Dissertação apresentada ao Programa de Pós-Graduação Interdisciplinar em Estudos Latino-Americanos da Universidade Federal da Integração Latino-Americana, como requisito parcial à obtenção do título de Mestre em Estudos Latino-Americanos. Orientador: Prof. Giane Da Silva Mariano Lessa. / Submitted by Eduardo Acuña (eduardo.acuna@aluno.unila.edu.br) on 2016-08-01T20:04:13Z No. of bitstreams: 1 Tradición intelectual, discurso e identidad en el quichua de Santiago del Estero 1942-1965.pdf: 2320906 bytes, checksum: ce525bc8f253c4e5d6c8875b4bb859ce (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Nilson Junior (nilson.junior@unila.edu.br) on 2016-08-01T20:07:02Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 Tradición intelectual, discurso e identidad en el quichua de Santiago del Estero 1942-1965.pdf: 2320906 bytes, checksum: ce525bc8f253c4e5d6c8875b4bb859ce (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-08-01T20:07:02Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Tradición intelectual, discurso e identidad en el quichua de Santiago del Estero 1942-1965.pdf: 2320906 bytes, checksum: ce525bc8f253c4e5d6c8875b4bb859ce (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-03 / CAPES / Na província argentina de Santiago del Estero, durante os anos de 1942 e 1965, uma série de publicações sobre a língua Quechua local feita por pesquisadores e intelectuais locais fornecem novas interpretações históricas, identitarias e culturais juntamente com a sistematização do estudo científico desta língua. Localizadas dentro de campos de produção simbólica em tensão com hegemonias discursivas e práticas sociais que desafiam suas especulações, as produções revelam agendas ideológicas diferenciadas e lutas pelo domínio do controle discursivo para esta língua. Por outro lado, a interpelação ideológica que o conjunto das argumentações pressupõe no debate cultural e científico local desafia os limites do discutível desta língua. O objetivo desta pesquisa é reconstruir em perspectiva histórica a consolidação de uma tradição intelectual sobre o Quéchua de Santiago del Estero objetivada em diversas publicações durante meados do século XX. Por via de uma análise histórica do discurso, a pesquisa aborda os mecanismos pelos quais os diferentes discursos recriam suas estratégias argumentativas e narrativas, sinalizando assim, as complexas relações com práticas sociais, culturais e políticas locais. / En la provincia argentina de Santiago del Estero, entre los años 1942 y 1965, una serie de publicaciones de investigadores e intelectuales locales proporciona nuevas interpretaciones históricas, culturales e identitarias para el quichua santiagueño al tiempo que sistematizan su estudio científico. Situadas al interior de campos de producción simbólica en tensión con hegemonías discursivas y prácticas sociales desafiantes a sus especulaciones, las publicaciones dan cuenta de agendas ideológicas diferenciadas y de disputas por dominancia en el control del discurso sobre esta lengua. Por otro lado, la interpelación ideológica que supone la tematización del quichua en el debate cultural y científico local desafía los límites de lo discutible sobre esta lengua. El objetivo de este trabajo es reconstruir en perspectiva histórica la consolidación de una tradición intelectual sobre el quichua santiagueño objetivada en diversas publicaciones a mediados del siglo XX. Por medio de un análisis histórico del discurso, esta investigación aborda los mecanismos a través de los cuales los diferentes discursos sobre esta lengua reelaboran sus estrategias argumentativas y narrativas, señalizando de esta forma las complejas relaciones que mantienen con prácticas sociales, culturales y políticas locales.

The relationship between ideophones and gestures has only recently been studied and is not yet completely understood. The topic has been specifically addressed by Kita (1993), Klassen (1998), Dingemanse (2013), Mihas (2013), and Reiter (2013). Yet there has been little focus on onomatopoeic ideophones. Onomatopoeic ideophones have been set aside as different by many previous researchers (Klassen, 1998, pp. 28-31; Kilian-Hatz, 2001, pp. 161-163; Dingemanse, 2011, pp. 131, 165-167; Mihas, 2012, pp. 327-329; Reiter, 2013, pp. 9-10, 308). Being stigmatized as simple, they have been labeled as "sound mimicking words" (McGregor, 2002, p. 341), "non-linguistic sounds" (Güldemann, 2008, p. 283), or "imitative sounds" (Hinton et al., 1994, §2.1). This thesis specifically addresses the relationship between onomatopoeic ideophones and gestures in Pastaza Quichua (PQ). My data acquired from primary and secondary sources, consists of 69 interactions, comprising eight hours of video recordings collected in Tena, Ecuador. These recordings include traditional narratives, personal experience tellings, elicited descriptions of nature, short didactic explanations, and folksongs. My methodology consists of close examination, classification, and tagging of 435 ideophones in the PQ data for sensory class and gestural accompaniment, using McNeill's (1992) typology. This thesis demonstrates that onomatopoeic ideophones do not have the same relationship with gestures that synesthetic ideophones do. Synesthetic ideophones are consistently accompanied by gestures (94.4% of the time) while onomatopoeic ideophones are much less likely to be accompanied by gestures (27.0% of the time). The lack of gestures occurring with onomatopoeic ideophones is striking given that PQ speakers seem to be constantly gesturing during speech. The PQ data supports previous observations that most gestures accompanying ideophones are iconic (Kunene, 1965; Dingemanse, 2013; Reiter, 2013; Mihas, 2013; Kita, 1993). The data also supports McNeill's (2007, p. 11) statement that gestures are used to make an image more real and that repetition can lead to fading gestures. However, it challenges his prediction that a minimal departure from context is the cause of a conspicuous lack of gesture. Sensory type, that is whether an ideophone is onomatopoeic or not, seems to be the most important factor in predicting gestural behavior. This paper also contributes to a better understanding of the relationship between ideophones and gestures and, ultimately, between language and gesture.

This thesis is a corpus and narrative-based description of how the lexical aspect of predicates with the switch reference same subject (SS) suffix -ʃa affects the meaning of utterances in Pastaza Kichwa (PK), a Quechuan dialect spoken in Amazonian Ecuador. The main purpose of this thesis is to describe how verb chains that use -ʃa are affected by lexical aspect. The secondary purpose is to compare these uses with current grammars, and determine whether there are more uses than are currently proposed in the most recent grammar of PK. The most recent grammar of PK lists the functions of the coreference -ʃa as being indicative of simultaneous and sequential actions (Nuckolls & Swanson, 2020). I argue that not only does the lexical aspect of predicates in a -ʃa verb chain determine simultaneity and sequentiality, but there is a third category of habitual action that is at least partially determined by the lexical aspect of -ʃa verb chains. After introducing the concept of switch reference, I introduce the concept of lexical aspect. From there I discuss my methodology and analysis, which is based on Van Valin’s (2006) tests and categories of lexical aspect. My analysis is composed of text examples from the Quechua Realwords (QRW) corpus (Nuckolls, 2021), and a PK narrative about Noah and the Flood. These are supplemented by examples from the Corpus of Pastaza Kichwa (CoPK) compiled by Rice (2018). These examples are used to demonstrate the lexical aspect of each verb in a -ʃa verb chain.

Ideophones are “marked words that vividly depict sensory events” (Dingemanse, 2009, p. 1). They often occur with gesture, but the link between the two is not yet fully understood. McNeill (1992) and Streeck (2008) have proposed classification schemas for gesture, and Nuckolls (2019) is developing a framework for the categorization of ideophones. This thesis categorizes ideophone-gesture composites using a combination of all three of these frameworks. I used data from Quechua RealWords, an online video corpus of 221 ideophones of Pastaza Quichua elicited by students and faculty at the Andes and Amazon Field School in Ecuador. I analyzed video clips of composite utterances and classified them according to McNeill’s, Streeck’s, and Nuckolls’s classification systems. This thesis demonstrates how using these three classification systems together allows for a more holistic analysis of ideophone-gesture composites as well as for the identification of certain patterns in the data. In this case, these were the existence of deictic + beat gestures and the pairing of sound-only ideophones with head gestures rather than with hand gestures. This thesis also suggests that head gestures may be classified using Streeckian and McNeillian categories and it points out ways in which beats paired with Quichua ideophones deviate from the criteria put forth by McNeill.

Travail d'ethnolinguistique où l'auteur tout d'abord que le quichua de Santiago est un substrat et non pas un superstrat, remise en cause donc des limites méridionales du Tawantinsuyu. Dans un deuxième temps, il démontre que quatre siècles et demi de contacts entre quichua et espagnol ont modelé une troisième langue hybride, appelée la castilla, l'espagnol local de ce réduit idiomatique, altéré à tous les niveaux, en particulier au niveau syntaxique, où l'on retrouve de nombreux code switching. Ces influences sont évidemment réciproques, c'est ce que j'ai tenté de démontrer dans un troisième temps, en me penchant sur l'état actuel du quichua de Santiago. Enfin, l'auteur dresse un état des archaïsmes employés dans cette zone bilingue, souvent attribués par erreur au substrat quichua.

This dissertation is a study of diverse linguistic resources and contentious identity politics among indigenous Amazonian Kichwas in the city of Tena, Ecuador. Tena is a rapidly developing Amazonian provincial capital city with a long history of interethnic and interlinguistic contact. In recent decades, the course of indigenous Kichwa identity formation has been dramatically altered by increasing urban relocation, a burgeoning international eco-tourism industry, a generational language shift toward Spanish monolingualism, and the introduction of bilingual and intercultural education into native communities.The current era of nationalistic Ecuadorian "interculturality" and cultural tourism have heightened the public visibility of threatened indigenous practices. Paralleling these national social currents has been a growing indigenous activist movement in Ecuador that has very recently introduced a controversial new Kichwa language-planning project in Napo province. The national standard, Unified Kichwa, is currently being taught to a young population of indigenous students in the Tena region in an effort to create cultural and political solidarity among geographically separate communities. The move has been met with considerable backlash from Tena Kichwas who believe local Amazonian language identity and "natural" socialization practices are under threat of displacement.As part of this fracturing of ideologies surrounding language production and socialization, Tena Kichwas are creating innovative strategies for objectifying marked linguistic forms in order to use them for specific political purposes. The city of Tena has been reconceptualized as an indigenous space for publicly exhibiting opposing identity construction strategies, particularly through the use of new semiotic media, including folkloric performance and mass-communications technology. Language choice, variation and change are becoming very apparently politicized in this unique socio-cultural milieu, where new and old varieties are being symbolically elevated and denigrated through high-profile semiotic work. Language has become a critical site for the intellectualization of cultural change and a key vehicle for asserting rights to self-representation and self-determination.This dissertation combines theoretical and methodological approaches in linguistic anthropology, ethnographic sociolinguistics and discourse analysis to examine language variation, change and ideologization in progress. It attempts to illuminate aspects of the process by which language forms emerge and transform as products of social experience.

This thesis presents an acoustic vowel space analysis of F1 and F2 frequencies from 10 speakers of Pijal Media Lengua (PML) and 10 speakers of Imbabura Quichua (IQ). This thesis also provides a brief grammatical discription of PML with insights into contrasts and similarities between Spanish, Quichua and other documented varieties of Media Lengua (ML). ML is typically described as a mixed language with a Quichua morphosyntactic structure where almost all content words are replaced by their Spanish-derived counterparts through the process of relexification. I use mixed effects models to test for statistical significance between PML Spanish-derived vowels and Quichua-derived vowels. The results provide suggestive data for (1) co-existing vowel systems in moderate contact situations and (2) moderate evidence for co-exsiting vowel systems in extreme contact situations. Results also show that PML may be manipulating as many as eight vowels and IQ as many as six.

This thesis presents an acoustic vowel space analysis of F1 and F2 frequencies from 10 speakers of Pijal Media Lengua (PML) and 10 speakers of Imbabura Quichua (IQ). This thesis also provides a brief grammatical discription of PML with insights into contrasts and similarities between Spanish, Quichua and other documented varieties of Media Lengua (ML). ML is typically described as a mixed language with a Quichua morphosyntactic structure where almost all content words are replaced by their Spanish-derived counterparts through the process of relexification. I use mixed effects models to test for statistical significance between PML Spanish-derived vowels and Quichua-derived vowels. The results provide suggestive data for (1) co-existing vowel systems in moderate contact situations and (2) moderate evidence for co-exsiting vowel systems in extreme contact situations. Results also show that PML may be manipulating as many as eight vowels and IQ as many as six.

This thesis is a study of sibling play and language sociaIization. The concept of language socialization is defined as socialization through language as well as socialization to use language (Schieffelin and Ochs 1986). Fieldwork was carried out for 15 months in a small, Quichua-Spanish bilingual, agricultural community in the central highlands of Ecuador. The lack of land and the desire for change have motivated many men to migrate to the coast and to the major cities of the sierra, striving for upward mobility and economic success in the Ecuadorian society. Lately, however, after the recent takeover of two haciendas, it has been possible for the comuneros to remain in the community. The main focus was on 4 children (2-3 years of age) and their interactions with their siblings and parents. The study is a presentation of their everyday lives, and is based on microanalyses of children's play, parent - child interaction, sibling caretaking and children's work. A San Nicohis developmental story is presented. It was clear that the siblings - hence not only the mothers - were in charge of the young children during much of the day. Siblings are, moreover, often raised in pairs, so that an elder child is in charge of a younger one. Threats, rhetorical questions and other types of teasing were conunon means used by adults as well as older siblings to socialize young children. Also very small children were able to take the perspective of their younger siblings. They functioned as interpreters in "language teaching", in so-called diga routines, and in ente,1ainments. In this highly gendered society, the children's play transcended gender boundaries. For instance, young boys were observed"breastfeeding" their young siblings. A language shift ft'om Quichua to Spanish is apparently under way in the community. The comuneros themselves are at a loss to understand or explain why this is happening and, above all, why this is happening now. They do not see the Quichua language as endangered, since they see it as innately Indian. Contrary to what the comuneros initially claimed, it was found that no children under the age of 10 were fluent in the vernacular. Sibling caretaking is possibly one of the most important factors explaining this language shift in their children's lives.

La douleur est une expérience humaine des plus universelles et d’une riche variabilité culturelle. Néanmoins, il y a peu d’études sur ce sujet en général et qui plus est, la recherche sur la douleur chez les Amérindiens est presque inexistante. L’expérience de douleur de quelques 28 millions d’Amérindiens en Amérique du Sud, dont les Quichuas (Inca), est encore méconnue. Cette recherche interdisciplinaire, psychophysiologique et anthropologique, vise deux buts : (1) Étudier les effets de type analgésique du défi verbal culturellement significatif chez les Quichuas ; et (2) Faire un survol de leur système de croyances concernant la douleur, leur façon de la percevoir, de la décrire, et de la contrôler. Pour le volet expérimental, on a recruté 40 hommes en bonne santé. Les volontaires étaient assignés de façon alternée soit au groupe expérimental (20) soit au groupe contrôle (20). On a enregistré chez eux les seuils de la douleur, et celui de la tolérance à la douleur. Chez le groupe expérimental, on a, de plus, mesuré le seuil de la tolérance à la douleur avec défi verbal. La douleur était provoquée par pression au temporal, et mesurée à l’aide d’un algésimètre. Après chaque seuil, on a administré une échelle visuelle analogique. Pour le deuxième volet de l’étude, un groupe de 40 participants (15 femmes et 25 hommes) a répondu verbalement à un questionnaire en quichua sur la nature de la douleur. Celui-ci touchait les notions de cause, de susceptibilité, les caractéristiques de la douleur, les syndromes douloureux, les méthodes de diagnostic et de traitement, ainsi que la prévention. Notre étude a révélé que les participants ayant reçu le défi verbal ont présenté une tolérance accrue à la douleur statistiquement significative. Les valeurs de l’échelle visuelle analogique ont aussi augmenté chez ce groupe, ce qui indique un état accru de conscience de la douleur. L’expérience de la douleur chez les Quichuas est complexe et les stratégies pour la combattre sont sophistiquées. Selon leur théorie, le vécu d’émotions intenses, dues à des évènements de la vie, à l’existence d’autres maladies qui affectent la personne de façon concomitante, et aux esprits présents dans la nature ou chez d’autres personnes joue un rôle dans l’origine, le diagnostic et le traitement de la douleur. Les Quichuas accordent une grande crédibilité à la biomédecine ainsi qu’à la médecine traditionnelle quichua. Ils perçoivent la famille et le voisinage comme étant des sources supplémentaires de soutien. Il ressort également que les Quichuas préfèrent un service de santé de type inclusif et pluraliste. En conclusion, cette étude a révélé que des mots culturellement significatifs ayant une connotation de défi semblent augmenter la tolérance à la douleur chez les Quichuas. Il s’agit de la première étude à documenter les effets analgésiques de la parole. D’autre part, cette étude souligne également la potentielle utilité clinique de connaître le système quichua de croyances entourant la douleur et le contrôle de cette dernière. Ceci s’avère particulièrement utile pour les cliniciens soucieux d’offrir des soins de santé de meilleure qualité, culturellement adaptés, dans les Andes. / Pain is among the most universal yet culturally diverse human experience. Nevertheless, there is a dearth of research on pain in general and particularly among the Indigenous Peoples in the Americas. Little is known about the pain experience and suffering of the 28 million Indigenous peoples of the Andes in South America, mainly Quichuas (Inca). The aim of this integrative cultural and psychobiological study is twofold: (1) To examine the analgesic effects of culturally meaningful daring words among the Quichuas; and (2) To explore how Quichua adults perceive, describe, and cope with pain. For the psychophysiological component, a controlled, experimental study was conducted with a total of 40 healthy adult men, distributed alternately in an experimental and control group with 20 participants on each group. They received a pressure pain stimulation using an algometer applied to the right temporal area. The pain threshold and pain tolerance threshold were measured in all participants. In addition, the experimental group received culturally meaningful daring Quichua words while their encouraged pain tolerance threshold was measured. After each threshold measurement, a visual analog scale was administered. The algometer and visual analog scale scores were analyzed using t-tests. For the anthropological component, an exploratory qualitative/descriptive survey was conducted with a convenience sample of 40 Quichua adults, including 15 women and 25 men, in the Northern Highlands of Ecuador. We administered verbally structured interviews using a Quichua questionnaire called “The Nature of Pain” [Nanay Jahua Tapuicuna]. The interviews covered the notions of causation of pain, vulnerability to pain, responses to pain, aggravating factors, frequent locations of pain, types of pain, duration, characteristics of pain, control of pain, pathways to care, and preventive measures. Participants receiving culturally meaningful daring words had statistically significant higher algometer values than those who did not receive them. Those who received daring words had higher VAS scores than those who did not receive them, reflecting their increased awareness of pain. The Quichuas’ pain experience is complex and their strategies to cope with it are sophisticated. According to the Quichuas, emotions, life events, co-morbid conditions, and supernatural forces play an important role in the cause, diagnosis and treatment of pain. They embrace biomedicine as well as Quichua traditional medicine. In their view family members and neighbors are valuable sources of health care and pain control. The pathway to pain care that the Quichua people favor is inclusive and pluralistic. Culturally meaningful daring words appear to increase tolerance to pain among the Quichua. This is a pioneering study that reveals the analgesic effects of daring words. It highlights the remarkable biological effects of language in humans. Knowledge of the “emic” details of the Quichuas’ belief system and coping strategies to control pain could be useful for the culturally competent health practitioner who is making efforts to provide high-quality medical care in the Andes.