This paper describes an FPGA implementation of a solution-counting solver for the N-Queens Puzzle. The proposed algorithmic mapping utilizes the fast carrychain logic found on modern FPGA architectures in order to achieve a regular and efficient design. From an initial full chessboard mapping, several optimization strategies are explored. Also, the infrastructure is described, which we have constructed for the computation of the currently unknown solution count of the 26- Queens Puzzle. Finally, we compare the performance of our used concrete FPGA device mappings also in contrast to general-purpose CPUs.

Ropalidia marginata is characterized as a primitively eusocial wasp due to the absence of morphological differentiation between the queen and worker castes. Unlike other primitively eusocial wasps, however, the queen in this species is a docile individual, who does not use aggression to regulate worker reproduction, and does not act as the central pacemaker of her colony. However, if the queen dies or is experimentally removed, one of the workers steps up her aggression immensely within minutes, and if the queen is not replaced, she develops her ovaries, reduces aggression and takes over as the new queen of the colony. We call her the potential queen (PQ). When I started my work on R. marginata, two very intriguing questions were demanding to be answered, which had developed from work done by my immediate seniors in the lab. I decided to pursue both of these for my thesis. My work has been enriched by inputs from several collaborators and colleagues - I couldn’t have done all of it by myself. So, henceforth, I will be using the word “we”, instead of the first person singular to describe the work that has gone into this thesis. Question 1: Is there a designated successor to the queen in R. marginata? My senior Sujata P. Kardile has shown in her thesis, that in R. cyathiformis, a primitively eusocial wasp very closely related to R. marginata, the queen is always succeeded by the next most aggressive individual in the colony, and so the PQ is easily predictable in the presence of the queen. However, in R. marginata, the PQ appears to be an unspecialized individual, who cannot be predicted in the presence of the queen by using age, ovarian profile or behaviour as the yardsticks. However, the PQ becomes evident within minutes after queen removal. The swiftness with which the PQ is established led us to believe that perhaps the successor to the queen in R. marginata is known to the wasps, though we cannot identify her in the presence of the queen. We designed an experiment to check for the presence of such a ”cryptic successor” in R. marginata. Our experiments involved splitting a normal, queen-right nest into two halves separated by a wire mesh partition, so that the wasps could not move across the mesh. Earlier we had used this set-up to demonstrate that a PQ always establishes herself on the queen-less fragment of the nest. So, to test if there is a cryptic successor, we allowed a PQ to establish herself on the queen-less fragment, and then exchanged the queen and the PQ (designated as PQ1) between the two sides. There is a 50% probability that the cryptic successor, if present, would be on the queen-less side in the beginning. Then, upon exchange, she should be able to hold her position on the other side easily. On the other hand, if the cryptic successor is first on the queen-right side, then, upon exchange, she should take over as the PQ (PQ2), and PQ1 should not be able to hold her status. The cryptic successor hypothesis had two predictions: (i) the PQ1 would lose to a PQ2 in about half the cases, and (ii) there would never be a PQ3. We obtained a PQ2 in 5 out of 8 cases, and we never had a PQ3. So we could conclude that there is indeed one individual who is the designated successor to the queen in R. marginata. Since we could not identify her in the presence of the queen, we call her the cryptic successor. The cryptic successor did not receive even a single act of aggression from the PQ1, or from any other individual in the colony. Thus we conclude that she is acceptable to all the wasps in the colony. We next used the more sophisticated and rigorous method of network analysis to check if the PQ could be predicted due to some unique position she might be holding in the social network on her colony. Since this was a first study in a primitively eusocial insect using network tools, we began by characterizing the social networks of queen-right and queen-less colonies of R. marginata, and compared them with the R. cyathiformis networks to see how different the R. marginata society is from a typical primitively eusocial one. The R. marginata social networks based on dominant-subordinate interactions were low in their centrality measure as compared to the R. cyathiformis networks. However, in both the species, the queen-less networks were highly centralized, star-shaped networks with the PQs at the centre. Neither the queens, nor the PQs were key individuals in the queen-right colonies, but it is interesting to note that the removal of an insignificant node, the queen, resulted in a major change in the network architecture, converting the de-centralized queen-right network into a highly centralized one. Such centralized star-shaped networks are unique, and to our knowledge, the first ever described, in any social system. When we removed the queen from the data set (in silico removal), the resulting network was similar in centrality to the queen-right networks. We then did a comparative analysis of the positional importance of the PQs of the two species, and tried to see if we could use this as a tool to predict the PQ in the queen-right network. In R. cyathiformis, the PQs had consistently high ranks (mostly rank 2) in the network based on the degree index, while the PQs in R. marginata had random ranks in the hierarchy. However, since the PQs are known not to have unique ranks in the dominance hierarchies, we repeated the analysis using data on all interactions from the Q-PQ exchange experiments described above. Neither the cryptic successors nor the losers occupied any unique ranks in the all interactions networks. Thus the successors in R. marginata are truly cryptic, even in their social networks. Since R. marginata is known to be more evolved than typical primitively eusocial species, it is likely that the queen’s successor is identified by the wasps through some subtle cue like smell, and so we cannot identify her using the methods that are adequate for the identification of the PQ in a typical primitively eusocial species like R. cyathiformis. Question 2: How does the queen signal her presence and reproductive status to her workers or, how do the workers perceive the presence of their queen? The fact that in spite of her docility, the queen in R. marginata manages to maintain complete reproductive monopoly in her colony, gives rise to the obvious question of how she suppresses worker reproduction. The most attractive hypothesis is that she uses a pheromone like queens of highly eusocial species. My senior A. Sumana had shown that the queen pheromone, if present, is not a volatile substance. She also showed that the queen interacts at a very low rate with her workers, and so they cannot possibly perceive her by means of direct interactions. Since the PQ steps up her aggression within minutes of queen removal, we used her as a proxy to know how soon the queen’s absence is felt in the colony. We built a model to delineate the relationship between the decay time of the pheromone (td), the average age of the queen’s signal present with the PQ (ta), and the average realization time (tr); where tr = td − ta. Using Dijkstra’s algorithm, we showed that the queen could interact faster with the PQ by using relay interactions. Then using experimental data from 50 colonies, we obtained a ta of 102.9 minutes. The td was 340 minutes, and so we obtained a tr of 237.1 minutes; which meant that the PQ should not perceive the queen’s absence within 237 minutes of queen removal, if the queen pheromone is transmitted by a relay mechanism. However, from our experimental data, we had obtained a tr of 30 minutes. So we concluded that physical interactions, both direct and indirect were inadequate for the workers to perceive their queen. As we had ruled out physical interactions, we then wanted to check if it is possible that the queen applies her pheromone to the nest material, from where it is perceived by the workers when they walk or sit on the nest, or antennate the nest surface. The “rub abdomen behaviour (RA)” has been observed to be quite typical of R. marginata queens, and is not very common in the workers of the species. RA involves rubbing the ventral side of the tip of the abdomen or dragging it on the nest surface while walking. We thought that the queen might be using this behaviour to apply her pheromone on the nest material. So we characterized this behaviour using focal behaviour sampling, and found that the queen rubs her abdomen on the nest once in every 23 minutes. Since the observed tr is 30 minutes, it is quite likely that the queen uses the rub abdomen behaviour to apply her pheromone on the nest. The next step was to check for the source of the queen pheromone. We looked for glands that open near the base of the sting, and the Dufour’s gland was a good choice, as it is known to be involved in the recognition of egg-laying workers in the honeybees. We performed a bioassay in the blind using the crude extract of the Dufour’s gland (prepared in Ringer’s solution) from the queen. The Dufour’s gland extract of a randomly chosen worker and the solvent were used as controls. We found that the PQ responds to the queen’s Dufour’s gland extract by lowering her aggression to 65% of what she was showing on queen removal and before the application of the extract. However, the PQ did not change her behaviour significantly when the worker’s extract or Ringer’s solution was applied. The PQ’s reduction of aggression on application of the queen’s extract mimicked the reaction of PQ’s when the queen is re-introduced on the nest some time after removal. So we hypothesize that the Dufour’s gland is the source of the queen pheromone (signal) in R. marginata. This thesis has opened up newer questions pertaining to the power of the queen and the intricacies of the succession to power in R. marginata. For example, we need to pursue chemical analyses of the Dufour’s gland extract of R. marginata to have conclusive proof of it’s being the source of the queen pheromone. But that is perhaps suitable topic for my juniors in the lab, who can continue the tradition of beginning with questions opened up by their seniors!

Neste estudo, foi investigado o efeito da dieta larval no desenvolvimento de características morfológicas casta-específicas e na expressão de alguns genes durante o desenvolvimento da abelha sem ferrão Scaptotrigona aff. depilis . Nesta espécie, as castas femininas são determinadas pela quantidade de alimento consumida durante o desenvolvimento larval. Grupos experimentais larvas criadas in vitro foram feitos com duas quantidades diferentes de alimento larval, obtido de favos recém provisionados nesta espécie. As larvas do primeiro grupo receberam 32l de alimento larval, correspondente a quantidade média de alimento recebida por larvas de operárias naturalmente, já as larvas do segundo grupo receberam 130l, correspondente a quantidade média encontrada naturalmente em células reais. Todas as larvas criadas com 130l de alimento larval se desenvolveram em rainhas, como esperado; da mesma forma, a maioria das larvas criadas com 32l se desenvolveram em operárias. Interessantemente, porém, algumas larvas deste grupo se desenvolveram em rainhas miniaturas, sugerindo que outros fatores, além do trófico, estejam envolvidos na determinação de castas em S. aff. depilis. Subsequentemente, analisamos os títulos de hormônio juvenil (HJ) na hemolinfa por radioimunoensaio durante quatro estágios do último instar larval e encontramos que as larvas do grupo de 130l de dieta apresentaram maiores títulos no estágio defecante (LD) (p=0,034, t-test), se comparado com as larvas do grupo de 32l. Os níveis de expressão de determinados genes que foram previamente descritos em outras espécies como expressos preferencialmente em rainhas. Um destes genes, dnmt-3, codifica a DNA metiltransferase envolvida na metilação do DNA. Para este gene, encontramos maiores níveis de transcritos nas larvas alimentadas como rainhas (130l) nos estágios LPD e LD (p=0,029, Mann-Whitney), do que as larvas que receberam 32l. Analisamos também dois genes envolvidos no metabolismo do HJ, e para um deles, jheh, codificador de uma epóxido-hidrolase do hormônio juvenil, não encontramos diferença nos níveis de mRNA entre larvas de rainhas e operárias. Para jhe, o qual codifica a esterase do hormônio juvenil, encontramos maiores níveis de transcritos no estágio LD nas larvas criadas com 130l de alimento. Isso indica que a expressão de jhe pode ser induzida pelo aumento dos títulos de HJ neste estágio. Os dois genes, hmgr e mfe, envolvidos no passo inicial e final da síntese do HJ, respectivamente, o primeiro mostrou uma pequena variação nos níveis de expressão, sendo que a expressão de mfe foi menor nas larvas criadas com 32l de alimento larval e foi encontrado um pico de expressão no estágio LPD nas larvas alimentadas com 130l. O produto desse gene, metilfarnesoato epoxidase, está envolvido no passo limitante da síntese de HJ em Apis mellifera. Dois outros genes analisados foram o homólogo ao EcR, codificador do receptor de ecdisona e o usp, codificador do potencial receptor do HJ. Seus níveis de expressões foram maiores nos estágios LPD e LD, respectivamente, nas larvas alimentadas com 130l de alimento e os níveis de EcR se correlacionaram com o perfil dos títulos de ecdisona e os de usp com os títulos de HJ, publicados para esta espécie. Não houve diferença nos níveis de expressão dos genes selecionados que pudessem relacionar ou permitir distinguir as rainhas miniaturas das operárias durante os estágios do desenvolvimento estudados. Uma análise morfométrica de adultos faratos indica claramente que as rainhas miniaturas são rainhas autênticas. / In this work we investigated the role played by the larval diet in the development of caste-specific morphological traits and in the expression of candidate genes during the development of the stingless bees, Scaptotrigona aff. depilis. In this species, the female castes are determinate by the amount of food consume during larval development. Experimental groups of larvae were reared in vitro on two different quantities of larval food obtained from newly provisioned brood cells of this species. Larvae of the first group received 32l of larval food, corresponding to the quantity usually received by the workers larva, whereas larvae of the second group received 130l, corresponding to the quantity normally deposited in queen cells. All larvae reared on 130l of larval food developed into queens, as expected, and similarly, most of the larvae reared on 32l developed into workers. Interestingly, however, some larvae of this group developed into miniature queens, suggesting that factors additional to the trophic ones may be involved in caste determination in S. aff. depilis. We subsequently analyzed the hemolymph juvenile hormone (JH) titers by radioimmunoassay during four stages of the last larval instar and we found that larvae of the 130l diet group had higher JH titer in the defecating stange (LD) (p=0,034, t-test) than larvae of the 32l diet group. Next we analyzed the expression levels of set of candidate genes that had previously been described as preferentially expressed in queens of others bee species. One of these genes dnmt-3, encodes DNA methyltransferase involved in DNA methylation. For this gene we found higher transcripts levels in prospective queens during the final larval stage (both in pre-defecating larvae LPD and defecating larvae- LD) (p=0,029, Mann-Whitney). We also analyzed two genes involved in JH metabolism, and for one of them jheh, encoding a juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase, we did not find any differences in mRNA levels for queens and workers larvae. For jhe, which codes juvenile hormone esterase we found higher transcript levels in the LD stage in larvae reared on 130l of larval food. This indicates that jhe expression may be induced by an elevated JH titer during this stage. For two genes, hmgr and mfe, involved in an initial and a final step of JH synthesis, respectively, the first one showed little variation in expression levels, whereas mfe expression was lower in larvae reared on 32l of larval food and we found an expression peak in the LPD stage (p=0,029, Mann-Whitney) of larvae reared on 130l larval food. The product of this gene, a methylfarnesoate epoxidase, has been shown to be involved in a rate-limiting step of JH sunthesis in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. The other two genes analyzed were the EcR homolog encoding an ecdysone receptor and usp coding for potencial JH receptor. Their expressions were higher during LPD (p=0,006, t-test) stages and LD (p=0,026, t-test), respectively, in larvae fed with 130l of food and the levels of transcripts of EcR correlated with changes in the ecdysone titer and usp with the JH titer published for this species. We did not find differences in expressions levels for any of these candidate genes that could related to and allow to distinguish between prospective miniature queens and workers in these stages. A morphometric analysis of pharate adults, however, clearly demonstrated that the miniature queens are authentic queens.

Neste estudo, foi investigado o efeito da dieta larval no desenvolvimento de características morfológicas casta-específicas e na expressão de alguns genes durante o desenvolvimento da abelha sem ferrão Scaptotrigona aff. depilis . Nesta espécie, as castas femininas são determinadas pela quantidade de alimento consumida durante o desenvolvimento larval. Grupos experimentais larvas criadas in vitro foram feitos com duas quantidades diferentes de alimento larval, obtido de favos recém provisionados nesta espécie. As larvas do primeiro grupo receberam 32l de alimento larval, correspondente a quantidade média de alimento recebida por larvas de operárias naturalmente, já as larvas do segundo grupo receberam 130l, correspondente a quantidade média encontrada naturalmente em células reais. Todas as larvas criadas com 130l de alimento larval se desenvolveram em rainhas, como esperado; da mesma forma, a maioria das larvas criadas com 32l se desenvolveram em operárias. Interessantemente, porém, algumas larvas deste grupo se desenvolveram em rainhas miniaturas, sugerindo que outros fatores, além do trófico, estejam envolvidos na determinação de castas em S. aff. depilis. Subsequentemente, analisamos os títulos de hormônio juvenil (HJ) na hemolinfa por radioimunoensaio durante quatro estágios do último instar larval e encontramos que as larvas do grupo de 130l de dieta apresentaram maiores títulos no estágio defecante (LD) (p=0,034, t-test), se comparado com as larvas do grupo de 32l. Os níveis de expressão de determinados genes que foram previamente descritos em outras espécies como expressos preferencialmente em rainhas. Um destes genes, dnmt-3, codifica a DNA metiltransferase envolvida na metilação do DNA. Para este gene, encontramos maiores níveis de transcritos nas larvas alimentadas como rainhas (130l) nos estágios LPD e LD (p=0,029, Mann-Whitney), do que as larvas que receberam 32l. Analisamos também dois genes envolvidos no metabolismo do HJ, e para um deles, jheh, codificador de uma epóxido-hidrolase do hormônio juvenil, não encontramos diferença nos níveis de mRNA entre larvas de rainhas e operárias. Para jhe, o qual codifica a esterase do hormônio juvenil, encontramos maiores níveis de transcritos no estágio LD nas larvas criadas com 130l de alimento. Isso indica que a expressão de jhe pode ser induzida pelo aumento dos títulos de HJ neste estágio. Os dois genes, hmgr e mfe, envolvidos no passo inicial e final da síntese do HJ, respectivamente, o primeiro mostrou uma pequena variação nos níveis de expressão, sendo que a expressão de mfe foi menor nas larvas criadas com 32l de alimento larval e foi encontrado um pico de expressão no estágio LPD nas larvas alimentadas com 130l. O produto desse gene, metilfarnesoato epoxidase, está envolvido no passo limitante da síntese de HJ em Apis mellifera. Dois outros genes analisados foram o homólogo ao EcR, codificador do receptor de ecdisona e o usp, codificador do potencial receptor do HJ. Seus níveis de expressões foram maiores nos estágios LPD e LD, respectivamente, nas larvas alimentadas com 130l de alimento e os níveis de EcR se correlacionaram com o perfil dos títulos de ecdisona e os de usp com os títulos de HJ, publicados para esta espécie. Não houve diferença nos níveis de expressão dos genes selecionados que pudessem relacionar ou permitir distinguir as rainhas miniaturas das operárias durante os estágios do desenvolvimento estudados. Uma análise morfométrica de adultos faratos indica claramente que as rainhas miniaturas são rainhas autênticas. / In this work we investigated the role played by the larval diet in the development of caste-specific morphological traits and in the expression of candidate genes during the development of the stingless bees, Scaptotrigona aff. depilis. In this species, the female castes are determinate by the amount of food consume during larval development. Experimental groups of larvae were reared in vitro on two different quantities of larval food obtained from newly provisioned brood cells of this species. Larvae of the first group received 32l of larval food, corresponding to the quantity usually received by the workers larva, whereas larvae of the second group received 130l, corresponding to the quantity normally deposited in queen cells. All larvae reared on 130l of larval food developed into queens, as expected, and similarly, most of the larvae reared on 32l developed into workers. Interestingly, however, some larvae of this group developed into miniature queens, suggesting that factors additional to the trophic ones may be involved in caste determination in S. aff. depilis. We subsequently analyzed the hemolymph juvenile hormone (JH) titers by radioimmunoassay during four stages of the last larval instar and we found that larvae of the 130l diet group had higher JH titer in the defecating stange (LD) (p=0,034, t-test) than larvae of the 32l diet group. Next we analyzed the expression levels of set of candidate genes that had previously been described as preferentially expressed in queens of others bee species. One of these genes dnmt-3, encodes DNA methyltransferase involved in DNA methylation. For this gene we found higher transcripts levels in prospective queens during the final larval stage (both in pre-defecating larvae LPD and defecating larvae- LD) (p=0,029, Mann-Whitney). We also analyzed two genes involved in JH metabolism, and for one of them jheh, encoding a juvenile hormone epoxide hydrolase, we did not find any differences in mRNA levels for queens and workers larvae. For jhe, which codes juvenile hormone esterase we found higher transcript levels in the LD stage in larvae reared on 130l of larval food. This indicates that jhe expression may be induced by an elevated JH titer during this stage. For two genes, hmgr and mfe, involved in an initial and a final step of JH synthesis, respectively, the first one showed little variation in expression levels, whereas mfe expression was lower in larvae reared on 32l of larval food and we found an expression peak in the LPD stage (p=0,029, Mann-Whitney) of larvae reared on 130l larval food. The product of this gene, a methylfarnesoate epoxidase, has been shown to be involved in a rate-limiting step of JH sunthesis in the honey bee, Apis mellifera. The other two genes analyzed were the EcR homolog encoding an ecdysone receptor and usp coding for potencial JH receptor. Their expressions were higher during LPD (p=0,006, t-test) stages and LD (p=0,026, t-test), respectively, in larvae fed with 130l of food and the levels of transcripts of EcR correlated with changes in the ecdysone titer and usp with the JH titer published for this species. We did not find differences in expressions levels for any of these candidate genes that could related to and allow to distinguish between prospective miniature queens and workers in these stages. A morphometric analysis of pharate adults, however, clearly demonstrated that the miniature queens are authentic queens.

This paper describes an FPGA implementation of a solution-counting solver for the N-Queens Puzzle. The proposed algorithmic mapping utilizes the fast carrychain logic found on modern FPGA architectures in order to achieve a regular and efficient design. From an initial full chessboard mapping, several optimization strategies are explored. Also, the infrastructure is described, which we have constructed for the computation of the currently unknown solution count of the 26- Queens Puzzle. Finally, we compare the performance of our used concrete FPGA device mappings also in contrast to general-purpose CPUs.

Se entiende a las drags queens como hombres caracterizados en base a la figura femenina para la realización de performances en un espacio y momento establecido. En Lima Metropolitana, existen apropiaciones simbólicas de elementos extranjeros y peruanos que las drags queens han utilizado para su dragqueenismo: vestimentas, expresiones, baile y vocabulario. Esto ha dado lugar a que algunos actores puedan ser reconocidos y visibilizados en medios de comunicación masivos; mientras que otros artistas, solo pueden ser reconocidos en espacios cerrados como museos, bares de “ambiente” y otros que impiden su visibilidad en el espacio público. Se reconoce que la performance de las drags queens se ha desplazado y es visibilizada por más público; sin embargo, aún se observan obstáculos en el desarrollo y entendimiento de arte que desafía la norma: censura y violencia. Ante este contexto, se desarrolla una intervención gráfica efímera de un espacio público llamado Glam que busca presentar el arte de las drags queens junto a dos aspectos fundamentales para entender el quid y la importancia de este medio artístico: símbolo de libertad de expresión y disciplina artística. Con ello, el proyecto busca divulgar, junto a una gráfica inspirada en la estética glamurosa de las drags queens, sobre el movimiento drag limeño y visibilizar la performance de los artistas locales. / Drag queens are defined as men who are characterized based on the Western woman figure to perform in an established space and time. In the Lima Metropolitan Area, dragqueenismo has been built with the appropriation of specific symbols of foreign and Peruvian elements that drag queens have used: clothing, expressions, dance, and vocabulary. This action has given rise to some actors being recognized and visible in the mass media and even by the conservative spheres of Lima; however, other artists can only be recognized in closed spaces such as museums, queer bars, and other places that prevent their visibility in the mass public spectrum. There is a displacement of the performance of drag queens from closed places to public ones; however, acts of censure or violence block the opportunity to understand this art. Given this context, the project Glam develops a brief graphic intervention of public space to present the art of drag queens that presents two fundamental aspects to understand the reason and the importance of this artistic medium: symbol of freedom of expression and artistic discipline. This project seeks to divulge and make visible the Lima drag movement along with a graphic inspired by the glamorous aesthetics of drag queens.

This thesis investigates the role of queens in ninth and tenth century Italy. During the Carolingian period the Italian kingdom saw significant involvement of royal women in political affairs. This trend continued after the Carolingian empire collapsed in 888, as Italy became the theatre of struggles for the royal and imperial title, which resulted in a quick succession of local rulers. By investigating Italian queens, my work aims at reassessing some aspects of Italian royal politics. Furthermore, it contributes to the study of medieval queenship, exploring a context which has been overlooked with regard to female authority. The work which has been done on queens over the last decades has attempted to build a coherent model of early medieval queenship; scholars have often privileged the analysis of continuities and similarities in the study of queens' prerogatives and resources. This thesis challenges this model and underlines the peculiarities of individual queens. My analysis demonstrates that, by deconstructing the coherent model established by historiography, it is possible to underline the individual experiences, resources and strengths of each royal woman, and therefore create a new way to look at the history of queens and queenship. The thesis is divided into four main thematic sections. After having introduced the subject and the relevant historiography on the topic in the introduction, in Chapter 2 I consider ideas about queenship as expressed by narrative and normative sources. Chapter 3 deals with royal diplomas, which are a valuable resource for the understanding of queens' reigns. Chapter 4 analyses queens' dowers and monastic patronage. Chapter 5 examines the experience of Italian royal widows. Finally, the conclusive chapter outlines the significance of this thesis for the broader understanding of medieval queenship.

The aim of this work is to complete property tenure of Czech princesses and queens until the beginning of the 14th century. In connection with queens talk we about "dowry towns" formation. Under this term arises idea of the continuity of the transfer of widow's property. To be able to make such a generalization, it is necessary to study the provision of property wives of rulers from the standpoint of the previous developments, especially on the basis of diplomatic material and subsequently of narrative sources. According to the interpretation of existing proofs of property possession by princesses an queens, it will be possible to determine, whether there was a tradition of transfer of certain goods, not only towns but also movable and immovable property, rights and pecuniary pays. Obtained facts put the work into context of legal anchoring marital and widow's status. It is differentiated for these two categories, whether tenure which the queens were endowed with was the dowry, jointure or purely personal property. Mutual comparison between property tenure of female sovereigns is focused on presentation of different approaches to management of property issues with a greater or lesser degree of initiative. Keywords: Princesses and queens, dowry, jointure, widow's status, location of possession,...

Made available in DSpace on 2016-02-26T14:53:11Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 OldimarCantuPinho.pdf: 350335 bytes, checksum: 391c5f7a6348d79a7068817d263190de (MD5) Previous issue date: 2008-04-10 / The process of substitution of queen for Plebeia catamarcensis involves one strong attractiveness of the queen just emerged, and specify reactions of the workers, who if alternate between attacks and court the queen, the workers had still presented behaviors related to the construction and oviposition of cells in the absence of the queen. Despite this species having constructed two royal cell, all (36) normal or dwarfed virgin queens, who had emerged had happened of common cells. Although it has a regular production of queens, the colony alone accepted queens after virgin 26º day of orphaned. The tax of emergency of Rv was bigger in the months most cold (April the September) of that in the months hottest (October the March), already the workers and the males had presented with constant emergencies during the year. The frequency of emergency of Rv was around 0 and 4,64%, of the workers between 68,48% and 99,26%, and for the males were between 0,74% and 30,04%. The frequency of emergency of caste of the queens just fertilized it was enters 90,54% the 100%, 0% and 0% 14.96%, for the workers, males and Rv respectively. It was possible also to evaluate time of oviposição of queens and workers, time of life cycle, minimum age to beginning of the position, as also give metric of some structures of chaste after the its birth to its differentiation / O processo de substituição de rainha para Plebeia catamarcensis envolve uma forte atratividade da rainha recém emergida, e reações especificas das operárias, que se alternam entre ataques e corte à rainha. As mesmas apresentaram ainda comportamentos relacionados à construção e oviposição de células de cria na ausência da rainha. Apesar de ter sido construídas duas realeiras, todas as rainhas virgens (Rv) normais ou anãs, emergiram de células comuns. Embora houve uma produção regular de rainhas, a colônia só aceitou as rainhas virgens após o 26º dia de orfandade. A taxa de emergência de Rv foi maior nos meses mais frios (abril a setembro) do que nos meses mais quentes (outubro a março). Já as operárias e os machos apresentaram emergências constantes durante o ano. A freqüência de emergência de Rv esteve em torno de 0 e 4,64%, das operárias entre 68,48% e 99,26%, e para os machos esteve entre 0,74% e 30,04%. A freqüência de emergência de castas das rainhas recém fecundadas esteve entre 90,54% a 100%, 0% e 0% a 14,96%, para as operárias, machos e Rv respectivamente. Foi possível também avaliar tempo de oviposição de rainhas e operárias, tempo de ciclo de vida, idade mínima para início da postura, como também dados métricos de algumas estruturas das castas após seu nascimento para sua diferenciação

This dissertation examines the literature of royal consorts in Stuart England. Critics and historians have devoted considerable attention to the creation of the monarch’s image during this tumultuous period, which witnessed two revolutions and the explosion of print. We know that the Stuart monarchs embraced different forms of visual media – including pageantry, portraiture and print – to disseminate their image within the court and to a broader public. However, the extensive literature about the royal consorts remains under-examined. My thesis makes an original contribution to scholarship by exploring what texts were written about the royal consorts, by whom, and how these writers constructed images of the royal consorts that participated in broader debates over the status of the monarchy. The dissertation is divided into two main parts. Part 1 comprises six chapters that analyse succession writing, when a new monarch came to the throne and established their iconography for the new reign. I draw on hundreds of texts that were printed about the Stuart consorts at these moments. These writings span a variety of genres, from poems and plays to sermons and political pamphlets. I investigate the literature of each succession in turn, analysing the main themes and motifs that emerged. This approach enables me to uncover a swathe of anonymous and under-utilised literature, but also re-interpret works by more canonical writers such as Aphra Behn. I ask how the royal consorts themselves, their spouses and members of the public could influence the creation of the royal consorts’ images at these moments. Critically, I also compare the conventions that were used to describe the consorts across the century. Part 2 analyses how writers re-constructed ideals for the royal consorts in Restoration England, as debates about the structure of the monarchy came to be more explicit. Chapter 7 concentrates on images of Henrietta Maria when she returned to England as Queen Mother. Chapter 8 asks how writers adapted former models of representation to praise Catherine, the infertile queen, when it became clear that she would not bear an heir. Finally, Chapter 9 examines the numerous secret histories and romances that were authored about Mary Beatrice’s purported behaviour during her exile in the 1690s. These chapters highlight the continued importance of these women and examines how writers constructed their legacies. As a whole, the literature about the royal consorts reveals a dynamic project as part of which authors engaged with and adapted earlier models of writing. This enabled them to address broader questions about changes in the nature of the Stuart monarchy and political life.