Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal.

Thèse numérisée par la Division de la gestion de documents et des archives de l'Université de Montréal

O presente trabalho busca analisar e interpretar o pensamento político e econômico do Dr. José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia [1766-1840], reconhecido intelectual, dirigente da independência paraguaia e Ditador Supremo daquele país entre 1814 e 1840. A partir da correspondência pessoal, ordens e decretos escritos pelo ditador paraguaio, propõe-se compreender distintas facetas de seu pensamento e, em certa medida, compará-las com determinadas ações de seu governo. Este estudo está contextualizado por uma descrição geral das características econômicas, políticas e sociais do Paraguai, desde a Colônia até o começo do processo da independência sul-americana e a posterior ascensão política do doutor Francia, determinada, por sua vez, pelas vicissitudes da crise regional que levou à conformação de Estados nacionais na Bacia do Prata. / The purpose of this research is to analyze and interpret the political and economical thought of Dr. José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia [1766-1840], a recognized intellectual, leader of the Paraguayan independence and countrys Supreme Dictator between 1814 and 1840. From personal correspondence, orders and decrees written by the Paraguayan dictator, the research aims at understanding different aspects of his thought and, to some extent, compare them with certain actions of his government. This objective is contextualized by an overview of the economic, political and social features of Paraguay, from the colonial period to the beginning of the process of South American independence and the subsequent political rise of Dr. Francia, determined, in turn, by the vicissitudes of the regional crisis that led to the forming of national states on the Río de la Plata Basin.

The primary purpose of this dissertation is to study the dialogue between the Scandinavian drama and the Uruguayan theatre; how drama from Scandinavia has been received in the Río de la Plata during the last hundred years; how it has been adapted and activated to be meaningful to the audience; how it has been integrated within the Uruguayan theatre and society and how the play changes with that new dialogue. As this is the first study of Scandinavian plays in Uruguay a secondary purpose is to document what has been put on stage; fifty-three productions, ninety percent of which were plays by Henrik Ibsen and August Strindberg. The study is organized in three parts: a) a historical and sociological description of the Uruguayan society and its theatre; b) a presentation of Scandinavian drama, staging of Scandinavian theatre and its reception during the twentieth century; c) a comparative analysis of the reception in its widest sense at different periods of eleven productions of two dramas by Ibsen and one by Strindberg. The work is thus part of a tradition of the history of reception. According to the hermeneutic method, the reading is done from the horizon of expectation at the time of the staging interwined with today’s perspective. I follow the Argentinean investigator of theatre Osvaldo Pellettieri’s definition of the concept “reception”: passive reception by the public; reproductive reception, reception including translation and criticism; productive reception, creative reception expressed as staging or as a text that is evidently influenced by another text. In studying the process from the source text of a play to the reception of a performance, the four steps that Patrice Pavis has pointed out have been followed: 1) the interidiomatic translation of the text, 2) the translation of the text into a manuscript as base for a production 3) the staging and 4) the performance as received by the public. More emphasis is put on the linguistic aspect of the reception and reconstruction than is generally the case in theatre research, as this study lies on the border between literature and theatre studies. Do the Scandinavian plays fall into the topics of the day, politically, socially, culturally and aesthetically? Ibsen’s and Strindberg’s dramatic production have drawn the attention of Uruguayan critics since 1894, four years before the public had the opportunity to see a play on stage in Montevideo. Their contents and dramatic aesthetics were evaluated and we can also see how their ideas are discussed and integrated in the social debate on womens’ rights and the economic consequences of divorce. In order to see where the critics put their emphasis, the following aspects were considered: the author, the plot and its actuality, the audience, the translation, the direction, the scenography, the acting, the scenery and the music. The emphasis and interest of the critics have changed during this period of a hundred year. At the turn of the century 1900 they focused on the plot, the protagonist and also put a lot of emphasis on the public’s reactions. A realistic interpretation was appreciated but its content was not related to the situation in the surrounding society. During the first half of last century we only find visiting companies from Europe playing the Scandinavian dramatists. At first they introduced Ibsen and later Strindberg to the public in Montevideo via performances made by European actors for a European public. The Montevidean public was sometimes amazed by the new theatrical form and stunned by the contents of the play, but, according to the critics, the spectators eventually accepted it all and thus widened their horizon. There is a great contrast in connection with the distribution of the critics' interests from the fifties onwards. The theme and its actuality were discussed, the author got a lot of space as did the director and the actors. The audience’s reaction was seldom commented upon, nor the scenography. Towards the end of the century the direction, the scenography and the scenery drew the critics’ attention on behalf of the actors, but the theme and its actuality preserved their interest. In the late forties the Uruguayan theatre had developed a theatre system. Scandinavian plays were now staged by native theatre groups and can be considered as integrated within the Uruguayan cultural and social system. We can see how the Scandinavian theatre performances accompanied theatre life in Montevideo; its rise during the fifties and sixties, its fall during the dictatorship of the seventies, its resurrection and its present condition, more free, more open and difficult to define in a few words. The last three chapters are a study of A doll’s House, An Enemy of the People and Creditors in Montevideo. It is a more detailed analysis of the translation of the texts, the transposition to the stage, how the performances relate to the cultural, social and political context and how they are received by the critics. A comparative study shows how the directors and the theatregroups have searched for different solutions to represent the plays. It shows great differences in the realization, differences that depend on the varying conditions of the groups; if they are part of the official theatre or an independent group, their political and aesthetical orientation, their intentions and artistic level and the social context in which the staging takes part.

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Cette recherche est une approche sur les processus transfrontaliers dans la Triple FrontièreBrésil-Argentine-Paraguay. Initialement nous avons cherché à identifier les acteurs et les nouveaux usages du territoire, ainsi que le rôle des régions transfrontalières au sein des blocs commerciaux régionaux en Amérique du Sud et en Europe. Afin de utiliser l'expérience européenne dans les politiques pour les régions frontalières, on a analysés les initiatives d'intégration dans l’Union européenne et un travail de terrain dans la Grande Région a été réalisé, dont les résultats ont été utilisés pour la composition d'un chapitre de la recherche. Au cours du present étude l'importance de l'infrastructure routière, l'énergie et les télécommunications, le rôle du tourisme, les diverses initiatives de coopération et d'interaction dans le Triple Frontière, ainsi que les effets négatifs desprocessus transfrontaliersont été également analysé. Dans la recherche, les acteurs et les processus transfrontaliers ont été signalées par des coremas et des cartes. Les éléments énumérés ont servi à soutenir l'idée que actuellement une régiontransfrontalière se dessine au coeur du bassin de La Plata. / A presente pesquisa constitui uma abordagem acerca dos processos de transfronteirização na Tríplice Fronteira Brasil-Argentina-Paraguai. Inicialmente buscou-se identificar os atores e os novos usos do território, bem como o papel das regiões transfronteiriças dentro dos blocos regionais de comércio na América do Sul e na Europa. Com o intuito de aproveitar a experiência europeia no âmbito das políticas para regiões transfronteiriças, foram analisadas as iniciativas de integração e foi realizado um trabalho de campo na Grande Région, cujos resultados serviram para a composição de um capítulo da pesquisa. No decorrer da pesquisa também foram analisados a importância das infraestruturas viárias, energéticas e de telecomunicações, o papel do turismo, as diferentes iniciativas de cooperação e interação na Tríplice Fronteira, bem como os efeitos negativos da transfronteirização. Os atores e os processos de transfronteirização foram relatados através de coremas e mapas elaborados para a pesquisa. Os elementos elencados serviram para embasar a ideia de que está surgindo uma região transfronteiriça no coração da Bacia do Prata. / This research is an approach to cross-border processes in the Tri-Border Area, between Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. Initially we sought to identify the actors, the new land uses and the role of cross-border regions within regional trading blocs in South America and Europe. To take advantage of the European experience in policies for border regions, we analyzed the integration initiatives in the European Union and a fieldwork in the Grande Région was conducted. The results of the fieldwork were used to compose a chapter of the research. In the present study the importance of road infrastructure, energy and telecommunications, the role of tourism, initiatives of cooperation and interaction in Tri-Border Area, as well as the negative effects of cross-border processes were also analyzed. In the present research, actors and border processes have been reported by graphic schemes and maps. The items listed were used to support the idea that, presently, a cross-border region is emerging in the heart of La Plata Basin.

Cette recherche est une approche sur les processus transfrontaliers dans la Triple FrontièreBrésil-Argentine-Paraguay. Initialement nous avons cherché à identifier les acteurs et les nouveaux usages du territoire, ainsi que le rôle des régions transfrontalières au sein des blocs commerciaux régionaux en Amérique du Sud et en Europe. Afin de utiliser l'expérience européenne dans les politiques pour les régions frontalières, on a analysés les initiatives d'intégration dans l’Union européenne et un travail de terrain dans la Grande Région a été réalisé, dont les résultats ont été utilisés pour la composition d'un chapitre de la recherche. Au cours du present étude l'importance de l'infrastructure routière, l'énergie et les télécommunications, le rôle du tourisme, les diverses initiatives de coopération et d'interaction dans le Triple Frontière, ainsi que les effets négatifs desprocessus transfrontaliersont été également analysé. Dans la recherche, les acteurs et les processus transfrontaliers ont été signalées par des coremas et des cartes. Les éléments énumérés ont servi à soutenir l'idée que actuellement une régiontransfrontalière se dessine au coeur du bassin de La Plata. / A presente pesquisa constitui uma abordagem acerca dos processos de transfronteirização na Tríplice Fronteira Brasil-Argentina-Paraguai. Inicialmente buscou-se identificar os atores e os novos usos do território, bem como o papel das regiões transfronteiriças dentro dos blocos regionais de comércio na América do Sul e na Europa. Com o intuito de aproveitar a experiência europeia no âmbito das políticas para regiões transfronteiriças, foram analisadas as iniciativas de integração e foi realizado um trabalho de campo na Grande Région, cujos resultados serviram para a composição de um capítulo da pesquisa. No decorrer da pesquisa também foram analisados a importância das infraestruturas viárias, energéticas e de telecomunicações, o papel do turismo, as diferentes iniciativas de cooperação e interação na Tríplice Fronteira, bem como os efeitos negativos da transfronteirização. Os atores e os processos de transfronteirização foram relatados através de coremas e mapas elaborados para a pesquisa. Os elementos elencados serviram para embasar a ideia de que está surgindo uma região transfronteiriça no coração da Bacia do Prata. / This research is an approach to cross-border processes in the Tri-Border Area, between Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. Initially we sought to identify the actors, the new land uses and the role of cross-border regions within regional trading blocs in South America and Europe. To take advantage of the European experience in policies for border regions, we analyzed the integration initiatives in the European Union and a fieldwork in the Grande Région was conducted. The results of the fieldwork were used to compose a chapter of the research. In the present study the importance of road infrastructure, energy and telecommunications, the role of tourism, initiatives of cooperation and interaction in Tri-Border Area, as well as the negative effects of cross-border processes were also analyzed. In the present research, actors and border processes have been reported by graphic schemes and maps. The items listed were used to support the idea that, presently, a cross-border region is emerging in the heart of La Plata Basin.

Cette recherche est une approche sur les processus transfrontaliers dans la Triple FrontièreBrésil-Argentine-Paraguay. Initialement nous avons cherché à identifier les acteurs et les nouveaux usages du territoire, ainsi que le rôle des régions transfrontalières au sein des blocs commerciaux régionaux en Amérique du Sud et en Europe. Afin de utiliser l'expérience européenne dans les politiques pour les régions frontalières, on a analysés les initiatives d'intégration dans l’Union européenne et un travail de terrain dans la Grande Région a été réalisé, dont les résultats ont été utilisés pour la composition d'un chapitre de la recherche. Au cours du present étude l'importance de l'infrastructure routière, l'énergie et les télécommunications, le rôle du tourisme, les diverses initiatives de coopération et d'interaction dans le Triple Frontière, ainsi que les effets négatifs desprocessus transfrontaliersont été également analysé. Dans la recherche, les acteurs et les processus transfrontaliers ont été signalées par des coremas et des cartes. Les éléments énumérés ont servi à soutenir l'idée que actuellement une régiontransfrontalière se dessine au coeur du bassin de La Plata. / A presente pesquisa constitui uma abordagem acerca dos processos de transfronteirização na Tríplice Fronteira Brasil-Argentina-Paraguai. Inicialmente buscou-se identificar os atores e os novos usos do território, bem como o papel das regiões transfronteiriças dentro dos blocos regionais de comércio na América do Sul e na Europa. Com o intuito de aproveitar a experiência europeia no âmbito das políticas para regiões transfronteiriças, foram analisadas as iniciativas de integração e foi realizado um trabalho de campo na Grande Région, cujos resultados serviram para a composição de um capítulo da pesquisa. No decorrer da pesquisa também foram analisados a importância das infraestruturas viárias, energéticas e de telecomunicações, o papel do turismo, as diferentes iniciativas de cooperação e interação na Tríplice Fronteira, bem como os efeitos negativos da transfronteirização. Os atores e os processos de transfronteirização foram relatados através de coremas e mapas elaborados para a pesquisa. Os elementos elencados serviram para embasar a ideia de que está surgindo uma região transfronteiriça no coração da Bacia do Prata. / This research is an approach to cross-border processes in the Tri-Border Area, between Brazil, Argentina and Paraguay. Initially we sought to identify the actors, the new land uses and the role of cross-border regions within regional trading blocs in South America and Europe. To take advantage of the European experience in policies for border regions, we analyzed the integration initiatives in the European Union and a fieldwork in the Grande Région was conducted. The results of the fieldwork were used to compose a chapter of the research. In the present study the importance of road infrastructure, energy and telecommunications, the role of tourism, initiatives of cooperation and interaction in Tri-Border Area, as well as the negative effects of cross-border processes were also analyzed. In the present research, actors and border processes have been reported by graphic schemes and maps. The items listed were used to support the idea that, presently, a cross-border region is emerging in the heart of La Plata Basin.

O presente trabalho busca analisar e interpretar o pensamento político e econômico do Dr. José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia [1766-1840], reconhecido intelectual, dirigente da independência paraguaia e Ditador Supremo daquele país entre 1814 e 1840. A partir da correspondência pessoal, ordens e decretos escritos pelo ditador paraguaio, propõe-se compreender distintas facetas de seu pensamento e, em certa medida, compará-las com determinadas ações de seu governo. Este estudo está contextualizado por uma descrição geral das características econômicas, políticas e sociais do Paraguai, desde a Colônia até o começo do processo da independência sul-americana e a posterior ascensão política do doutor Francia, determinada, por sua vez, pelas vicissitudes da crise regional que levou à conformação de Estados nacionais na Bacia do Prata. / The purpose of this research is to analyze and interpret the political and economical thought of Dr. José Gaspar Rodríguez de Francia [1766-1840], a recognized intellectual, leader of the Paraguayan independence and countrys Supreme Dictator between 1814 and 1840. From personal correspondence, orders and decrees written by the Paraguayan dictator, the research aims at understanding different aspects of his thought and, to some extent, compare them with certain actions of his government. This objective is contextualized by an overview of the economic, political and social features of Paraguay, from the colonial period to the beginning of the process of South American independence and the subsequent political rise of Dr. Francia, determined, in turn, by the vicissitudes of the regional crisis that led to the forming of national states on the Río de la Plata Basin.