The brake system is critical for ensuring safe driving and has been the focus of development for many years. Pneumatic braking technology is commonly used in heavy vehicles,but it results in energy wastage and high service costs. Some countries mandate auxiliarybraking systems to assist in stopping the vehicle in addition to service brakes. One suchsystem is the regenerative braking system, which captures kinetic energy from braking andconverts it into electrical energy. Retarders are another commonly used auxiliary brakingsystem. These systems are essential due to heavy vehicle weight, which can weaken servicebrake performance.This thesis focuses on estimating net forces on the truck’s driven axle to understandhow auxiliary braking systems and vehicle traction affect the normal force on the drivenwheel axle. The expected result can assist in maintaining the slip ratio and increasing thelife span and performance of brakes.Scania uses a function to estimate forces on the driven axle and drive wheel slip. Theyneed to determine the normal force on the axle to improve performance of auxiliary brakingsystems, but tests showed that for the same specified slip ratio, the auxiliary braking forcerequired was smaller than that in an acceleration state. Scania believe that dynamic axleload transfer may be the cause, so a 6x2 electrified truck will be investigated in this thesis.The obtained results show the driven wheel axle’s behavior during different dynamicalscenarios.This research aimed to develop a model that can accurately simulate a truck’s movement and estimate the ground reaction force in response to variations in the scenario of thecontrol signal. By studying the quarter car model, bounce-pitch and half car model, theresearchers were able to obtain a model represented by 5 ODEs, which predicts the wheelaxle normal force. To verify the model, data from the CAN bus and measurements using ascale were collected and compared with the model’s output. The Mean Squared Error canbe used to evaluate and compare the model’s performance, and the results showed that themodel provides a reasonable estimate of the normal force on all axles. The study also analyzed the factors that contributed to the errors in the results. The behavior of the normalforce for each wheel axle during acceleration and braking was illustrated, explaining howthe normal force distribution becomes mirrored compared to the acceleration state duringbraking. The study’s discussions enhance the validity of the observed behavior and thereliability of the results.

Speckle noise occurs in a wide range of images due to sampling and digital degradation. Understanding how noise can be present in images have led to multiple denoising techniques. Most of these denoising techniques assume equal noise distribution. When the noise present in the image is not uniform, the resulting denoised image becomes less than the highest standard or quality. For this research, we will be focusing on speckle noise. Unlike Gaussian noise, which affects single pixels on an image, speckle noise affects multiple pixels. Hence it is not possible to remove speckle noise with the traditional gaussian denoising model. We develope a more accurate speckle denoising model and its stable numerical methods. This model is based on the TV minimization and the associated non-linear PDE and Krissian $et$ $al$.'s speckle noise equation model. A realistic and efficient speckle noise equation model was introduced with an edge enhancing feature by adopting a non-convex functional. An effective numerical scheme was introduced and its stability was proved. Also, while working with TV minimization for non-linear PDE and Krissian $et$ $al$ we used a dual approach for faster computation. This work is based on Chambolle's approach for image denoising. The NLM algorithm takes advantage of the high degree of redundancy of any natural image. Also, the NLM algorithm is very accurate since all pixels contribute for denoising at any given pixel. However, due to non-local averaging, one major drawback is computational cost. For this research, we will discuss new denoising techniques based on NLM and total variation for images contaminated by speckle noise. We introduce blockwise and selective denoising methods based on NLM technique and Partial Differential Equations (PDEs) methods for total variation to enhance computational efficiency. Our PDE methods have shown to be very computational efficient and as mentioned before the NLM process is very accurate.

The determination of the phase boundary between the charge density wave and the Luttinger Liquid phase for the one-dimensional Peierls extended Hubbard model is done using Stochastic Series Expansion and comparison is done with the phase boundary for the Extended Hubbard model. The result of adding an electron-phonon interaction is that the charge density wave phase weakens. par The energy autocorrelation time is reported for the Extended Hubbard Model and the Peierls Hubbard Model. For coupling near and above the critical coupling the autocorrelation time increases exponentially. par Also investigated is the presence of a spin gap and the critical value of phonon coupling with respect to two parameters, (1) the bare phonon frequency and (2) different U, at one-quarter filling.

Tyre wear is a vital problem in vehicles, especially in articulated vehicles because of their heavier axle loads. Tyre wear can not only do harm to vehicle dynamics but also cause tyre particle emissions. Therefore, solutions that can minimise tyre wear are where this thesis work focuses. The suspension design is one of the main factors affecting tyre wear. This thesis considers different kinds of semi-active (such as ADD, SH-2 and GH-2) and active suspensions (\(H_\infty\) control) and compares them with a passive suspension with regards to tyre wear. Driving comfort and road holding are considered as well. The simulation starts by running a IPG/TruckMaker model on a route introducing a certain road roughness profile, and outputs lateral slip angles, which together with vehicle parameters and route data are input into a Simulink model. Then, based on the static vertical load on each axles of the articulated vehicle, three different quarter car models corresponding to the axles with various suspension systems are built in Simulink. Simulation results show that the active suspension (\(H_\infty\) control approach) works best in minimising tyre wear, reducing tyre wear by 1-10\% compared to the passive suspension when the vehicle is driving on road profile Class C (country road). Meanwhile, several control strategies of \(H_\infty\) control are applied in order to result in overall good vehicle performance considering comfort and road holding. Semi-active suspensions also work well in reducing tyre wear, but the amount of tyre wear reduction is lower than that of the \(H_\infty\) controllers. / Däckslitage är ett viktigt problem för fordon, särskilt för tunga ledade fordon på grund av deras högre axellaster. Däckets slitage påverkar inte bara fordonets dynamik utan orsakar också utsläpp av däckpartiklar. Olika lösningar behöver utvecklas som kan minimera däckslitage och det är fokus för detta examensarbete. Hjulupphängningens konstruktion är en viktig faktor som påverkar däckslitaget. Detta arbete studerar olika typer av semiaktiva (såsom ADD, SH-2 och GH-2) och aktiva fjädringssystem (\(H_\infty\) reglering) och jämför dem med ett passivt fjädringssystem när det gäller däckslitage, samtidigt som även körkomfort och väghållning beaktas. Simuleringarna inleds med att en IPG/TruckMaker fordonsmodell kör längs en sträcka med en viss typ av vägojämnhet. Simuleringarna resulterar i avdriftsvinklar för fordonet som tillsammans med fordonsparametrar och ruttinformation skapar indata till en Simulink-modell. Därefter, baserat på den statiska vertikala belastningen på varje axel i det ledade fordonet, skapas tre olika kvartsbilsmodeller i Simulink som motsvarar axlarna med deras olika hjulupphängningssystem.Simuleringsresultaten visar att den aktiva fjädringen (\(H_\infty\)) fungerar bäst när det gäller att minimera däckslitage, där slitaget minskar med 1-10\% jämfört med den passiva fjädringen när fordonet kör på vägprofil klass C (landsväg). Samtidigt tillämpas flera olika \(H_\infty\) reglerstrategier för att åstadkomma överlag goda fordonsprestanda även med avseende på komfort och väghållning. Semiaktiva fjädringssystem fungerar också bra för att minska däckslitaget, men minskningen av slitaget är lägre än den för den aktiva \(H_\infty\) fjädringen.

No / To mitigate potential interferences with coexisting wireless systems operating over 3.3-3.6 GHz, 5.15-5.35 GHz, or 5.725-5.825 GHz bands, four novel band-notched antennas suitable for ultra-wideband (UWB) applications are proposed. These include UWB antennas with a single wide notched band, a single narrow notched band, dual notched bands, and triple notched bands. Each antenna comprises a half-circle shaped patch with an open rectangular slot and a half-circle shaped ground plane. Good band-notched performance is achieved by using high permittivity and low dielectric loss substrate, and inserting quarter-wavelength horizontal/vertical stubs or alternatively embedding quarter-wavelength open-ended slots within the feed line. The results of both simulation and measurement confirm that the gain suppression of the single and multiple band-notched antennas in each desired notched band are over 15 dB and 10 dB, respectively. The radiation pattern of the proposed triple band-notched design is relatively stable across the operating frequency band.

Bakgrund: Medvetenhet om kropp och rörelse nämns ofta som en viktig fakor i att öka prestationsförmåga, undvika skador, nå högre livskvalitet och förbätta sjukdomstillstånd. Det har länge funnits ambitioner att förbättra rörelse genom ökad medvetenhet. Feldenkraismetoden är en metod för att förbättra rörelse genom förhöjd rörelsemedvetenhet och är förenlig med nutida vetenskap men förhållandevis lite empirisk forskning stöder metodens effektivitet. De flesta tidigare studier har varit på någon form av dysfunktion och ofta subjektiv upplevelse snarare än objektiva värden. Det har varit svårt för Feldenkraispedagoger att finna rätt mätmetoder för att utvärdera metoden. Syfte: Studiens syfte är att utvärdera effekten av träning för ökad rörelsemedvetenhet enligt Feldenkraismetoden på rörelse hos friska personer genom kvantitativ mätning. Metod: Friska kvinnor i en experimentgrupp (n=4, 30±7 år) och en kontrollgrupp (n=4, 26±2 år) testades med fem kvantitativa rörelsetester; one-leg standing balance, one-leg standing long jump, standing triple jump, star excursion balance test och upper quarter Y-balance test, innan och efter en intervention ledd av en auktoriserad Feldenkraispedagog där experimentgruppen genomgick tio träningsfällen enligt Feldenkraismetoden under fem veckors tid. Resultat: Signifikant förbättring (P≤0,05) i förhållande till både förtest och kontrollgrupp sågs vid star excursion balance test för vänster ben. Slutsats: Träning för ökad rörelsemedvetenhet enligt Feldenkraismetoden verkar kunna leda till förbättring i kvantitativt mätt rörelse hos friska kvinnor. Vidare forskning med fler deltagare är nödvändig för att bättre besvara hypotesen att träning för ökad rörelsemedvetenhet genom en intervention med Feldenkraismetoden leder till förbättrade resultat i de utvalda testerna hos friska personer. / Background: Awareness of body and movement is often mentioned as an important factor in increasing performance ability, avoiding injury, reaching a higher quality of life and improving conditions of illness. There has long been an ambition to improve movement through increased awareness. The Feldenkrais method is a method for improving movement through increased movement-awareness and is compatible with modern science. but comparatively little empirical research supports the methods effectivity. Most earlier studies have been on subjects with some form of dysfunction and often on subjective experience rather than objective measurements. It has been challenging for Feldenkrais-practitioners to find suitable ways of measurement for evaluating the method. Purpose: The purpose of this study is to evaluate the effect of training for increased movement-awareness according to the Feldenkrais method on movement in healthy subjects by quantitative measurements. Method: Healthy women in an experiment-group (n=4, 30±7 years) and a control-group (n=4, 26±2 years) were tested with five quantitative movement-tests; one-leg standing balance, one-leg standing long jump, standing triple jump, star excursion balance test and upper quarter Y-balance test, before and after an intervention where the experiment-group went through ten training sessions according to the Feldenkrais method during five weeks time. Results: Significant improvement (P≤0,05) in comparison to both pre-test and change in the control-group was seen for star excursion balance test of the left leg. Conclusion: Training for increased movement-awareness according to the Feldenkrais method seem to be able to improve quantitatively measured movement in healthy women. Further research with more participants is necessary to better answer the hypothesis that training for increased movement-awareness in accordance with the Feldenkrais method leads to improved results in the chosen tests in healthy persons.

La période entre 1872 et 1931 correspondait à la phase maximale de l’urbanisation en France avant la Seconde Guerre mondiale. Les tramways jouaient un rôle décisif pour développer les banlieues. À Marseille, le premier maire socialiste Siméon Flaissières débuta dès le 1er janvier 1900 une politique du transport public urbain, introduisant l’électrification du réseau de tramways et surtout « les Tramways à dix centimes ». Le maire républicain et anti-collectiviste Amable Chanot prolongea ensuite des lignes du réseau, notamment vers les banlieues agricoles, sous la pression de l’opinion publique. L’installation du réseau de tramways dans les banlieues a influé sur le choix du domicile et le travail des individus et des familles. Jusqu’aux années 1920, les tramways étaient indispensables à la vie d’une grande ville. / The period between 1872 and 1931 was the time of greatest urbanization in France before the Second World War. The tramways played a determining role in the development of suburban residential areas. In Marseilles, from the 1st of January 1900, the first socialist Mayor, Siméon Flaissières instigated a policy of urban public transport, introducing the electrification of the tramway network, and most importantly, « The 10 Centimes Tramway » system. Giving in to the pressure of public opinion, the republican and anti-collectivist Mayor, Amable Chanot, later extended the network, especially towards the rural suburbs. The implementation of the suburban tramway network influenced the choices of places of residence and work of individuals and families alike. Up until the 1920’s, the tramways were an indispensable part of life in a big city.

Particulate matter in the ambient air of down-town New Orleans, LA, is not currently recorded by any government, state, or private organization. This research quantified particulate matter (PM) and its metal concentration in ambient air of the New Orleans Historic District. Both, PM10 (PM less than 10 micron in size) and PM2.5 (PM less than 2.5 micron in size) were quantified by gravimetric analysis using an Andersen Dichotomous Sampler (Series 240). Posterior to gravimetric analysis, the filters were analyzed with a fluorescent test method using an Innov-X Portable XRF Analyzer (Model A-6500). This study demonstrated that the ambient air of the New Orleans Historic District is in compliance with the National Ambient Ai Quality Standards regarding contamination of particulate matter and Lead.

Neste trabalho, foram desenvolvidas antenas têxteis de micro-ondas para aplicação em sistemas vestíveis, operando nas bandas ISM de 2,45 GHz e 5,8 GHz. Foram compiladas informações sobre o estado da arte em antenas têxteis, sendo realizado um estudo sobre antenas planares de micro-ondas e técnicas de alimentação das mesmas. Foi feita uma prospecção dos processos de fabricação de antenas têxteis de micro-ondas, definindo-se o processo e materiais têxteis usados na construção das antenas desenvolvidas. Procedeu-se à caracterização do tecido usado como substrato das antenas determinando-se suas características eletromagnéticas, utilizadas no projeto das antenas. Foram desenvolvidas antenas de microfita com plaqueta retangular e alimentação por sonda coaxial, para banda ISM de 2,45 GHz. Investigou-se o efeito da espessura do substrato da antena, tendo-se obtido experimentalmente larguras de banda de 4,8% e 6,0% para substratos com 0,7 mm e 1,4 mm de espessura, respectivamente. Foi proposta uma antena de microfita alimentada via acoplamento por proximidade que integra um transformador de um quarto de comprimento de onda ao circuito de alimentação, resultando em alargamento de banda da antena. Essa configuração foi utilizada no projeto de quatro antenas, que demonstraram experimentalmente larguras de banda de 11,2%, 13,4%, 17,0% e 24,0%. Uma configuração de antena têxtil empregando cavidade de um quarto de modo foi proposta para operação em banda dupla, sendo a tecnologia de guia de ondas integrado ao substrato - SIW, empregada em sua fabricação. Foi desenvolvido um procedimento de projeto para essa antena, o qual foi aplicado ao projeto de uma antena de banda dupla para as faixas ISM e 2,45 GHz e 5,8 GHz. Os resultados experimentais demostraram operação em banda dupla, com largura da banda inferior de 9,3%, e largura da banda superior de 9,2%. A antena de cavidade de quarto de modo apresentou as vantagens de maior ganho e menores dimensões relativamente às antenas têxteis de microfita desenvolvidas. De forma geral, os resultados experimentais dos protótipos construídos apresentaram boa concordância com os resultados fornecidos por simulação, demonstrando que as configurações de antenas propostas atenderam a seus objetivos, e a efetividade dos procedimentos de projeto adotado. / In this work, textile microwave antennas for use in wearable systems operating at 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz ISM bands were developed. Information on the state of art in textile antennas were compiled, and a study on microwave planar antennas and feeding techniques was performed. Processes for manufacturing textile microwave antennas were presented, and the fabrication process and textile materials used in this work were defined. The electromagnetic characteristics of the fabric used as antenna substrate were experimentally obtained, and used in the antenna design. Microstrip antennas using rectangular patch and coaxial probe feed were designed to operate at the 2.45 GHz ISM band. The effect of the antenna substrate thickness on the antenna characteristics was investigated, and experimental bandwidths of 4,8% and 6% were demonstrated for antennas with 0.7 mm and 1.4 mm thick substrates, respectively. A microstrip antenna fed by proximity coupling, including a quarter wavelength transformer at the feeding circuit, was proposed, resulting in the widening of the antenna bandwidth. This configuration was used to design four antennas, which experimentally demonstrated bandwidths of 11.2%, 13.4%, 17.0% and 24.0%. A textile antenna configuration employing a fourth mode cavity was proposed for dual band operation. Substrate integrated waveguide technology - SIW, was used for the antenna manufacturing. A design procedure was developed for this antenna, which has been applied to the design of a dual band antenna for the 2.45 GHz and 5.8 GHz ISM bands. The experimental results of this antenna demonstrated dual band operation, with 9.3% bandwidth at the lower band and 9.2% bandwidth at the higher band. The quarter mode cavity antenna presented the advantages of increased gain and smaller area than the designed textile microstrip antennas. In general, the experimental results of the fabricated prototypes exhibited good agreement with the results provided by simulation, demonstrating that the textile antenna configurations proposed met their expected performance and validating the design procedures adopted.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-04-04T18:21:40Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 paula de brito mota.pdf: 2425179 bytes, checksum: 8acbdfecc761152db20277435aef44e0 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-16 / This study approaches the processes of S?o Paulo urban evolution from 1870 to 1930, since its initial phase as villa until the city that later became into the current metropolis. For this, it analyzes in a concatenated manner, formulating casual connections, about the importance of coffee culture; the deployment and development of the railroads, decisive for the urban push registered on this period; the great immigrants contingent came from Europe in search of better enrichment opportunities and the influences caused by them in the social bodies at this time; the industrial development and the urban passage of Br?s quarter as stage of transformations occurred in the urgency of the industrial metropolis at the city of S?o Paulo from 1870 to 1930. / Este trabalho aborda os condicionantes da evolu??o urbana de S?o Paulo no per?odo de 1870 a 1930, desde o seu est?gio de vila at? a cidade que posteriormente se transfigurou na atual metr?pole. Para tanto, discorre de forma concatenada, formulando nexos causais, sobre a import?ncia da cultura do caf?; a implanta??o e desenvolvimento das estradas de ferro, decisivas para o grande impulso urbano registrado no per?odo em an?lise; o grande contingente de imigrantes vindos da Europa em busca de melhores oportunidades de enriquecimento e as influ?ncias por eles plasmadas nos corpos sociais da ?poca; o desenvolvimento industrial e o percurso urbano do bairro do Br?s como palco das transforma??es ocorridas na emerg?ncia da metr?pole industrial na cidade de S?o Paulo no per?odo de 1870 a 1930.