Orientador: Edevar Luvizotto Junior / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Engenharia Civil, Arquitetura e Urbanismo / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-09T19:18:58Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Trimboli_MarceloJose_M.pdf: 5392045 bytes, checksum: cc7d8b290241329ec9e101fc336f718c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006 / Resumo: Neste trabalho são estudadas e avaliadas as etapas que visam a aplicação de modelagem matemática para obtenção de parâmetros de qualidade como a concentração de cloro livre residual em sistemas de abastecimento de água. Como estudo de caso e avaliação da proposição fui empregado o setor de abastecimento de Vila Liberdade na Cidade de Jundiaí-SP. Os resultados foram comparados com medições exaustivas de campo / Abstract: This work were studied and evaluated the stages that look for the use of the mathematics modeling to get parameters of quality like residual free chlorine concentration in network pipes . How case study and valuation of the proposition it was used the water supply sector of Vila Liberdade in the town of Jundiai - estate of São Paulo, BraziL The results were compared with exhaustive field measures / Mestrado / Recursos Hidricos / Mestre em Engenharia Civil

Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / While applications and software systems have evolved and becoming more complex, mainly due to the increasing demands of customers and users, organizations that produce or acquire have sought alternatives to reduce costs and deliveries without affect the final product quality. However, in order to make the evaluation of these products more effective, it is important to use a quality model that allows structure it in a way that satisfies, among other requirements, the heterogeneous expectations of stakeholders. At same time, it is recommended starting this evaluation as soon as possible since the early stages of a development process in order to detect and fix any problems before they propagate. In this sense, this work presents a study on quality models used in the evaluation of software products, proposing at the same time the assessment of software artifacts, generated and/or transformed by activities throughout the lifecycle of a software process. The proposal is based on a quality framework, structured from a metamodel, which relates the process of evaluating the several characteristics that involve the artifacts, such as their purposes, stakeholders, methods and corresponding metrics. The work is also composed by a supporting tool which purpose is to guide evaluators in defining a plan for assessing the quality of those artifacts. Finally, the proposal was submitted to validation through a case study involving graduate students of Federal University of Santa Maria. / Ao mesmo tempo em que as aplicações e os sistemas de software vêm evoluindo e tornando-se mais complexos, devido, principalmente, à crescente exigência dos clientes e usuários, as organizações que os produzem ou os adquirem têm buscado alternativas para reduzir custos e prazos de entrega sem que a qualidade do produto final seja afetada. Contudo, para que a avaliação desses produtos seja mais eficaz, é importante utilizar um modelo de qualidade que permita estruturá-la de forma que satisfaça, entre outros requisitos, as expectativas heterogêneas dos interessados. Paralelamente, recomenda-se iniciar essa avaliação o mais cedo possível, já nos primeiros estágios de um processo de desenvolvimento com o objetivo de detectar e corrigir os problemas encontrados antes que se propaguem. Neste sentido, este trabalho apresenta um estudo sobre modelos de qualidade empregados na avaliação de produtos de software ao mesmo tempo em que propõe a avaliação dos artefatos, gerados e/ou transformados pelas atividades, ao longo do ciclo de vida de um processo de desenvolvimento. A proposta é baseada em um framework de qualidade, estruturado a partir de um metamodelo, que relaciona o processo de avaliação às diversas características que envolvem os artefatos, tais como seus propósitos, interessados, métodos e métricas correspondentes. O trabalho é composto, ainda, por uma ferramenta de apoio cujo objetivo é guiar os avaliadores na definição de um plano de avaliação da qualidade de tais artefatos. Por fim, a proposta foi avaliada e validada por meio de um estudo de caso envolvendo estudantes de pós-graduação em informática na avaliação de três aplicações reais desenvolvidas por acadêmicos de graduação da Universidade Federal de Santa Maria.

Les sociétés modernes dépendent de plus en plus sur les systèmes informatiques et ainsi, il y a de plus en plus de pression sur les équipes de développement pour produire des logiciels de bonne qualité. Plusieurs compagnies utilisent des modèles de qualité, des suites de programmes qui analysent et évaluent la qualité d'autres programmes, mais la construction de modèles de qualité est difficile parce qu'il existe plusieurs questions qui n'ont pas été répondues dans la littérature. Nous avons étudié les pratiques de modélisation de la qualité auprès d'une grande entreprise et avons identifié les trois dimensions où une recherche additionnelle est désirable : Le support de la subjectivité de la qualité, les techniques pour faire le suivi de la qualité lors de l'évolution des logiciels, et la composition de la qualité entre différents niveaux d'abstraction. Concernant la subjectivité, nous avons proposé l'utilisation de modèles bayésiens parce qu'ils sont capables de traiter des données ambiguës. Nous avons appliqué nos modèles au problème de la détection des défauts de conception. Dans une étude de deux logiciels libres, nous avons trouvé que notre approche est supérieure aux techniques décrites dans l'état de l'art, qui sont basées sur des règles. Pour supporter l'évolution des logiciels, nous avons considéré que les scores produits par un modèle de qualité sont des signaux qui peuvent être analysés en utilisant des techniques d'exploration de données pour identifier des patrons d'évolution de la qualité. Nous avons étudié comment les défauts de conception apparaissent et disparaissent des logiciels. Un logiciel est typiquement conçu comme une hiérarchie de composants, mais les modèles de qualité ne tiennent pas compte de cette organisation. Dans la dernière partie de la dissertation, nous présentons un modèle de qualité à deux niveaux. Ces modèles ont trois parties: un modèle au niveau du composant, un modèle qui évalue l'importance de chacun des composants, et un autre qui évalue la qualité d'un composé en combinant la qualité de ses composants. L'approche a été testée sur la prédiction de classes à fort changement à partir de la qualité des méthodes. Nous avons trouvé que nos modèles à deux niveaux permettent une meilleure identification des classes à fort changement. Pour terminer, nous avons appliqué nos modèles à deux niveaux pour l'évaluation de la navigabilité des sites web à partir de la qualité des pages. Nos modèles étaient capables de distinguer entre des sites de très bonne qualité et des sites choisis aléatoirement. Au cours de la dissertation, nous présentons non seulement des problèmes théoriques et leurs solutions, mais nous avons également mené des expériences pour démontrer les avantages et les limitations de nos solutions. Nos résultats indiquent qu'on peut espérer améliorer l'état de l'art dans les trois dimensions présentées. En particulier, notre travail sur la composition de la qualité et la modélisation de l'importance est le premier à cibler ce problème. Nous croyons que nos modèles à deux niveaux sont un point de départ intéressant pour des travaux de recherche plus approfondis. / As society becomes ever more dependent on computer systems, there is more and more pressure on development teams to produce high-quality software. Many companies therefore rely on quality models, program suites that analyse and evaluate the quality of other programs, but building good quality models is hard as there are many questions concerning quality modelling that have yet to be adequately addressed in the literature. We analysed quality modelling practices in a large organisation and identified three dimensions where research is needed: proper support of the subjective notion of quality, techniques to track the quality of evolving software, and the composition of quality judgments from different abstraction levels. To tackle subjectivity, we propose using Bayesian models as these can deal with uncertain data. We applied our models to the problem of anti-pattern detection. In a study of two open-source systems, we found that our approach was superior to state of the art rule-based techniques. To support software evolution, we consider scores produced by quality models as signals and the use of signal data-mining techniques to identify patterns in the evolution of quality. We studied how anti-patterns are introduced and removed from systems. Software is typically written using a hierarchy of components, yet quality models do not explicitly consider this hierarchy. As the last part of our dissertation, we present two level quality models. These are composed of three parts: a component-level model, a second model to evaluate the importance of each component, and a container-level model to combine the contribution of components with container attributes. This approach was tested on the prediction of class-level changes based on the quality and importance of its components: methods. It was shown to be more useful than single-level, traditional approaches. To finish, we reapplied this two-level methodology to the problem of assessing web site navigability. Our models could successfully distinguish award-winning sites from average sites picked at random. Throughout the dissertation, we present not only theoretical problems and solutions, but we performed experiments to illustrate the pros and cons of our solutions. Our results show that there are considerable improvements to be had in all three proposed dimensions. In particular, our work on quality composition and importance modelling is the first that focuses on this particular problem. We believe that our general two-level models are only a starting point for more in-depth research.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-12-23T14:33:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 dissertacao.pdf: 1320402 bytes, checksum: 58c774125f5271f226c1ba4e28ce1358 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2006-06-13 / Atualmente, é amplamente reconhecido que a qualidade dos produtos de software depende da qualidade dos processos de software utilizados em seu desenvolvimento e manutenção. Com isso, muito trabalho tem sido feito no sentido de apoiar organizações em seus esforços pela busca da qualidade de processo. Pesquisas na área de processos de software têm explorado duas principais vertentes: (i) abordagens para modelagem, análise e melhoria do processo de software e (ii) tecnologia de apoio ao processo de software. A primeira vertente focaliza abordagens para estruturação, organização, documentação e descrição de processos de software e inclui normas de qualidade de processo de software. A segunda está voltada para o desenvolvimento de Ambientes de Desenvolvimento de Software (ADSs) Centrado em Processos, que integram ferramentas de apoio ao desenvolvimento de artefatos com ferramentas de apoio à modelagem e execução de processos de software, utilizados na construção desses artefatos. A representação explícita de processos, seus produtos e suas interações é a base sobre a qual modernos ambientes de desenvolvimento são construídos. Provendo formas mais poderosas de descrever e implementar processos de software, ADSs centrado em processos têm provido também um poderoso meio de integrar processos e ferramentas, e de automatizar, pelo menos parcialmente, tarefas. Esta dissertação apresenta uma infra-estrutura de processos de software que define uma ferramenta de definição de processos construída e integrada ao ambiente ODE (Ontologybased software Development Environment). Para apoiar essa integração, a infra-estrutura proposta foi construída tomando por base uma ontologia de processos de software. Essa ontologia foi evoluída no contexto deste trabalho, procurando capturar conceituações importantes definidas em normas e modelos de qualidade de processo recentes. / Nowadays, it is widely recognized that the quality of a software product depends on the quality of the software processes used in its development and maintenance. With this, much work has been done aiming to support organizations in their efforts towards process quality. The software process research area has explored two main directions: (i) approaches for modeling, analyzing and improving software processes, and (ii) support technology for software processes. The first goal focuses on approaches for structuring, organizing, documenting and describing software processes and includes process quality standards and maturity models. The second goal is concerned with the development of Process-Centered Software Engineering Environments (PSEEs) that integrate tool support for the development of artifacts with tool support for software process modeling and execution. The explicit representation of processes, its products and its interactions are the basis over which the modern development environments are built. Providing more powerful ways of describing and implementing software processes, PSEEs have also provided a powerful way to integrate processes and tools, and to automate, at least partially, tasks. This work presents a software process infrastructure that includes a tool for defining software processes. This tool was built and integrated to ODE (Ontology-based software Development Environment). To support this integration, the proposed infrastructure was built based on a software process ontology. This ontology was evolved in the context of this work, taking into account recent quality models and standards.

A qualidade da água do século XXI é um dos principais problemas da humanidade em decorrência de atividades de mineração, lançamentos de esgotos domésticos e industriais sem tratamento, utilização de agrotóxicos e pesticidas, retirada da vegetação ripária e depósito de lixo. A gestão dos recursos hídricos engloba, entre outras ações, caracterização ambiental, avaliação dos impactos das atividades instaladas na área de influência, investigação da capacidade de assimilação do corpo receptor, monitoramento ambiental e retroalimentação do processo de gestão como um todo. A proposta deste trabalho foi estudar a dinâmica dos rios Jacupiranguinha, município de Cajati - SP e Pariquera-Açu, município de Pariquera-Açu - SP (Bacia do Rio Ribeira de Iguape) nas diferentes fases do ciclo hidrológico, e propor cenários com vistas à sustentabilidade dos recursos hídricos do Baixo Ribeira de Iguape. Foram medidas variáveis físicas e químicas da água e do sedimento, além da quantidade de coliformes fecais e as estruturas da comunidade bentônica dos rios, além de variáveis climatológicas e hidrológicas. O modelo QUAL2K foi utilizado como ferramenta para diferentes simulações de cenários para a sub-bacia do rio Jacupiranguinha. Os resultados mostraram que os rios sofrem os impactos decorrentes da urbanização tanto com relação ao escoamento superficial urbano quanto com a entrada de efluentes clandestinos e de estações de tratamento. Este fato foi percebido pela alteração da qualidade das águas em relação à concentração de nutrientes e coliformes totais e fecais. Os sedimentos foram classificados como mineral e a constituição granulométrica pode ter contribuído para a estrutura da comunidade de macroinvertebrados que foi maior no rio Pariquera-Açu, pois este possui sedimento mais heterogêneo. A classe Insecta foi representada por maior quantidade de taxa e a família Chironomidae foi a que apresentou maior densidade absoluta de organismos. Estes resultados podem indicar comprometimento da saúde das sub-bacias. Pôde-se constatar através das simulações que a sub-bacia do rio Jacupiranguinha necessita de algumas intervenções em saneamento para a melhoria da qualidade de suas águas e que, para algumas variáveis, o estágio de poluição supera os limites de autodepuração do rio. Neste caso, medidas de conservação já não seriam suficientes, necessitando da implantação de um processo de recuperação da qualidade destas águas. / The twenty-first century water quality is one of the main problems of mankind as a result of mining activities, release of untreated industrial and domestic sewage, use of agrochemicals and pesticides, removal of riparian vegetation and garbage dump. Water resources management includes environmental characterization, impact assessment of activities located in influence area, to investigate the receiving body assimilative capacity, environmental monitoring and feedback management process as a whole. The purpose of this work was to study the dynamics of rivers Jacupiranguinha, Cajati city and Pariquera-Açu, Pariquera-Açu city - Brazil (Ribeira de Iguape River Basin) in different phases of the hydrological cycle, and propose scenarios to water resources sustainability of the Ribeira de Iguape basin. Water and sediment physical and chemical variables, fecal coliforms and benthic community structure of rivers were measured, besides the weather and hydrological conditions. QUAL2K model was used as a tool for simulations of different scenarios for the sub-basin of Jacupiranguinha river. The results showed that the rivers are suffering the impacts of urbanization both in relation to urban runoff as the discharge of illegal domestic effluents and those from treatment stations. This fact was noticed by water quality changes on nutrient concentrations and total and fecal coliforms. The sediments were classified as mineral formation and particle size may have contributed to the benthic community structure which was higher in Pariquera-Açu river, because of its sediment heterogeneity. Insecta was dominant and Chironomidae showed the largest absolute density of organisms. These results may indicate impairment of health of sub-basins. It could be observed through simulations that Jacupiranguinha river needs some assistance in sanitation to improve the quality of its waters and the stage of pollution exceeds the limits of river self-purification. In this case, conservation measures would no longer be sufficient, necessitating the deployment of a recovery process of the quality of these waters.

Lors de ces dix dernières années, le coût de la maintenance des systèmes orientés objets s'est accru jusqu' à compter pour plus de 70% du coût total des systèmes. Cette situation est due à plusieurs facteurs, parmi lesquels les plus importants sont: l'imprécision des spécifications des utilisateurs, l'environnement d'exécution changeant rapidement et la mauvaise qualité interne des systèmes. Parmi tous ces facteurs, le seul sur lequel nous ayons un réel contrôle est la qualité interne des systèmes. De nombreux modèles de qualité ont été proposés dans la littérature pour contribuer à contrôler la qualité. Cependant, la plupart de ces modèles utilisent des métriques de classes (nombre de méthodes d'une classe par exemple) ou des métriques de relations entre classes (couplage entre deux classes par exemple) pour mesurer les attributs internes des systèmes. Pourtant, la qualité des systèmes par objets ne dépend pas uniquement de la structure de leurs classes et que mesurent les métriques, mais aussi de la façon dont celles-ci sont organisées, c'est-à-dire de leur conception, qui se manifeste généralement à travers les patrons de conception et les anti-patrons. Dans cette thèse nous proposons la méthode DEQUALITE, qui permet de construire systématiquement des modèles de qualité prenant en compte non seulement les attributs internes des systèmes (grâce aux métriques), mais aussi leur conception (grâce aux patrons de conception et anti-patrons). Cette méthode utilise une approche par apprentissage basée sur les réseaux bayésiens et s'appuie sur les résultats d'une série d'expériences portant sur l'évaluation de l'impact des patrons de conception et des anti-patrons sur la qualité des systèmes. Ces expériences réalisées sur 9 grands systèmes libres orientés objet nous permettent de formuler les conclusions suivantes: • Contre l'intuition, les patrons de conception n'améliorent pas toujours la qualité des systèmes; les implantations très couplées de patrons de conception par exemple affectent la structure des classes et ont un impact négatif sur leur propension aux changements et aux fautes. • Les classes participantes dans des anti-atrons sont beaucoup plus susceptibles de changer et d'être impliquées dans des corrections de fautes que les autres classes d'un système. • Un pourcentage non négligeable de classes sont impliquées simultanément dans des patrons de conception et dans des anti-patrons. Les patrons de conception ont un effet positif en ce sens qu'ils atténuent les anti-patrons. Nous appliquons et validons notre méthode sur trois systèmes libres orientés objet afin de démontrer l'apport de la conception des systèmes dans l'évaluation de la qualité. / Maintenance costs during the past decades have reached more than 70% of the overall costs of object-oriented systems, because of many factors, such as changing software environments, changing users' requirements, and the overall quality of systems. One factor on which we have a control is the quality of systems. Many object-oriented software quality models have been introduced in the literature to help assess and control quality. However, these models usually use metrics of classes (such as number of methods) or of relationships between classes (for example coupling) to measure internal attributes of systems. Yet, the quality of object-oriented systems does not depend on classes' metrics solely: it also depends on the organisation of classes, i.e. the system design that concretely manifests itself through design styles, such as design patterns and antipatterns. In this dissertation, we propose the method DEQUALITE to systematically build quality models that take into account the internal attributes of the systems (through metrics) but also their design (through design patterns and antipatterns). This method uses a machine learning approach based on Bayesian Belief Networks and builds on the results of a series of experiments aimed at evaluating the impact of design patterns and antipatterns on the quality of systems. These experiments, performed on 9 large object-oriented open source systems enable us to draw the following conclusions: • Counter-intuitively, design patterns do not always improve the quality of systems; tangled implementations of design patterns for example significantly affect the structure of classes and negatively impact their change- and fault-proneness. • Classes participating in antipatterns are significantly more likely to be subject to changes and to be involved in fault-fixing changes than other classes. • A non negligible percentage of classes participate in co-occurrences of antipatterns and design patterns in systems. On these classes, design patterns have a positive effect in mitigating antipatterns. We apply and validate our method on three open-source object-oriented systems to demonstrate the contribution of the design of system in quality assessment.

Les sociétés modernes dépendent de plus en plus sur les systèmes informatiques et ainsi, il y a de plus en plus de pression sur les équipes de développement pour produire des logiciels de bonne qualité. Plusieurs compagnies utilisent des modèles de qualité, des suites de programmes qui analysent et évaluent la qualité d'autres programmes, mais la construction de modèles de qualité est difficile parce qu'il existe plusieurs questions qui n'ont pas été répondues dans la littérature. Nous avons étudié les pratiques de modélisation de la qualité auprès d'une grande entreprise et avons identifié les trois dimensions où une recherche additionnelle est désirable : Le support de la subjectivité de la qualité, les techniques pour faire le suivi de la qualité lors de l'évolution des logiciels, et la composition de la qualité entre différents niveaux d'abstraction. Concernant la subjectivité, nous avons proposé l'utilisation de modèles bayésiens parce qu'ils sont capables de traiter des données ambiguës. Nous avons appliqué nos modèles au problème de la détection des défauts de conception. Dans une étude de deux logiciels libres, nous avons trouvé que notre approche est supérieure aux techniques décrites dans l'état de l'art, qui sont basées sur des règles. Pour supporter l'évolution des logiciels, nous avons considéré que les scores produits par un modèle de qualité sont des signaux qui peuvent être analysés en utilisant des techniques d'exploration de données pour identifier des patrons d'évolution de la qualité. Nous avons étudié comment les défauts de conception apparaissent et disparaissent des logiciels. Un logiciel est typiquement conçu comme une hiérarchie de composants, mais les modèles de qualité ne tiennent pas compte de cette organisation. Dans la dernière partie de la dissertation, nous présentons un modèle de qualité à deux niveaux. Ces modèles ont trois parties: un modèle au niveau du composant, un modèle qui évalue l'importance de chacun des composants, et un autre qui évalue la qualité d'un composé en combinant la qualité de ses composants. L'approche a été testée sur la prédiction de classes à fort changement à partir de la qualité des méthodes. Nous avons trouvé que nos modèles à deux niveaux permettent une meilleure identification des classes à fort changement. Pour terminer, nous avons appliqué nos modèles à deux niveaux pour l'évaluation de la navigabilité des sites web à partir de la qualité des pages. Nos modèles étaient capables de distinguer entre des sites de très bonne qualité et des sites choisis aléatoirement. Au cours de la dissertation, nous présentons non seulement des problèmes théoriques et leurs solutions, mais nous avons également mené des expériences pour démontrer les avantages et les limitations de nos solutions. Nos résultats indiquent qu'on peut espérer améliorer l'état de l'art dans les trois dimensions présentées. En particulier, notre travail sur la composition de la qualité et la modélisation de l'importance est le premier à cibler ce problème. Nous croyons que nos modèles à deux niveaux sont un point de départ intéressant pour des travaux de recherche plus approfondis. / As society becomes ever more dependent on computer systems, there is more and more pressure on development teams to produce high-quality software. Many companies therefore rely on quality models, program suites that analyse and evaluate the quality of other programs, but building good quality models is hard as there are many questions concerning quality modelling that have yet to be adequately addressed in the literature. We analysed quality modelling practices in a large organisation and identified three dimensions where research is needed: proper support of the subjective notion of quality, techniques to track the quality of evolving software, and the composition of quality judgments from different abstraction levels. To tackle subjectivity, we propose using Bayesian models as these can deal with uncertain data. We applied our models to the problem of anti-pattern detection. In a study of two open-source systems, we found that our approach was superior to state of the art rule-based techniques. To support software evolution, we consider scores produced by quality models as signals and the use of signal data-mining techniques to identify patterns in the evolution of quality. We studied how anti-patterns are introduced and removed from systems. Software is typically written using a hierarchy of components, yet quality models do not explicitly consider this hierarchy. As the last part of our dissertation, we present two level quality models. These are composed of three parts: a component-level model, a second model to evaluate the importance of each component, and a container-level model to combine the contribution of components with container attributes. This approach was tested on the prediction of class-level changes based on the quality and importance of its components: methods. It was shown to be more useful than single-level, traditional approaches. To finish, we reapplied this two-level methodology to the problem of assessing web site navigability. Our models could successfully distinguish award-winning sites from average sites picked at random. Throughout the dissertation, we present not only theoretical problems and solutions, but we performed experiments to illustrate the pros and cons of our solutions. Our results show that there are considerable improvements to be had in all three proposed dimensions. In particular, our work on quality composition and importance modelling is the first that focuses on this particular problem. We believe that our general two-level models are only a starting point for more in-depth research.

Mémoire numérisé par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

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