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Att mäta och synliggöra data om sig själv med hjälp av tekniska hjälpmedel, så kallad Quantified self, blir allt vanligare. Samtidigt förbrukar vi långt mer koldioxid än vad vår planet klarar av. Den här rapporten undersökte därför relationen mellan användning av Quantified self-verktyg och inställning till det egna koldioxidutsläppet från mat, återvinning och resor. Vi ville se om metoden kunde användas för att påverka människors syn på sina koldioxidutsläpp. Frågeställningen som undersöktes var hur tillgång till QS-data rörande koldioxidavtryck för mat, hushållsavfall och resor påverkar individers inställning till beteendeförändringar och insikt om det egna beteendet inom dessa områden. För att besvara frågeställningen genomfördes en studie där deltagarna fick daglig återkoppling på sitt koldioxidutsläpp i de tre kategorierna samt fick besvara en enkät före och efter studien om deras inställning i frågan. Resultaten analyserades sedan med hjälp av modellen The Behaviour Change Wheel - kapacitet, möjlighet och motivation i relation till beteende. Resultaten visade ett samband mellan återkopplingen på koldioxidutsläpp och ökad förståelse för, respektive motivation att minska, sin koldioxidförbrukning. Tillgången till QS-data verkade således positivt på majoriteten av deltagarna i den mening att de efter studien uppgav sig villigare att leva mer klimatsmart. För framtida forskning inom området är det relevant att reflektera över utformningen av QS-verktyget som används för insamling av data och i vilken kontext datan presenteras, då det kan komma att påverka resultatet. I framtida studier kan det även vara intressant att använda sig av deltagare utan initialt intresse av att ändra sina vanor för ett mer hållbart klimat, för att tydligare kunna se resultat av förändringar i inställning och insikt gentemot klimatfrämjande åtgärder. / The logging of personal data using technology aiming to increase self-knowledge, also known as Quantified Self, is a rapidly developing movement. At the same time, we are using far more carbon dioxide than our planet can handle. The purpose of this study was therefore to investigate the relation between the use of Quantified Self tools and the attitude towards one's own carbon dioxide emissions regarding food, recycling and travels. We wanted to explore whether the method could be used to affect people’s views on their own emissions. The research question was how access to QS-data regarding carbon dioxide emissions from food, recycling and travels affects individual’s attitudes towards behaviour change and knowledge about their own behaviour within these areas. To answer the question at issue we conducted a study where the participants got daily feedback on their carbon dioxide emissions from the three categories mentioned and were asked to answer a questionnaire, both before and after the study, about their attitude towards the matter.   The results were then analyzed using The Behaviour Change Wheel model - capacity, opportunity and motivation in relation to behaviour. The results showed a connection between the feedback on the emissions and an increased understanding for, and motivation to decrease, one’s own carbon dioxide consumption. The access to QS-data had a positive effect on most of the participants in the sense that after the study, they were willing to try to live more climate friendly. For future research within the subject it is relevant to reflect on the design of the QS tool that is being used for the data gathering and in which context the data is being presented, since it could affect the outcome. In future studies, it could be interesting to use participants without an initial interest of changing one’s habits to be more climate friendly, since it might give more clear results of actual changes in attitudes towards, and knowledge about, climate encouraging measures.

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Wearable technologies are creating new ways for people to discover and record personal data. While these devices are raising awareness about biometric information, there is a larger quantified self movement encompassing any type of personal data collected by any means and recorded and shared in a variety of ways. Participants in this movement are experimenting with new ways to view and interact with their generated digital information. On a societal level, as we collect more data (personal or otherwise) we are questioning who should have access to different types of data and how collected data should be used. Visual Imprints documents an exploration into how location data is collected, visualized, and understood by people with varying degrees of data literacy. Through the design and development of the Android application Data Atlas, this exploration utilizes aspects of information architecture to illustrate how we as a society might come to better understand what technologies and applications record personal data and how collected information can be seen and used. The exploration also illustrates how creative technologists can contribute to societal questions on data literacy and user privacy as well as create work as a part of the quantified self movement. / Master of Fine Arts

The purpose of this study was to find out how fitness applications should be designed to help Quantified-selfers to change a behavior. This was investigated by interviewing users of the fitness-tracking application Runkeeper, and focused on users experiences, how they use it and in what way their behavior has changed. The study showed that the application had overall improved the users training behavior, but it differed in the way in which it had succeeded. The app was seen as a positive resource that allowed the users to follow and compare their results, which led to that they progressed in their training. What features the users used, which they did not use and which they wanted was individually and depended on the users desired outcome of their training. Finally, it is suggested how future wearable tech regarding fitness can be designed to help Quantified-selfers further to change a behavior. / Syftet med denna studie var att ta reda på hur träningsapplikationer bör utformas för att hjälpa Quantified-selfers att förändra ett beteende. Detta undersöktes genom att intervjua användare av applikationen Runkeeper, där fokus låg på användarnas erfarenheter av appen, hur användningen sker och på vilket sätt deras beteende har förändrats. Det utfördes även en innehållsanalys på vad användarna själva såg för förbättringspotential i appen, genom att de gav förslag på nya funktioner. Studien visade att applikationen överlag hade förbättrat användarnas träningsbeteende, men att det skiljde sig åt på vilket sätt den hade lyckats med detta. Appen sågs som ett positivt hjälpmedel som gjorde att användarna kunde följa och jämföra sina resultat, vilket ledde till att de utvecklades i sin träning. Vilka funktioner användarna använde, vilka de inte använde och vilka de ville ha var individuellt och berodde på vad användaren ville ha ut av sin träning. Slutligen föreslås hur framtida aktivitetsmätare för Quantified-selfers kan utformas för att hjälpa användaren ytterligare mot en beteendeförändring.

What does the climate and the body have to do with each other? In some ways, they are widely different. The body is local, individual, a lived experience; the climate is global, collectively felt, and hard to observe in everyday life. In other ways, the body and the climate are inextricably linked. The ways in which we feed, dress and transport our bodies impact the climate, and the climate impacts the ways in which it is possible to feed, dress and transport our bodies. In this thesis, I aim to explore the connections between the body and the climate through two types of digital technology: web tests and apps for assessing and tracking different kinds of metrics related to the body and the climate. I use a theoretical framework centered on how the individual is presented as an arena for constant improvement, and study the interfaces through their different affordances and uses of metaphor. In my analysis, I find that these interfaces position the user as someone who can, and should, do more for both the body and the climate. They also position the user as someone in control and with the power to actually change and/or make an impact. Finally, I discuss two different ways to interpret these results. On one hand, it could be interpreted as a way to empower individuals and encourage them to act for the good of themselves and the world as a whole. On the other hand, the emphasis on individual actions may underplay the need for collective action on a systemic level. I conclude that digital technology for measuring ourselves and our behavior may offer us insights that could strengthen support for collective action, but we need to contextualize data in order to interpret it properly and act accordingly.

This study reviews ship security assessment. The objectives are to explore the possibilities for quantifying and performing a more thorough ship security risk analysis than that described in the International Ship and Port Facility Security code and to evaluate to what extent this more detailed analysis increases ship security and facilitate the effective selection of risk control options. The study focuses on Somali-based maritime piracy, using piracy on the Indian Ocean as a case study. Data are collected using questionnaires and interviews with civilian and military security experts who possess firsthand experience of piracy off the coast of Somalia. The data are collected specifically for this study and describe and quantify the threat’s capability, intent and likelihood of exploiting a ship’s vulnerability. Based on the collected description of the threat, the study analyzes and describes: probability of detection by pirates, probability of successful approach, and probability of successful boarding. The performed work shows good agreement between calculated probabilities and frequencies in the cited incident reports. Also, the developed scenarios describe the most important influences on the analyzed areas. The research therefore shows that the proposed risk-based approach, which uses structurally collected and documented information on the threat, can increase ship security by assisting in selecting risk control options. The approach also allows for a better understanding of the causal relationship between threat and risk than that provided in today’s security analysis by ship owners, for example. This understanding is crucial to choosing effective and robust risk control options.

Cette thèse porte sur les pratiques et les usages numériques de quantification de soi. Le mouvement Quantified Self est apparu initialement en 2007 dans la Silicon Valley, mais en quelques années ces pratiques ont rapidement évolué pour converger vers les technologies numériques en santé. S’il ressort de la littérature scientifique et académique qu’elles constituent une forme contemporaine de biopouvoir (Lupton, 2016) et qu’elles sont porteuses de nombreux espoirs dans le domaine de la santé, elles ne sont pourtant pas questionnées, ni du point de vue des mutations anthropologiques qu’elles introduisent dans le couplage entre organisme physiologique et données numériques (Simondon, 1958 ; Boullier, 2011 ; Sadin, 2013), ni du point de vue des modèles de conception sous-jacents aux technologies de quantification de soi, essentiellement fondées sur des approches comportementales, privilégiant la persuasion plutôt que la signification. Ce manque de réflexion soulève de nombreuses questions d’ordre éthique quant à la manière de concevoir des dispositifs numériques, en particulier lorsqu’il s’agit de la santé des individus (Lupton, 2013 ; 2016). Dans cette perspective, cette thèse poursuit un double objectif. Le premier est d’apporter un éclairage compréhensif sur les pratiques numériques de quantification de soi. Le second se rapporte à l’instrumentation de ces nouveaux objets technologiques et à leur modélisation en amont de leur conception. Pour ce faire, nous avons choisi le modèle Learning by expanding d’Engeström (1999, 2014) qui permet d’envisager la conception sous l’angle de la médiation. / This thesis concerns the digital practices and uses of self-quantification. The quantified-self movement first appeared in 2007 in Silicon Valley, but in a few years these practices have evolved rapidly to converge on digital health technologies. If it appears from the scientific and academic literature, that they constitute a contemporary form of biopower (Lupton, 2016) and that they carry many hopes in the field of health, they are however not questioned, neither from the perspective of the anthropological changes they introduce in the coupling between body and physiological digital data (Simondon, 1958, Boullier, 2011; Sadin, 2013), nor from the self-quantification technologies models point of view mainly based on behaviorist approaches, favoring persuasion rather than meaning. This lack of thinking raises many ethical questions about how to design a technology, especially when it comes to the health of individuals (Lupton, 2013; 2016).In this perspective, this thesis pursuit a dual purpose. The first is to provide a comprehensive perspective on the digital self-quantification practices. The second objective relates to the instrumentation of these new technological artifacts and to their modeling. To do this, we chose the approach the “Learning by Expanding model” of Engeström (1999, 2014), to model the digital mediations processes involved in the self-quantification practices.

Technical advancements allow for increasingly sophisticated methods of self-tracking. Despite this, the ways in which we interact with our numerical representations seem not to have progressed equally, making it challenging to use the data in meaningful ways. This prevents us from making the most of self-tracking in order to facilitate a healthier lifestyle and self-improvement. In this study, we show how Dourish’s Embodied Interaction can motivate acting based on self-tracked data, with the example of walking. We conducted evaluations with experts and users of a software prototype that is built on the notion of embodiment. Based on the results, we draw a number of conclusions about the usefulness of Embodied Interaction in this area: That digital applications can support physical activity through providing context, motivation and feedback; that self-tracking applications should focus on goals rather than data; that motivation might be increased by placing the users efforts in a context that transcends them as individuals; and that Embodied Interaction offers a rich field of possibilities which are yet to be discovered.

In recent years, it is becoming more common for people to use applications or devices that keep track of their activities, such as fitness activities, places they visit, the music they listen to, and pictures they take. These data are used by the services for various purposes, but usually there are limitations for the users to explore or interact with them. This project investigates a new approach of visualizing such Quantified Self data, in a meaningful and enjoyable way that gives the users insights into their data. This thesis discusses the feasibility of creating a system that allows users to connect the activity tracking applications they already use, analyse the amount of activities, and then present the resulting information. The visualization of the information is done with an avatar that maps the different activities the user is engaged with, along with the activity levels, as graphical features. Within the scope of this work, several user studies were conducted and a system prototype was implemented to explore how to build, using web technologies, such a system that aggregates and analyses personal activity data, and also to determine what kind of data should and can be collected, to provide meaningful information to the users. Furthermore, it was investigated how a possible design for the avatar could look like, to be clearly understood by the users.