Bakgrund: Sveriges vård och omsorg har sviktat de senaste åren vilket har gjort att frågan om vilken vårdleverantör en kund ska välja uppmärksammats. Det finns olika faktorer som har en inverkan på kundens val, bland annat förtroende och kvaliteten för tjänsten. Där kommer valet mellan offentlig och privat vård in. Därigenom har frågan om vinst i välfärden lyfts, och vad som egentligen är skillnaden mellan privat och offentlig vård och omsorg. Kvalitetsarbetet blir således det som ger förtroendet för vården. För att kunna utveckla den kvaliteten som kunden efterfrågar behöver ett lärande finnas i verksamheten. Utan lärande kan inte kvalitetsarbetet utvecklas och det sviktande förtroendet för vården återstår. Syfte: Syftet med uppsatsen ämnar undersöka begreppet kvalitetsarbete och hur privata samt offentliga aktörer inom vård och omsorg arbetar med fenomenet. Studien vill uppnå en ökad förståelse för hur kvalitetsutveckling bedrivs inom olika verksamheter. Studien har för avsikt att jämföra den privata vård- och omsorgssektorn med den offentliga för att få en så stor överblick och insikt i ämnet som möjligt. Teoretisk referensram: Föreliggande studie använder teorier och begrepp som exempelvis new public management, kaizen och lärande organisationer. Kärnbegreppen som studien bygger på är ständiga förbättringar, vilket kommer från kaizen, och organisatorisk lärande. Dessa utgör kvalitetsarbetet i en verksamhet och är därav sammankopplade. Dessa teorier kommer att stöjda studiens undersökning av skillnaderna mellan privat och offentlig verksamhet. Metod: Studien använde en kvalitativ forskningsansats, där semistrukturerade intervjuer utgjorde den huvudsakliga datainsamlingen och kompletterades med en dokumentanalys. Studien undersökte två fallstudieorganisationer, vilket gjorde att en triangulering utfördes. Slutsats: Det studien indikerade var att privata verksamheter känner en stark press för att både leverera till sina aktieägare och till sina kunder, vilket blir en paradox där vinstmaximering och god service möts. Offentliga verksamheter har en automatisk tillgång till brukare vilket gör att de inte känner samma påtryckningar. Generellt indikerade studien att kvalitetsarbetet inom organisationerna var liknande, det som skiljde sig kom framförallt ifrån skillnader inom arbetssätten. Privata verksamheter arbetar mer med att skapa konkurrenskraftiga tjänster, där lärande och konkurrenskraft kan kopplas samman. Det kan i sin tur härledas till att offentliga verksamheter inte känner samma press att arbeta konkurrenskraftigt.

Introdução: A busca pela qualidade e segurança é uma preocupação de instituições de saúde. A análise de risco é um dos caminhos para a melhoria da qualidade e minimização de eventos adversos nas organizações de saúde. A sessão de hemodiálise é um processo complexo e por esta característica pode estar submetida a uma alta incidência de erros, lapsos e falhas. Por isto, a preocupação com a segurança dos pacientes em diálise e conhecimento dos riscos a que estão suscetíveis é de extrema importância para o resultado e o sucesso do tratamento. Os Modos de Falha e Análise de Efeitos (FMEA) é uma ferramenta de análise prospectiva amplamente utilizada na engenharia industrial que tem sido aplicada em algumas instituições de saúde. Além disso, instituições acreditadoras sugerem que as revisões anuais sejam realizadas para a prevenção ativa de riscos em instituições hospitalares. Esta ferramenta pode ser usada para identificar possíveis falhas de sistemas ou processos, mesmo antes que eles aconteçam. Compreendendo a magnitude do problema e sua relevância, optamos por aplicar esta avaliação em uma unidade de hemodiálise em um hospital do sul do Brasil. Objetivos: Aplicar a ferramenta análise de modos de falha e seus efeitos em uma unidade de hemodiálise, a fim de conhecer os principais riscos e implementar sugestões de melhorias. Metodologia: Este é um estudo exploratório. Um estudo descritivo é descritivo no sentido de que FMEA é aplicado em uma Unidade de Hemodiálise de identificar os principais riscos do tratamento dialítico prospectivamente em um hospital filantrópico do Sul do Brasil. O instrumento foi aplicado por uma equipe multidisciplinar composta por nefrologistas, enfermeiros e gestores. Fase 1 - A escolha de um processo de risco; Fase 2 - Recrutamento da equipe multiprofissional; Fase 3 - Projetando o processo; Fase 4 - Identificar os modos de falha e seus efeitos; Fase 5 - Priorizar os modos de falha. Após a definição de cada modo de falha, a equipe estabeleceu a probabilidade de ocorrência do evento e sua classificação de acordo com a serveridade e frequência. A análise dos dados foi realizada com estatísticas.A metodologia utilizada para elaboração do FMEA foi a proposta pelo Institute for Healthcare Improvement em cinco etapas. A definição da Priorização de Risco foi calculada pelo Risk Profile Number (RPN). E a construção da matriz de riscos foi elaborada de acordo com a proposta do U.S Veterans Affairs. Resultados: Os principais resultados encontrados no estudo foram 41 modos de falha no processo. Destes, 12 foram considerados de alto risco com RPN (70-100) e estão relacionados aos cuidados com os acessos vasculares, falha na coleta de exames, confirmação de reações alérgicas que podem levar ao choque e cuidados com a punção e conexão das linhas na fístula arteriovenosa. Identificou-se 17 processos de médio risco com RPN (10-40), que foram relacionados à prescrição da hemodiálise e a ausência de verificação de sinais vitais. Os demais 12 modos de falha foram em processos de baixo risco com RPN (1-9). Conclusões: Os modos de falha encontrados em sua maioria não possuíam controles de processos atuais, em 36,6% dos processos, que são as chamadas barreiras para a ocorrência de eventos adversos e, portanto, foram sugeridas medidas de minimização do risco. / Introduction: The quality of care is a concern of Health Institutions. Risk analysis consists of complex actions for quality and safety of care. Routine hemodialysis session is a complex process and because these characteristics may be subjected to a high incidence of errors, lapses and failures. Concern for patient safety in dialysis and knowledge of the risks they are susceptible is of extreme importance for the outcome and treatment success. The Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a prospective analysis tool widely used in industrial engineering that has been applied in some health institutions. In addition, the Joint Commission International (JCI) suggests that annual reviews be made for active prevention of risks in hospitalar institutions. This tool could be used to identify potential failures of systems or processes, even before they happen. Understanding the magnitude of the issue and its relevance, we choose to apply this evaluation in a hemodialysis unit in a South Brazil Hospital. Objective: To describe the application of FMEA in a Hemodialysis Unit Methods: This is an exploratory study. A Descriptive Study is descriptive in the sense that FMEA is applied in a Hemodialysis Unit to identify the main risks of dialytic treatment prospectively at a Philanthropic Hospital in the South of Brazil. The tool was applied by a multidisciplinary team composed of nephrologists, nurses and managers. Stage 1 – Choosing a Risk Process; Stage 2 – Recruiting the Multiprofessional Team ; Stage 3 – Designing the Process ; Stage 4 – Identifying the failure modes and their effects; Stage 5 – Prioritizing the failure modes: after defining each failure mode, the team established the probability of occurrence of the event and its severity. The classification of the failure mode took into account criticity, the frequency at which the event can occur, its severity, and to what extent it will be detected if it happens. The data analysis was based on descriptive statistics and according to the FMEA methodology. Results: The main results found in the study were 41 failure modes in the process, and 12 processes presented high risk RPN (70-100). This is related to the care of vascular accesses and failure in collection for tests, the confirmation of allergic reactions that may lead to shock, care with the puncture and connection of lines in the arteriovenous fistula. In the medium risk processes RPN (10-40) 17 were identified involving the prescription of hemodialysis and the absence of verification of vital signs. And the low risk RPN processes (1-9) were the other failure modes. Conclusion: analyzing the failure modes it was seen that most of the stages, 36.6% of the processes did not have controls of current processes which are the so-called barriers to the occurrence of adverse events, and therefore risk minimization measures were suggested.

Introdução: A busca pela qualidade e segurança é uma preocupação de instituições de saúde. A análise de risco é um dos caminhos para a melhoria da qualidade e minimização de eventos adversos nas organizações de saúde. A sessão de hemodiálise é um processo complexo e por esta característica pode estar submetida a uma alta incidência de erros, lapsos e falhas. Por isto, a preocupação com a segurança dos pacientes em diálise e conhecimento dos riscos a que estão suscetíveis é de extrema importância para o resultado e o sucesso do tratamento. Os Modos de Falha e Análise de Efeitos (FMEA) é uma ferramenta de análise prospectiva amplamente utilizada na engenharia industrial que tem sido aplicada em algumas instituições de saúde. Além disso, instituições acreditadoras sugerem que as revisões anuais sejam realizadas para a prevenção ativa de riscos em instituições hospitalares. Esta ferramenta pode ser usada para identificar possíveis falhas de sistemas ou processos, mesmo antes que eles aconteçam. Compreendendo a magnitude do problema e sua relevância, optamos por aplicar esta avaliação em uma unidade de hemodiálise em um hospital do sul do Brasil. Objetivos: Aplicar a ferramenta análise de modos de falha e seus efeitos em uma unidade de hemodiálise, a fim de conhecer os principais riscos e implementar sugestões de melhorias. Metodologia: Este é um estudo exploratório. Um estudo descritivo é descritivo no sentido de que FMEA é aplicado em uma Unidade de Hemodiálise de identificar os principais riscos do tratamento dialítico prospectivamente em um hospital filantrópico do Sul do Brasil. O instrumento foi aplicado por uma equipe multidisciplinar composta por nefrologistas, enfermeiros e gestores. Fase 1 - A escolha de um processo de risco; Fase 2 - Recrutamento da equipe multiprofissional; Fase 3 - Projetando o processo; Fase 4 - Identificar os modos de falha e seus efeitos; Fase 5 - Priorizar os modos de falha. Após a definição de cada modo de falha, a equipe estabeleceu a probabilidade de ocorrência do evento e sua classificação de acordo com a serveridade e frequência. A análise dos dados foi realizada com estatísticas.A metodologia utilizada para elaboração do FMEA foi a proposta pelo Institute for Healthcare Improvement em cinco etapas. A definição da Priorização de Risco foi calculada pelo Risk Profile Number (RPN). E a construção da matriz de riscos foi elaborada de acordo com a proposta do U.S Veterans Affairs. Resultados: Os principais resultados encontrados no estudo foram 41 modos de falha no processo. Destes, 12 foram considerados de alto risco com RPN (70-100) e estão relacionados aos cuidados com os acessos vasculares, falha na coleta de exames, confirmação de reações alérgicas que podem levar ao choque e cuidados com a punção e conexão das linhas na fístula arteriovenosa. Identificou-se 17 processos de médio risco com RPN (10-40), que foram relacionados à prescrição da hemodiálise e a ausência de verificação de sinais vitais. Os demais 12 modos de falha foram em processos de baixo risco com RPN (1-9). Conclusões: Os modos de falha encontrados em sua maioria não possuíam controles de processos atuais, em 36,6% dos processos, que são as chamadas barreiras para a ocorrência de eventos adversos e, portanto, foram sugeridas medidas de minimização do risco. / Introduction: The quality of care is a concern of Health Institutions. Risk analysis consists of complex actions for quality and safety of care. Routine hemodialysis session is a complex process and because these characteristics may be subjected to a high incidence of errors, lapses and failures. Concern for patient safety in dialysis and knowledge of the risks they are susceptible is of extreme importance for the outcome and treatment success. The Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a prospective analysis tool widely used in industrial engineering that has been applied in some health institutions. In addition, the Joint Commission International (JCI) suggests that annual reviews be made for active prevention of risks in hospitalar institutions. This tool could be used to identify potential failures of systems or processes, even before they happen. Understanding the magnitude of the issue and its relevance, we choose to apply this evaluation in a hemodialysis unit in a South Brazil Hospital. Objective: To describe the application of FMEA in a Hemodialysis Unit Methods: This is an exploratory study. A Descriptive Study is descriptive in the sense that FMEA is applied in a Hemodialysis Unit to identify the main risks of dialytic treatment prospectively at a Philanthropic Hospital in the South of Brazil. The tool was applied by a multidisciplinary team composed of nephrologists, nurses and managers. Stage 1 – Choosing a Risk Process; Stage 2 – Recruiting the Multiprofessional Team ; Stage 3 – Designing the Process ; Stage 4 – Identifying the failure modes and their effects; Stage 5 – Prioritizing the failure modes: after defining each failure mode, the team established the probability of occurrence of the event and its severity. The classification of the failure mode took into account criticity, the frequency at which the event can occur, its severity, and to what extent it will be detected if it happens. The data analysis was based on descriptive statistics and according to the FMEA methodology. Results: The main results found in the study were 41 failure modes in the process, and 12 processes presented high risk RPN (70-100). This is related to the care of vascular accesses and failure in collection for tests, the confirmation of allergic reactions that may lead to shock, care with the puncture and connection of lines in the arteriovenous fistula. In the medium risk processes RPN (10-40) 17 were identified involving the prescription of hemodialysis and the absence of verification of vital signs. And the low risk RPN processes (1-9) were the other failure modes. Conclusion: analyzing the failure modes it was seen that most of the stages, 36.6% of the processes did not have controls of current processes which are the so-called barriers to the occurrence of adverse events, and therefore risk minimization measures were suggested.

Introdução: A busca pela qualidade e segurança é uma preocupação de instituições de saúde. A análise de risco é um dos caminhos para a melhoria da qualidade e minimização de eventos adversos nas organizações de saúde. A sessão de hemodiálise é um processo complexo e por esta característica pode estar submetida a uma alta incidência de erros, lapsos e falhas. Por isto, a preocupação com a segurança dos pacientes em diálise e conhecimento dos riscos a que estão suscetíveis é de extrema importância para o resultado e o sucesso do tratamento. Os Modos de Falha e Análise de Efeitos (FMEA) é uma ferramenta de análise prospectiva amplamente utilizada na engenharia industrial que tem sido aplicada em algumas instituições de saúde. Além disso, instituições acreditadoras sugerem que as revisões anuais sejam realizadas para a prevenção ativa de riscos em instituições hospitalares. Esta ferramenta pode ser usada para identificar possíveis falhas de sistemas ou processos, mesmo antes que eles aconteçam. Compreendendo a magnitude do problema e sua relevância, optamos por aplicar esta avaliação em uma unidade de hemodiálise em um hospital do sul do Brasil. Objetivos: Aplicar a ferramenta análise de modos de falha e seus efeitos em uma unidade de hemodiálise, a fim de conhecer os principais riscos e implementar sugestões de melhorias. Metodologia: Este é um estudo exploratório. Um estudo descritivo é descritivo no sentido de que FMEA é aplicado em uma Unidade de Hemodiálise de identificar os principais riscos do tratamento dialítico prospectivamente em um hospital filantrópico do Sul do Brasil. O instrumento foi aplicado por uma equipe multidisciplinar composta por nefrologistas, enfermeiros e gestores. Fase 1 - A escolha de um processo de risco; Fase 2 - Recrutamento da equipe multiprofissional; Fase 3 - Projetando o processo; Fase 4 - Identificar os modos de falha e seus efeitos; Fase 5 - Priorizar os modos de falha. Após a definição de cada modo de falha, a equipe estabeleceu a probabilidade de ocorrência do evento e sua classificação de acordo com a serveridade e frequência. A análise dos dados foi realizada com estatísticas.A metodologia utilizada para elaboração do FMEA foi a proposta pelo Institute for Healthcare Improvement em cinco etapas. A definição da Priorização de Risco foi calculada pelo Risk Profile Number (RPN). E a construção da matriz de riscos foi elaborada de acordo com a proposta do U.S Veterans Affairs. Resultados: Os principais resultados encontrados no estudo foram 41 modos de falha no processo. Destes, 12 foram considerados de alto risco com RPN (70-100) e estão relacionados aos cuidados com os acessos vasculares, falha na coleta de exames, confirmação de reações alérgicas que podem levar ao choque e cuidados com a punção e conexão das linhas na fístula arteriovenosa. Identificou-se 17 processos de médio risco com RPN (10-40), que foram relacionados à prescrição da hemodiálise e a ausência de verificação de sinais vitais. Os demais 12 modos de falha foram em processos de baixo risco com RPN (1-9). Conclusões: Os modos de falha encontrados em sua maioria não possuíam controles de processos atuais, em 36,6% dos processos, que são as chamadas barreiras para a ocorrência de eventos adversos e, portanto, foram sugeridas medidas de minimização do risco. / Introduction: The quality of care is a concern of Health Institutions. Risk analysis consists of complex actions for quality and safety of care. Routine hemodialysis session is a complex process and because these characteristics may be subjected to a high incidence of errors, lapses and failures. Concern for patient safety in dialysis and knowledge of the risks they are susceptible is of extreme importance for the outcome and treatment success. The Failure Modes and Effects Analysis (FMEA) is a prospective analysis tool widely used in industrial engineering that has been applied in some health institutions. In addition, the Joint Commission International (JCI) suggests that annual reviews be made for active prevention of risks in hospitalar institutions. This tool could be used to identify potential failures of systems or processes, even before they happen. Understanding the magnitude of the issue and its relevance, we choose to apply this evaluation in a hemodialysis unit in a South Brazil Hospital. Objective: To describe the application of FMEA in a Hemodialysis Unit Methods: This is an exploratory study. A Descriptive Study is descriptive in the sense that FMEA is applied in a Hemodialysis Unit to identify the main risks of dialytic treatment prospectively at a Philanthropic Hospital in the South of Brazil. The tool was applied by a multidisciplinary team composed of nephrologists, nurses and managers. Stage 1 – Choosing a Risk Process; Stage 2 – Recruiting the Multiprofessional Team ; Stage 3 – Designing the Process ; Stage 4 – Identifying the failure modes and their effects; Stage 5 – Prioritizing the failure modes: after defining each failure mode, the team established the probability of occurrence of the event and its severity. The classification of the failure mode took into account criticity, the frequency at which the event can occur, its severity, and to what extent it will be detected if it happens. The data analysis was based on descriptive statistics and according to the FMEA methodology. Results: The main results found in the study were 41 failure modes in the process, and 12 processes presented high risk RPN (70-100). This is related to the care of vascular accesses and failure in collection for tests, the confirmation of allergic reactions that may lead to shock, care with the puncture and connection of lines in the arteriovenous fistula. In the medium risk processes RPN (10-40) 17 were identified involving the prescription of hemodialysis and the absence of verification of vital signs. And the low risk RPN processes (1-9) were the other failure modes. Conclusion: analyzing the failure modes it was seen that most of the stages, 36.6% of the processes did not have controls of current processes which are the so-called barriers to the occurrence of adverse events, and therefore risk minimization measures were suggested.

Lietuvos Respublikos pacientų teisių ir žalos sveikatai atlyginimo įstatyme yra įtvirtinta paciento teisė gauti ne bet kokias, o kokybiškas sveikatos priežiūros paslaugas. Minėtame įstatyme apibrėžta, kad kokybiškos sveikatos priežiūros paslaugos – tai prieinamos, saugios, veiksmingos sveikatos stiprinimo, ligų prevencijos, diagnostikos, ligonių gydymo ir slaugos paslaugos, kurias tinkamam pacientui, tinkamu laiku, tinkamoje vietoje suteikia tinkamas sveikatos priežiūros specialistas pagal šiuolaikinio medicinos ir slaugos mokslo lygį ir gerą patirtį, atsižvelgdami į paslaugos teikėjo galimybes ir paciento poreikius bei lūkesčius, juos tenkindami ar viršydami. Darbo tikslas – įvertinti Vilniaus miesto ambulatorinių asmens sveikatos priežiūros įstaigų paslaugomis besinaudojančių asmenų nuomonę apie asmens sveikatos priežiūros paslaugų kokybę Vilniaus mieste, o uždaviniai: ištirti asmens sveikatos priežiūros paslaugų kokybę, įvertinti Vilniaus miesto ambulatorinių asmens sveikatos priežiūros įstaigų paslaugomis besinaudojančių asmenų pasitenkinimą gautomis asmens sveikatos priežiūros paslaugomis ir nustatyti sąsajas tarp teikiamų asmens sveikatos priežiūros paslaugų kokybės ir respondentų pasitenkinimo gautomis asmens sveikatos priežiūros paslaugomis. Vykdant sveikatos priežiūros įstaigų teikiamų paslaugų vertinimo pacientų požiūriu Vilniaus mieste momentinį tyrimą, buvo Vilniaus miesto ambulatorinėse asmens sveikatos priežiūros įstaigose – Šeškinės, Antakalnio ir Centro... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The Law on the rights of patients and compensation for the damage to their health of the Republic of Lithuania establishes the right of a patient to receive not just any healthcare services but the services of high quality. The abovementioned law defines the high quality health care services as accessible, safe, efficient health improvement, disease prevention, diagnostic, patient treatment and nursing services which are provided to an appropriate patient at an appropriate time and place by an appropriate health care professional according to the level of modern medical and nursing science and good practice, taking into account the service provider’s possibilities and the patient’s needs and expectations by satisfying or exceeding them. The objective of the paper is to evaluate the opinion of individual persons who are using ambulatory personal health care institutions in Vilnius on the quality of the services they are rendered and the tasks of the paper involved examination of the quality of the healthcare services, evaluation of the satisfaction level of the individual persons who are using the services of the personal healthcare institutions in respect of the personal healthcare services they have received and establishing the correlation between the service quality of the personal healthcare institutions and the satisfaction of the respondents in relation to the personal healthcare services they have received. During the instant survey of the quality of healthcare... [to full text]

Afin d’améliorer la santé maternelle, il est essentiel de mettre en œuvre des interventions qui agissent sur la période intrapartum, interventions qui consistent essentiellement en l’amélioration de l’accès aux soins obstétricaux et néonataux d’urgence (SONU). Néanmoins, plusieurs pays qui se sont tournés vers ce type d’interventions rencontrent d’importants défis au niveau de leur implantation et les taux élevés de mortalité maternelle persistent. Cette étude vise à identifier des caractéristiques de structure et de processus dans les centres de santé communautaire (CSCOM) où des décès maternels ont eu lieu et de comparer ces caractéristiques avec celles de CSCOM où aucun décès maternel n’a eu lieu. Nous avons opté pour une démarche exploratoire comparative des groupes de CSCOM qui diffèrent de par les issues des parturientes qui y ont été traitées ainsi que par leur configuration en termes de ressources humaines. La population à l’étude correspond à des CSCOM de la région de Kayes dans lesquels ont été prises en charge des femmes qui ont fait face à des urgences obstétricales. Les ressources humaines, les ressources matérielles, les ressources en pharmacie et les connaissances des prestataires de soins de ces établissements constituent les principaux objets à l’étude. L’analyse de nos données montre qu’il existe de grandes disparités au niveau des ressources disponibles dans les CSCOM, ressources pourtant nécessaires à une prise en charge adéquate des urgences obstétricales. Bien qu’aucune caractéristique des CSCOM ne puisse être associée aux issues défavorables des femmes qui y ont été traitées, l’accumulation de déficits au niveau des ressources matérielles et humaines ainsi que le faible niveau de connaissances de certaines catégories de personnel laissent penser que la prise en charge des parturientes est déficiente au point de menacer leur survie. / To improve maternal health, it is essential to implement interventions that act on the intrapartum period, interventions that consist essentially in improving access to obstetric and neonatal emergency care (EmOC). Nevertheless, several countries that have turned to such interventions encounter significant challenges in their implementation and the high rates of maternal mortality persist. This study aims to identify characteristics of structure and process in community health centers (CSCOM) where maternal deaths have occurred and to compare these characteristics with those of CSCOM where no maternal deaths have occurred. We opted for an exploratory comparative approach of CSCOM with patients with different outcomes and different human resources configuration. The study population corresponds to CSCOMs of Kayes region in which obstetric emergencies were managed. The main focus of this study is on human resources, availability of equipment, supply and medicine, and on the level of knowledge of health care providers in these health centers. Our data analysis revealed that there are large disparities in resources available at the CSCOM level. Yet, these resources are needed in order to adequately manage obstetric emergencies. Although none of the CSCOM characteristic can be associated with adverse outcomes, the accumulation of deficits in human and material resources as well as the lack of knowledge of certain categories of staff suggests that the poor quality of obstetric care may threaten the parturient survival.

The aim of this thesis was to explore options for hospital profiling in the Slovak republic. Sacrificing breadth of the study in favor of depth, the scope of the analysis was narrowed down to one quality indicator only - mortality. In the first step a mortality prediction model was constructed in order to predict expected probability of death on the basis of a set of risk factors in order to filter away variation in hospital outcomes that is caused by other factors than quality of care. Validation of the model was performed on a validation sample of 25% of data. Discriminative ability of the final model is very high - c-statistics over 0.9. Furthermore, we verified that hospitals differ in the risk structure of their patient populations significantly - mean predicted probability of dying for hospitals differed from 0.02% to 33%. In the second step hospital profiling was performed. Standardized mortality ratios were calculated for each hospital as a difference between observed and expected number of deaths. After introduction of risk-adjustment and calculation of confidence intervals 43% of hospitals were re-classified. 30-day mortality was selected as the best indicator for hospital profiling.

Studier visar att en god och säker vård har ett nära samband med en hög grad av omvårdnadskompetens hos personalen. Trots att specialistsjuksköterskor har ansvar för att initiera och tillämpa evidensbaserad vård samt att driva utvecklingen inom vården saknas en tydlig beskrivning av vad detta faktiskt innebär samt hur kompetensen bäst kan komma till användning. Syftet är att belysa specialistsjuksköterskors kompetens och dess betydelse för vårdkvalitet och vårdutveckling. För att kunna besvara syftet utfördes en litteraturöversikt. Arton artiklar, varav tolv med kvalitativ metod och sex med kvantitativ metod inkluderades i resultatet. Samtliga artiklar kvalitetsbedömdes med modifierade granskningsmallar. Därefter gjordes en tematisk analys av artiklarnas resultat. Specialistsjuksköterskors avancerade kompetens visade sig ha en viktig betydelse för flera patientgrupper såväl som för andra vårdprofessioner. Den avancerade kompetensen gjorde skillnad i både vårdkvalitet och vårdutveckling. Ett flertal utmaningar i form av organisatoriskt motstånd och otydligheten i rollbeskrivningar kan leda till brist på utvecklingsmöjligheter och att kompetensen som specialistsjuksköterskor har inte används fullt ut. Att sjukvårdsorganisationer tar tillvara på specialistsjuksköterskors kompetens behöver ses som en förutsättning för vårdens förbättringsarbete och för utvecklingen av vårdkvaliteten. / Research has proven that a care of high quality is connected with a high degree of nursing competence. Although nurse specialists with advanced education have responsibilities to implement evidence-based research in practice, in addition to improve the quality of nursing care, there is a lack of a comprehensive and clear description of what this actually means and how their skills best should be applied. The purpose of this study is to examine the roles of nurse specialists and the impact their professional knowledge has on quality of care and health care development. A literature review was performed. Eighteen articles, of which twelve with qualitative method and six with quantitative method, were included in the result. A thematic analysis was made of the results of the articles. The skills of specialist nurses proved to be important for several patient groups as well as for other healthcare professions. The advanced competence made a difference for both quality of care and healthcare improvement. Thus, several challenges like organizational resistance and ambiguity in role descriptions can lead to a lack of development opportunities and that the competence of specialist nurses are not being fully utilized. The skills of nurse specialists need to be seen by healthcare organizations as a prerequisite for the improvement of care and for the development of care quality.

The overall aim of the present thesis was to investigate experiences of living with multidrug-resistant bacteria (MDRB), using methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus (MRSA) colonization as an illustration, and to develop and validate a tool to describe healthcare personnel’s attitudes towards patients with MDRB. A further objective was to study MRSA-colonized persons’ and healthcare personnel’s experiences of patient-professional interactions and responsibilities for infection prevention. Four empirical studies were conducted. A total of 18 MRSA-colonized persons and 20 healthcare personnel were interviewed regarding their experiences, and a total of 726 RNs responded the MDRB Attitude Questionnaire. The findings revealed the difficulties associated with living with MRSA colonization, which was described as something uncertain, and as an indefinable threat that has to be managed in both everyday life and in contacts with healthcare. Interactions with healthcare personnel were described as unprofessional owing to personnel’s inappropriate behaviour and insufficient information provision. According to the personnel, achieving adequate patient-professional interactions required having knowledge and experiences of MRSA. They also experienced difficulties in providing tailored information to patients. The MRSA-colonized persons described their unwanted responsibility to inform healthcare personnel about the colonization, but also felt responsible for limiting the spread of infection to others. Furthermore, responsibility for infection control was regarded as shared between healthcare personnel and patients. The personnel described such responsibility as a natural part of their daily work, although it was not always easy to adhere to hygiene precautions. The MRSA-colonized persons felt that healthcare personnel have insufficient knowledge of the bacteria and of hygiene precautions. The MDRB Attitude Questionnaire showed that registered nurses do have knowledge deficiencies. The MDRB Attitude Questionnaire has adequate psychometric properties. In conclusion, MRSA colonization constitutes a psychological strain for carriers, and interactions with healthcare personnel resulted in feelings of stigmatization. The present thesis indicates that there is a need to improve healthcare personnel’s knowledge, behaviour and emotional response in relation to patients with MDRB, in order to ensure patient safety and address patients’ needs. The heads of department is responsible for such improvements, and the MDRB Attitude Questionnaire is useful in identifying areas in need for improvement.

Darbo tikslas – įvertinti šeimos gydytojo pasirinkimą ir keitimą lemiančius veiksnius priklausomai nuo įstaigos tipo. Uždaviniai :1. Nustatyti ir įvertinti PSP paslaugų teikėjo pasirinkimą lemiančius veiksnius priklausomai nuo įstaigos tipo. 2. Įvertinti ir palyginti šeimos gydytojo keitimą įtakojančius motyvus priklausomai nuo įstaigos tipo. 3. Įvertinti ir palyginti pacientų elgseną ir pasitenkinimą paslaugomis priklausomai nuo įstaigos tipo. Tyrimo metodika. Tyrimas atliktas 2013m. sausio- kovo mėn. Naudota anoniminė anketinė viešosiose: Prienų rajono PSPC ir Birštono PSPC bei privačiose PSP įstaigose besilankančių pacientų apklausa( n═247). Atsakas dažnumas 81,5 proc. Tyrimo rezultatų statistinė analizė atlikta naudojant SPSS 17.0 ( Statistical Package of Social Scienles ) for Windows statistinių duomenų paketą. Ryšiai tarp požymių vertinti pagal Chi kvadrato ( x2 ) kriterijų. Rodiklių skirtumas laikytas statistiškai reikšmingu, kai p< 0,05. Rezultatai. Pacientų tyrimo rezultatų analizė atskleidė, jog (48 proc.) privačių PSPC ir (46 proc.) viešųjų PSP įstaigų pacientų yra patenkinti šeimos gydytojo teikiamomis paslaugomis. Tyrimo metu nustatyta, kad statistiškai šeimos gydytojo paslaugų vertinimas neturi sąsajų su išsilavinimu, socialiniu statusu ir mokėjimu už paslaugas. Privačiose gydymo įstaigose (40 proc.) respondentų nepasirenka šeimos gydytojo dėl nepatenkinamų paslaugų kokybės, o (75 proc.) viešųjų PSP centrų respondentų - dėl netinkamo šeimos gydytojo... [toliau žr. visą tekstą] / The aim of the study is to assess factors that determine the choice and change of family doctor depending on the type of institution. Objectives: 1. To identify and assess factors that determine the choice of a primary healthcare service provider depending on the type of institution. 2. To assess and compare motives that influence the change of a family doctor depending on the type of institution. 3. To assess and compare patientes behaviour and satisfaction depending on the type of institution. Methods of the research. The research was conducted in between January and March, 2013. An anonymous survey was performed on patients who visit public institutions of Prienai district primary health care and Birštonas primary health care and also private primary health care institutions (n=247). The response in public primary health care institutions was 81.5%. The statistical analysis of the research results was performed using SPSS 17.0 (Statistical Package for Social Sciences). The relationships between the features were assessed using x2 criterion. Results. The analysis of patient research results showed that 48% of patients of private primary healthcare and 46% of public healthcare institutions are satisfied with the services provided by family doctors. During the research it was found that statistically the assessment of family doctor service quality does not have connection with education, social status or payment for services, 40% of respondents do not choose family doctor... [to full text]