possuem qualidade estatística e capacidade de predição compatíveis à de modelos mais complexos, publicados recentemente na área. Adicionalmente, a necessidade de se realizar a validação da predição de um modelo QSPR a partir de um conjunto de dados que não foi utilizado na geração do modelo é uma prática bem aceita na área. Nesse contexto, alguns trabalhos exploraram o impacto que diversos tamanhos de conjuntos de treinamento teriam na capacidade de predição dos modelos QSPR gerados, não chegando a resultados conclusivos. Assim, no segundo artigo desta tese, foi mostrado que, a partir de conjuntos de treinamento não tão grandes, modelos QSPR estatisticamente equivalentes podem ser desenvolvidos e que tais modelos têm capacidade de predição similar daqueles criados a partir de um conjunto de treinamento maior. Para isto, modelos foram gerados considerando valores de LogP do conjunto de treinamento total, calculados com o algoritmo ALOGPs e também com subconjuntos do mesmo (i.e., metades, quartos e oitavos). Este estudo, assim como o anterior, confirmou a importância do uso do teste de equivalência estatística utilizado nesta tese já que foi verificado que, seguindo os procedimentos adotados, os modelos obtidos com subconjuntos do conjunto de treinamento são estatisticamente equivalentes.

Depuis plusieurs années, IFPEN développe des adsorbants à base de zéolithe faujasite pour le procédé de séparation des xylènes. Dans ce cadre, cette thèse a permis de rationaliser les origines de la sélectivité des isomères du xylène dans les zéolithes faujasites. Pour ce faire, une nouvelle approche est proposée. L'objectif est d'établir un modèle à la fois explicatif et prédictif qui permet de relier la sélectivité à un certain nombre de paramètres caractéristiques du système, appelés descripteurs. Après la proposition d'un plan d'expériences contenant une soixantaine d'adsorbants, leur préparation et leur test étaient effectués en utilisant des outils adéquats automatisés et parallélisés. L'analyse statistique descriptive faite sur l'ensemble des 43 propriétés d'adsorption évaluées a révélé l'existence de 4 différentes classes d'adsorbants. L'étape de construction du modèle était précédée par l'identification et le calcul des descripteurs. Ceux qui sont retenus caractérisent, essentiellement, l'état de confinement responsable de la sélectivité au sein de la zéolithe. On cite la taille des cations des sites II, l'occupation des sites III ou encore la saturation des sites II. Deux méthodes statistiques étaient utilisées pour construire les relations structures-propriétés. Tout d'abord, la régression linéaire multiple avec comme variables explicatives les 3 descripteurs cités. Le modèle explicatif retenu prédit avec un coefficient de corrélation R² de 0,78. Aussi, l'analyse discriminante était utilisée. Ces mêmes 3 descripteurs ont servi à prédire l'affectation des adsorbants dans les 4 classes identifiées avec un pourcentage de prédiction total de 76% / For several years, IFPEN develops based faujasite adsorbents for the xylene separation process. In this context, this thesis allowed to streamline the selectivity origins of xylene isomers in faujasite zeolites. To do it, a new approach is proposed. The objective is to establish, at the same time, an explanatory and predictive model which allows to relate the selectivity to a number of characteristic parameters of the system, called descriptors. After the proposal of an experimental design containing about sixty adsorbents, their preparation and their test were made by using automated and paralleled adequate tools. A descriptive statistical analysis made on 43 evaluated adsorption properties revealed the existence of 4 various classes of adsorbents. The stage of the model construction was preceded by the identification and the calculation of descriptors. Those who are retained characterize, essentially, the confinement state responsible for the selectivity within the zeolite. We quote the sites II cations size, the sites III occupation or still the sites II saturation. Two statistical methods were used to build the structures-properties relationship. First, a multiple linear regression with, as predictive variables, the 3 quoted descriptors. The retained explanatory model predicts with a correlation coefficient R² = 0,78. So, the discriminant analysis was used. The same 3 descriptors served to predict the affectation of adsorbents in the 4 identified classes with a total prediction percentage of 76 %

The diversity of choices we have to make everyday influence our environment and ourselves in more ways than most of us realise. Anthropogenic substances, such as flame retardants, date back as early as 450 BC when the Egyptians used alum to reduce flammability. The increasing demand for new articles has led to an increased production of chemical substances, for which many are commercially produced without complete knowledge on properties such as persistence, bioaccumulation and toxicology (PBT). Commercial compounds may be properly tested and denominated as “safe” regarding PBT properties, but their degradation products and/or metabolites may cause environmental impact. The availability of uniform and accurate data for prediction of persistence is of key importance for the understanding of chemical fate. A method to determine the susceptibility of chemicals to undergo oxidation in water has been developed and applied on several organohalogens, including PBDEs and OH-PBDEs. The method was used to determine reaction rates and the group of OH-PBDEs were subsequently subjected to photolysis by use of UV-light. Hence, susceptibility to undergo both oxidation and photolysis for the OH-PBDEs were investigated and compared to previously reported degradation rates on PBDEs. As a final step in promoting the prediction of persistence, Quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) models were performed on a set of compounds which had undergone photolytic degradation under similar conditions. The QSPRs were used as a preliminary step in predicting photolysis half-lives for chemical substances and to determine which physicochemical descriptors are of greatest importance thereof. This thesis presents the possibility of performing and assessing oxidation transformations on compounds of low and high water solubility, photolysis transformations in various media and using obtained data to predict behaviour via QSPR models, to promote predictions of persistence.

Assessing hazards due to energetic or reactive chemicals is a challenging and complicated task and has received considerable attention from industry and regulatory bodies. Thermal analysis techniques, such as Differential Scanning Calorimeter (DSC), are commonly employed to evaluate reactivity hazards. A simple classification based on energy of reaction (-H), a thermodynamic parameter, and onset temperature (To), a kinetic parameter, is proposed with the aim of recognizing more hazardous compositions. The utility of other DSC parameters in predicting explosive properties is discussed. Calorimetric measurements to determine reactivity can be resource consuming, so computational methods to predict reactivity hazards present an attractive option. Molecular modeling techniques were employed to gain information at the molecular scale to predict calorimetric data. Molecular descriptors, calculated at density functional level of theory, were correlated with DSC data for mono nitro compounds applying Quantitative Structure Property Relationships (QSPR) and yielded reasonable predictions. Such correlations can be incorporated into a software program for apriori prediction of potential reactivity hazards. Estimations of potential hazards can greatly help to focus attention on more hazardous substances, such as hydroxylamine (HA), which was involved in two major industrial incidents in the past four years. A detailed discussion of HA investigation is presented.

Reactive hazard associated with chemicals is a major safety issue in process industries. This kind of hazard has caused the occurrence of many accidents, leading to fatalities, injuries, property damage and environment pollution. Reactive hazards can be eliminated or minimized by applying Inherently Safer Design (ISD) principles such as "substitute" or "moderate" strategies. However, ISD would not be a feasible option for industry without an efficient methodology for chemical hazard assessment, which provides the technical basis for applying ISD during process design. In this research, a systematic chemical hazard assessment methodology was developed for assisting the implementation of ISD in the design of inherently safer process. This methodology incorporates the selection of safer chemicals and determination of safer process conditions, which correspond to "substitute" and "moderate" strategies in ISD. The application of this methodology in conjunction with ISD technique can effectively save the time and investment spent on the process design. As part of selecting safer chemicals, prediction models were developed for predicting hazardous properties of reactive chemicals. Also, a hazard index was adopted to rate chemicals according to reactive hazards. By combining the prediction models with the hazard index, this research can provide important information on how to select safer chemicals for the processes, which makes the process chemistry inherently safer. As part of determining safer process conditions, the incompatibility of Methyl Ethyl Ketone Peroxide (MEKPO) with iron oxide was investigated. It was found that iron oxide at low levels has no impact on the reactive hazards of MEKPO as well as the operational safety. However, when iron oxide is beyond 0.3 wt%, it starts to change the kinetics of MEKPO runaway reaction and even the reaction mechanism. As a result, with the presence of a certain level of iron oxide (> 0.3 wt%), iron oxide can intensify the reactive hazards of MEKPO and impose higher risk to process operations. The investigation results can help to determine appropriate materials for fabricating process equipment and safer process conditions.

L'objectif de cette recherche est la conception et l'analyse d'un ensimage pour composites structuraux PEKK/Fibres de carbone (FC) continues. Les oligomères de PEKK (oPEKK) ont été synthétisés en laboratoire pour définir les caractéristiques physico-chimiques permettant leur utilisation comme agent d'ensimage. A partir de ce cahier des charges, un oligomère " pilote " a pu être synthétisé afin de mener des études sur la formulation de l'ensimage. A partir d'une étude quantitative de relation structure-propriété (QSPR) et des réseaux de neurone artificiels (ANN), le développement et l'optimisation d'une formulation d'ensimage " solvantfree " ont été réalisés Le dépôt de cet ensimage a été effectué selon deux protocoles : nous avons ainsi réalisé un " ensimage laboratoire " et " ensimage sur pilote ". Les performances mécaniques des composites PEKK/FC ensimés oPEKK ont été étudiées par analyse mécanique dynamique (AMD) ; quel que soit le protocole, l'ensimage optimise les performances mécaniques de manière significative. Il est intéressant de souligner que l'" ensimage sur pilote " est plus efficace que l'" ensimage laboratoire ". Outre, l'intérêt de l'ensimage au niveau de la mise en œuvre des composites, le transfert de contraintes fibre/ matrice est optimisé ce qui se traduit par une augmentation des modules mécaniques conservatif et dissipatif. / The objective of this research is to design and analyze a sizing for PEKK / continuous carbon fiber (CF) structural composites. PEKK oligomers (oPEKK) were synthesized in the laboratory to define the physicochemical characteristics allowing their use as a sizing agent. From these specifications, a "pilot" oligomer was synthesized in order to carry out studies on the sizing formulation. From a study of quantitative structure-property relationship (QSPR) and artificial neural networks (ANN), the development and optimization of a "solvent-free" sizing formulation was performed. The deposit of this sizing was achieved according to two protocols: we thus produced a "laboratory sizing" and "pilot sizing". Mechanical performances of PEKK / CF without and with oPEKK sizing composites were studied by dynamic mechanical analysis (DMA). Whatever the protocol is, the sizing optimizes the mechanical performances significantly. It is interesting to note that "pilot sizing" is more efficient than "laboratory sizing". Besides the advantage of sizing for fiber placement in composite processing, the fiber / matrix stress transfer is optimized. Then, it results in an increase of both storage and loss modulus.