The thesis focuses on the character and the structure of reading literacy and reading books by pupils from the age of twelve to the age of 15. The thesis consists of two parts. The theoretical part explains the most important terms related to the literacy and summarises pieces of knowledge which have been gained on the basis of different sociological surveys. The empirical part concerns own research in the area of children`s reading activities and their reading motivation, the position of a book in the world of media and the role of libraries as a support of reading literacy. This part presents the results of the questionnaire survey proceeded in the second grade of primary school.

This thesis is focused on the analysis of employee motivation, as a necessary component of human resource management in a manufacturing company Dura Automotive CZ, k. s. located in Blatná. The thesis focus was so closely specified after agreement with the company management. The goal of this thesis is the analysis of current level of employee motivation in the company and the proposition of appropriate measures for increasing the firm's competitiveness and strengthening its position as a good-class employer on the labor market. The theoretical part summarizes the findings in human resource management and employee motivation. It also includes the company profile. The analytical part is based on questionnaire survey in the company, it describes the sample selection and the research findings. Employees are most dissatisfied in obtaining necessary information at the right time and communication, productive praise and constructive criticism from the supervisor. The employee-motivation is reduced by working under stress and performing of routine operations. The synthetic section summarizes the findings of the survey and propose recommendations. But it depends on the company's management, whether they accept and apply these proposals. The company, despite the impact of economic crisis in 2008, has maintained its incentive program. It place emphasis on highly qualified staff, their motivation and satisfaction, safe working environment and good relations in the workplace. The company also applies modern management techniques and work process organization.

In the work was performed situational analysis the Tábor region in terms of natural, historical, cultural and tourism infrastructure. Another part was questionnaire survey - citizens´views and tourists to offer in tourism in the region Tábor. In addition, it seeks to find possibilities for its further development of tourism in the region using funds from the EU. Part of this work is to propose a project and product package for cyclist to support tourism development to Tábor.

Pesquisas com bilíngues e usuários de línguas adicionais utilizam diferentes medidas para avaliar proficiência no processo de seleção dos seus participantes. A proficiência linguística de um indivíduo pode ser medida através de testes de proficiência, testes de desempenho e medidas de autoavaliação. Questionários de histórico da linguagem contêm perguntas sobre a experiência que os indivíduos têm com as suas línguas e escalas de autoavaliação de proficiência. Estudos sugerem que usuários de línguas adicionais são capazes de reportar a sua proficiência de forma consistente com o seu desempenho em medidas padronizadas (MARIAN et al., 2007; LUK et al., 2013). Nesse contexto, a presente dissertação teve como objetivo analisar a proficiência autoavaliada de usuários de inglês como língua adicional através do Questionário de Experiência e Proficiência Linguística (QuExPLi). Para isso, foram desenvolvidos dois estudos. No primeiro estudo, correlacionamos as variáveis da experiência linguística – marcos de idade, tempo de imersão e uso atual da língua – de 535 participantes com a proficiência reportada por eles no Questionário de Experiência e Proficiência Linguística (QuExPLi), a fim de investigar quais fatores se associariam à proficiência autoavaliada. No segundo estudo, correlacionamos as mesmas variáveis da experiência com o inglês como língua adicional com os resultados no TOEFL ITP de 112 participantes, que fizeram parte do primeiro estudo, para investigar quais fatores se associariam à proficiência demonstrada em um teste de proficiência padronizado. Além disso, correlacionamos a proficiência autoavaliada no questionário com os resultados no TOEFL ITP, para averiguar a relação entre duas diferentes medidas de proficiência e reunir evidências de validade do QuExPLi. Os resultados sugerem que, em relação às variáveis da experiência linguística, os fatores relacionados a marcos de idade, tempo de imersão e uso atual da língua associam-se com a proficiência auto reportada pelos participantes. Porém, dentre esses fatores, apenas os meses passados em um país em que o inglês é falado correlacionaram-se de forma significativa com a proficiência dos participantes demonstrada através do TOEFL ITP. A discrepância entre os fatores associados à proficiência autoavaliada e aqueles que se associaram com o resultado no TOEFL ITP pode advir da natureza acadêmica do teste. Os resultados também revelam uma correlação positiva significativa moderada entre a proficiência autoavaliada no QuExPLi e a pontuação dos participantes no TOEFL ITP, sugerindo que os participantes, usuários de inglês como língua adicional, conseguem reportar sua proficiência de forma acurada. / Research with bilinguals and additional languages learners use different measures to evaluate proficiency while selecting participants for studies. An individual‟s language proficiency can be measured through proficiency tests, performance tests or self-evaluation measures. Language background questionnaires include questions about individuals‟ experience with their languages and self-assessment proficiency measures. Studies suggest that users of additional languages can report their proficiency in a way that is consistent with their performance in standard measures (MARIAN et al., 2007; LUK et al., 2013). In this context, the goal of the present thesis was to analyze self-assessed proficiency of users of English as an additional language through the Questionário de Experiência e Proficiência Linguística (QuExPLi). In order to do that, two studies were designed. In the first study, we correlated language experience variables – age, time of immersion and current use of the language - of 535 participants with their self-reported proficiency on the QuExPLi, in order to investigate which factors would associate with self-assessed proficiency. In the second study, we correlated the same language experience variables with the scores on the TOEFL ITP of 112 individuals, who also participated in the first study, in order to investigate which factors would associate with the proficiency demonstrated in a standardized proficiency test. Moreover, we correlated participants‟ self-assessed proficiency with their scores on the TOEFL ITP, in order to investigate the relationship between two distinct measures of proficiency and gather evidences of validity of the QuExPLi. Results suggest that the factors related to age, time of immersion and current use of the language are associated with participants‟ self-assessed proficiency. However, only the months spent in a country where English is spoken correlated significantly with participants‟ scores on the TOEFL ITP. The discrepancy between the factors associated with self-reported proficiency and those associated with the results on the TOEFL ITP can be derived from the academic nature of the test. Results also show a moderate positive correlation between participants‟ self-assessed proficiency and their scores on the TOEFL ITP was found, suggesting that users of English as an additional language are able to report their proficiency accurately.

O bullying é um problema comum entre jovens em idade escolar, nos diferentes países, culturas e níveis socioeconômicos. Trata-se de um comportamento agressivo, ofensivo, repetitivo e frequente, perpetrado por uma pessoa contra outra ou por um grupo contra outros, com a intenção de ferir e humilhar, estabelecendo-se uma relação desigual de poder. O envolvimento com bullying está associado a pior ajustamento psicossocial, problemas de aprendizagem, evasão escolar ou de trocas frequentes de escolas, entre outros. Embora o comportamento de bullying seja multicausal, ainda são escassos estudos que avaliem a relação entre habilidades sociais de adolescentes e bullying. Um dos aspectos que dificultam a realização de pesquisas nessa área está relacionado à falta de instrumentos validados. Os objetivos do presente estudo são verificar a validade de constructo do Questionário de Bullying de Olweus (QBO) versão agressor e versão vítima e verificar a associação entre habilidades sociais e bullying em adolescentes. Trata-se de um estudo com alunos de ambos os sexos, oriundos de escolas da rede pública de Porto Alegre, do 5º ao 9º ano do ensino fundamental, com idade entre 10 e 17 anos. Para verificar o envolvimento com bullying, utilizou-se o QBO, com 23 questões para versão vítima e 23 para versão agressor com quatro opções de resposta (1=nenhuma vez a 4=várias vezes por semana). A validade de constructo foi verificada com a Teoria de Resposta ao Item (TRI), utilizando-se o modelo de resposta gradual e o crédito parcial generalizado. As habilidades sociais foram avaliadas com o Inventário de Habilidades Sociais para Adolescentes (IHSA), que é validado no Brasil. Para verificar a associação entre bullying e habilidades sociais, o critério de idade foi de 12 a 17 anos, conforme a recomendação do IHSA. O estudo foi aprovado pelo Comitê de Ética em Pesquisa da Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul e da Secretaria Municipal de Saúde de Porto Alegre (CAAE 19651113.5.0000.5338). Os instrumentos, ambos de autorrelato, foram respondidos pelos adolescentes no horário de aula e após a autorização dos pais. Os resultados estão apresentados em dois artigos. No primeiro, foi incluído um total de 703 adolescentes, sendo 380(54%) meninas, com média de idade de 13(DP=1,58) anos. Após a análise para a construção dos escores finais do QBO pelo modelo da TRI, observou-se que a probabilidade de um adolescente responder à opção 3 (uma vez por semana) é zero para ambas as versões. De acordo com as curvas característica do item (CCI), optou-se pela unificação das alternativas 3 e 4 para mensuração mais fidedigna a realidade do comportamento de bullying. Os itens com maior discriminação para classificar como vítima foram, respectivamente, 20 (Disseram coisas maldosas sobre mim ou sobre a minha família); 15 (Fui perseguido[a] dentro ou fora da escola) e 3 (Me ameaçaram). Na versão agressor, os itens com maior discriminação foram, respectivamente, 22 (Forcei a agredir outro[a] colega); 15 (Persegui dentro ou fora da escola) e 3 (Fiz ameaças). No segundo artigo, foram incluídos 467 alunos, sendo 245(52,5%) do sexo feminino, com média de idade de 13,3(DP=1,18) anos. Considerando-se a interação habilidades sociais e sexo, as meninas apresentaram associação significativa com menor frequência do autocontrole (p=0,010) e da civilidade (p=0,031) e maior dificuldade das habilidades de autocontrole (p=0,033) e desenvoltura social (p=0,009). Em relação aos tipos de envolvimento com bullying, 59(12,6%) dos adolescentes classificaram-se como vítima, 60(12,8%) como agressores e 175(37,5%) como agressores vítimas. Observou-se associação significativa entre as meninas vítimas de bullying e maior dificuldade na habilidade de empatia comparada aos meninos (p=0,012) e aos demais tipos de bullying (p=0,022). Também foram as vítimas, independentemente do sexo, que apresentaram maior dificuldade em termos de autocontrole, assertividade, abordagem afetiva e o total das habilidades sociais em comparação aos não envolvidos (p<0,05). Os resultados sugerem que a utilização da TRI permite a construção de uma medida de avaliação mais objetiva e precisa do comportamento de bullying. Por meio da validação de constructo do QBO e da associação com habilidades sociais, o estudo demonstrou que existe um importante déficit de determinadas habilidades sociais nos diferentes tipos de envolvimentos com bullying, principalmente entre as vítimas, quando comparadas aos não envolvidos. Portanto, intervenções que incluam técnicas para melhorar as habilidades sociais podem desempenhar um relevante papel preventivo no envolvimento com bullying no ambiente escolar. / Bullying is a common problem among school-age children and adolescents across different countries, cultures and socioeconomic levels. Bullying consists of the repeated infliction of aggressive and offensive behaviors by one person against another or one group against others, with the intent of hurting or humiliating the victim, resulting in an imbalance of power. Involvement in bullying is associated with issues such as poor social adjustment, learning difficulties, truancy and frequent changes of schools. Although bullying is known to be a multicausal phenomenon, few studies have evaluated the relationship between social skills and bullying in adolescents. A major challenge to research in the area is the lack of validated instruments which can be used to assess either of these variables. The goals of the present study were therefore to evaluate the construct validity of the Olweus Bully/Victim Questionnaire (OBVQ) and investigate the association between social skills and bullying in adolescents. This study involved participants of both genders aged between 10 and 17 years recruited from grades five through nine of public schools in the city of Porto Alegre. Involvement in bullying was evaluated using the OBVQ, which consists of 23 victim questions and 23 bully questions, scored on a scale of 1 (never) to 4 (several times a week). Construct validity was investigated using item response theory (ITR), by means of graduated response and generalized partial credit models. Social skills were evaluated using the Adolescent Social Skills Inventory (ASSI), which has been validated for use in Brazilian adolescents. The association between bullying and social skills was investigated in a sample of 12- to 17-year olds, which corresponds to the age group for which the ASSI was validated. This study was approved by the Research Ethics Committee of the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul and the Municipal Health Service of Porto Alegre (CAAE 19651113.5.0000.5338). The OBVQ and ASSI, both of which are self-report instruments, were administered to adolescents during school hours following parental consent. The results of this procedure are presented in two articles. The first involved a sample of 703 adolescents, of whom 380 (45%) were girls, with a mean age of 12 (SD=1.58) years. The analysis of the IRT model for OBVQ scores revealed that the probability of an adolescent responding to any of the items with option 3 (once a week) was zero in both versions of the questionnaire. Therefore, based on item characteristic curves (ICC), alternatives 3 and 4 were combined to ensure a more reliable measure of bullying behaviors. The most discriminating items in the victim questionnaire were items 20 (One or more classmates said bad things about me or my family); 15 (I was persecuted inside or outside the school) and 3 (I was threatened). The most discriminating items in the bully version were items 22 (Forced someone to hit a classmate); 15 (Persecuted a classmate inside or outside the school) and 3 (Made threats). The second article involved 467 students, of whom 245(52.5%) were female. The mean age of the sample was 13.3 (SD=1.18) years. An interaction between social skills and gender was identified, whereby girls were found to engage less frequently in the behaviors described in the selfcontrol (p=0.010) and civility scales (p=0.031), and found it more difficult to perform the behaviors listed in the self-control (p=0.033) and social ease scales (p=0.009). An analysis of student involvement in bullying revealed that 59 (12.6%) participants were considered victims, 60(12.8%) were classified as bullies and 175(37.5%) were categorized as bullyvictims. Female victims of bullying had more difficulty expressing empathy than boys (p=0.012) and participants with different types of involvement in bullying (p=0.022). Bullying victims of both genders also had more difficulty engaging in the behaviors listed in the self-control, assertiveness, and affective approach subscales, and obtained higher total scores on the difficulty engaging in ASSI behaviors than adolescents not involved in bullying (p<0.05). The results suggested that IRT can be used to develop a more objective and precise measure of bullying. By construct validating the OBVQ and verifying its association with social skills, the present study showed that the latter are significantly impaired in adolescents involved in bullying, especially the victims, as compared to those not involved. Therefore, interventions involving the improvement of social skills may play an important role in preventing bullying in schools.

The World Health Organisation ([WHO], 2007) declared obesity as the public health threat of the 21st century. Currently, the Maltese adult population ranks as the heaviest in the Euro‐Mediterranean region. In response to a gap in Maltese research on the area of obesity and food consumption, this PhD aimed to gather local data to unearth behavioural‐psychological factors that could be implemented in local interventions. The focus of the PhD was narrowed to women with families based on literature that has identified motherhood as a salient point of transition that amplifies the weight trajectories for adult women. A mixed‐methods approach guided the methodology of the PhD programme with four studies carried out sequentially in two phases. The findings of the qualitative phase revealed that weight management for Maltese mothers was enmeshed with gender norm expectations surrounding motherhood. For mothers with a higher BMI, their relationship to food was a significant barrier to weight loss maintenance. Mothers with a lower BMI or who maintained their weight pointed at their food planning ability to manage their diet. The quantitative phase extended literature on the dimensional validity of the Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) (Van Strien et al., 1986) by reproducing its factor structure and ascertaining its reliability among Maltese women. This was the first validation of an eating behaviours assessment tool in Maltese and the first validation of the DEBQ in a Semitic language. Finally, Structured Equation Modelling revealed how food planning could act as a mediator to restrained and external eating styles to increase fruit and vegetable snacking and decrease high calorie snacking. In addition to the implications to theory, it is believed that these findings have worthy practical implications through tailored eating behaviour interventions, by targeting food planning to counterbalance the impact of external eating among Maltese mothers.

abstract: Health knowledge alone does not appear to lead to sustained healthy behavior, suggesting the need for alternative methods for improving diet. Recent research shows a possible role of moral contexts of food production on diet related behaviors; however no studies have been conducted to specifically explore the relationship between moral constructs and food consumption. This study examined the relationship between fast food consumption and two measures of morality, Moral Foundations Questionnaire (MFQ), specifically harm/care and purity/sanctity foundations, and the Ethical Concern in food choice (EC) questionnaire, which includes animal welfare, environment protection, political values, and religion subscales. The study also examined the association between the measures of morality. 739 participants, primarily female (71.4%) and non-Hispanic Whites (76.5%), completed an online survey that included the MFQ, the EC questionnaire, and a brief fast food screener. Participant's morality scores in relation to their fast food consumption were examined first using bivariate ANOVA analysis and then using logistic regression to control for covariates. The MFQ foundations were compared with the EC subscales using Pearson correlation coefficient. Significant bivariate relationships were seen between fast food consumption and the MFQ's purity/sanctity foundation and EC's religion subscales (p<0.05). However these significant bivariate relationships did not hold after controlling for gender, race, university education, and religion in the logistic regression analysis. The foundations of the MFQ were positively correlated with the subscales for the EC questionnaire (r values ranging from .233-.613 (p<0.01). MFQ's purity/sanctity foundation and EC's religion subscale were the two most highly correlated (r=.613, p<0.01) showing that moral intuitions may be associated with eating decision making. The study did not find significant associations between MFQ or EC scores and fast food consumption. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Nutrition 2013

Background: Low back pain (LBP) is the leading cause of disability and is often accompanied with a back-related leg pain (around 60%), where those with radiating pain show worse overall clinical outcomes. Previous studies comparing these two groups have involved individuals with chronic LBP. It is not known if subjects who currently have LBP differ in pain sensitivity from those who have currently LBP accompanied with pain radiation to lower limbs. Aim: The aim of this study was to investigate whether there are differences in self-reported health and pain sensitivity between individuals currently having LBP with and without pain radiation to lower limbs. Method: Individuals with LBP (n=100) aged 40 to 70 years participated in this study. According the first question of STarT Back Pain Screening Tool about the pain radiation to leg(s), individuals were divided into two groups: radiation group (RG, n=36) and no radiation group (noRG, n=64). To gain the information about self-reported health, following questionnaires were used: Roland-Morris Disability Questionnaire, Fear-Avoidance Beliefs Questionnaire and Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale. Pressure pain thresholds (PPTs) were measured with algometer (6 sites and 4 points of ’lower body’: gluteal and knee points). Mann-Whitney U-test was used to calculate differences on group and gender level. A logistic regression analyses was calculated (crude model), where belong to RG or not was the dependent variable and all self-reported data and PPTs were independent variables, all data were controlled for gender and age. Results: The RG reported worse disability (p=0.017), higher fear-avoidance beliefs (FAB) about physical activity (p=0.003), worse score in anxiety (p=0.002) and depression (p=0.001), and increased pain sensitivity (p=0.043) in 6 sites PPTs compared to the noRG. Higher score of disability, FAB (physical activity and work), anxiety and depression were associated with an increased risk of belonging to the RG (OR 1.05-1.50, 95% CI 1.01-1.94), controlled for gender and age. Conclusion: Individuals with LBP and pain radiation to lower limbs showed worse self-reported disability and fear-avoidance beliefs about physical activity than those with LBP only. Further, those with pain radiation were more sensitive to pain in general. Worse scores of all studied self-reported data were associated with an increased risk of belonging to the groups with pain radiation. To study gender differences larger sample sizes are needed. Individuals with LBP and pain radiation to lower limbs showed worse outcomes and therefore should receive a different treatment approach than those who have only LBP.

Mit der Verbreitung des Web begann auch die Entwicklung web-basierter Fragebogen, die es Wissenschaftlern ermöglichen, auf effiziente Weise große Datenmengen zu erheben. Da zunehmend Smartphones für Online-Anwendungen genutzt werden, bietet es sich an, Personen für die Teilnahme an webbasierten Studien über mobile Geräte zu erreichen. Doch wie sind diese Studien speziell für Smartphones zu gestalten? [... aus der Einleitung]

Este estudo comparou a ingestão de flúor (F) de crianças de 2 a 6 anos residentes em área fluoretada (Bauru-SP, 0,6-0,8 ppm F) e não fluoretada (Pirajuí-SP), avaliada através do método da dieta duplicada associado à escovação simulada e do Questionário de Freqüência Alimentar semi-quantitativo (QFAsq) associado a questionário para estimativa de ingestão de F a partir do dentifrício. Inicialmente, o QFAsq foi aplicado em 398 crianças residentes no município de Pirajuí-SP. Posteriormente, foram avaliadas subamostras de 25 crianças residentes em Bauru e 24 residentes em Pirajuí. Nestas subamostras, a quantidade de F ingerida através da dieta foi determinada pelo QFAsq e também pela dieta duplicada, considerando seus diferentes constituintes (água, outros líquidos e sólidos). A ingestão de F através do dentifrício foi determinada pelo questionário para estimativa da ingestão de dentifrício e pela escovação simulada. O F foi analisado por eletrodo, depois de difusão facilitada por hexametildiloxano ou após tamponameno com TISAB. A analise estatística foi feita utilizando o software GraphPad InStat, aplicando os testes t pareado, t não pareado, Wilcoxon pareado, Mann-Whitney e estatística de correlação (p<0.05). O QFAsq aplicado à amostra de 398 crianças de Pirajuí encontrou valores de ingestão total de F significativamente menores que os relatados previamente para crianças residentes em Bauru (Miziara, 2006). Na subamostra de crianças avaliadas, a média (±DP, mg) da ingestão de F estimada a partir do QFAsq e da dieta duplicada, considerando-se a dieta total foi de 0,420±0,087 e 0,805±0,190 (Bauru) e 0,227±0,072 e 0,144±0,050 (Pirajuí), sendo a diferença entre os métodos significativa em ambos os municípios. Somente foi obtida uma correlação significativa entre os dois métodos no caso dos sólidos, para ambos os municípios. Considerando a estimativa da ingestão de F a partir do dentifrício obtida pela aplicação do questionário e pela escovação simulada, as médias (±DP, mg) compiladas (Bauru mais Pirajuí) foram 0,611±0,452 e 0,784±0,737, respectivamente, não havendo diferença e nem correlação significativas entre os métodos. Através da utilização dos questionários, foi possível detectar diferença significativa na ingestão total de F entre Bauru e Pirajuí. Entretanto, o mesmo não ocorreu quando se utilizou o método da dieta duplicada associado à escovação simulada. Face aos resultados obtidos, o QFAsq associado a um questionário para estimativa da ingestão de F a partir do dentifrício parece ter um bom potencial para utilização a nível epidemiológico, para se avaliar o risco de grupos de crianças à fluorose dentária. Alguns parâmetros do QFAsq podem ser melhor trabalhados para uma análise mais fidedigna, principalmente com relação à freqüência de ingestão de água e outros líquidos. Em adição, a aplicabilidade desses questionários a nível individual para detecção de risco à fluorose dentária ainda precisa ser melhor estudada. / This study compared the fluoride (F) intake of 2-6-year-old children, living in fluoridated (Bauru-SP, 0,6-0,8 ppm F) and non-fluoridated (Pirajuí-SP) areas. The methods used were the duplicate diet associated to simulated toothbrushing and the semi-quantitative food frequency questionnaire (sqFFQ) associated to a questionnaire for estimation of F intake from dentifrice. Initially, the sqFFQ was applied to 398 children living in Pirajuí. In another phase, subsamples of 25 children living in Bauru and 24 living in Pirajuí were evaluated. In these subsamples the F intake from diet was determined using the sqFFQ as well as the duplicate diet method, considering the different constituents of the diet (water, other liquids and solids). The F intake from the dentifrice was determined using the questionnaire for estimation of F intake, as well as simulated toothbrushing. F was analyzed with the electrode, following hexamethyldisiloxanefacilitated diffusion or after buffering with TISAB. For statistical analysis, the GraphPad InStat software was used. The applies tests were paired and unpaired t tests, paired Wilcoxon test, Mann-Whitney test and correlation analysis (p<0.05). The sqFFQ, when applied to the sample constituted by 398 children living in Pirajuí, found values of total F intake significantly lower when compared to previous data reported by Miziara (2006) for children living in Bauru. In the subsample of evaluated children, the mean (±SD, mg) F intakes estimated by the sqFFQ and duplicate diet (total diet) were 0.420±0.087 and 0.805±0.190 (Bauru) and 0.227±0.072 and 0.144±0.050 (Pirajuí), respectively. The difference between the methods was significant for both municipalities. For both municipalities, a significant correlation between the methods was obtained in the case of solids only. Considering the estimation of F intake from dentifrice obtained by the application of the questionnaire and simulated toothbrushing, the compiled (Bauru plus Pirajuí) means (±SD, mg) were 0.611±0.452 and 0.784±0.737, respectively. The difference as well as the correlation between the methods were not significant. By using the questionnaires, it was possible to detect a significant difference in the total F intake between Bauru and Pirajuí. However, the same did not occur when using the method of duplicate diet associated with simulated toothbrushing. Due to the results obtained, it seems that the sqFFQ associated to a questionnaire for estimation of F intake from dentifrice has a good potential for use at epidemiological level in order to evaluate the risk of groups of children to dental fluorosis. Some parameters of the sqFFQ need to be better addressed for a more precise analysis, mainly with respect to the frequency of water and other liquids intake. In addition, the applicability of these questionnaires at the individual level for the detection of risk to dental fluorosis requires further studies.