No abstract available / Religious Studies / M.A. (Religious Studies)

Un radar Multiple-Input Multiple-Output (MIMO) est celui où les émetteurs envoient des formes d'ondes différentes (orthogonales ou partiellement corrélées) qui peuvent être séparées à la réception. En outre, les émetteurs et récepteurs peuvent être colocalisés ou largement séparés. La première partie de la thèse porte sur la détection dans des environnements gaussiens et non gaussiens en utilisant un radar MIMO, qui contient plusieurs sous-réseaux largement séparés avec un ou plusieurs éléments chacun. Deux situations différentes sont considérées. Premièrement, nous considérons que les interférences sont gaussiennes, mais une corrélation entre les sous-réseaux peut survenir en raison d'un espacement insuffisant et de l'orthogonalité imparfaite des formes d'ondes. Deuxièmement, nous considérons que les interférences sont non gaussiennes, une situation qui se présente quand il y a du fouillis de sol ou de mer et lorsque la résolution est très élevée. La deuxième partie est dédiée à l'utilisation de techniques MIMO pour le Space-Time Adaptive Processing (STAP). La configuration MIMO cohérente est étudiée en changeant la distribution et l'espacement des éléments d'antenne pour améliorer les performances de détection et d'estimation. En outre, une étude préliminaire est également présentée sur l'utilisation de la diversité spatiale pour rendre le radar plus robuste aux fluctuations de la RCS et à la variation de la vitesse de la cible par rapport à l'angle d'incidence du signal émis et reçu. / A Multiple-Input Multiple Output (MIMO) radar can be broadly defined as a radar system employing multiple transmit waveforms and having the ability to jointly process signals received at multiple receive antennas. In terms of configurations, the antennas can be widely separated or co-located. The first part of the thesis is on detection under Gaussian and non-Gaussian environments using a MIMO radar which contains several widely separated subarrays with one or more elements each. Two different situations are considered. Firstly, we consider that the interference is Gaussian but correlation between subarrays can arise due to insufficient spacing and the imperfect orthogonality of waveforms. Secondly, we consider that the interference is non-Gaussian, a situation which arises under sea and ground clutter and when the resolution is very high. The second part is on the application of MIMO techniques to Space-Time Adaptive Processing (STAP). The coherent MIMO configuration is studied in terms of antenna element distribution and inter-element spacing to improve detection and estimation performance. A preliminary study is also done on the use of spatial diversity to improve detection stability w.r.t. target Radar Cross Section (RCS) fluctuations and velocity direction changes.

Dans la vie de tous les jours, nous assistons à des chorégraphies surprenantes dans les déplacements de foules de piétons. Les mécanismes qui sont à la base de la dynamique des foules humaines restent peu connus. Un des modes d’observation des piétons consiste à réaliser des mesures en conditions réelles (exemple : aéroport, gare, etc.). La trajectoire empruntée, la vitesse et l’accélération sont les données de base pour une telle analyse. C’est dans ce contexte que se placent nos travaux qui combinent étroitement observations en milieu naturel et expérimentations contrôlées. Nous avons proposé un système pour le suivi de plusieurs piétons dans un environnement fermé, à l’aide d’un réseau de télémètres lasers à balayage. Nous avons fait avancer l’état de l’art sur quatre plans.Premièrement, nous avons introduit une méthode de fusion automatique des données, permettant de discriminer les objets statiques (murs, poteaux, etc.) et aussi d’augmenter le taux de détection.Deuxièmement, nous avons proposé une méthode de détection non paramétrique basée sur la modélisation de la marche. L’algorithme estime la position du piéton, que celui-ci soit immobile ou en mouvement.Finalement, notre suivi repose sur la méthode Rao-Blackwell Monte Carlo Association de Données, avec la particularité de suivre un nombre variable de piétons.L’algorithme a été évalué quantitativement par des expériences de comportement social à différents niveaux de densité. Ces expériences ont eu lieu dans une école, près de 300 piétons ont été suivis dont une trentaine simultanément. / In everyday life, we witness surprising choreographies in the movements of crowds of pedestrians. The mechanisms that underlie the dynamics of human crowd dynamics remain poorly understood. One of the ways of observing pedestrians consists in taking measurements in real conditions (e. g. airport, station, etc.). The trajectory, speed and acceleration are the basic data for such an analysis. It is in this context that our work is placed, which closely combines observations in the natural environment with controlled experiments. We proposed a system for tracking multiple pedestrians in a closed environment using a network of scanning laser rangefinders. We have advanced the state of the art on four levels: first, we have introduced an automatic data fusion method to discriminate static objects (walls, poles, etc.) and also to increase the detection rate; second, we have proposed a non-parametric detection method based on walking modeling. The algorithm estimates the position of the pedestrian, whether stationary or moving, and finally, our monitoring is based on the Rao-Blackwell Monte Carlo Association Data Method, with the particularity of tracking a variable number of pedestrians, which was quantitatively evaluated by experiments in social behaviour at different levels of density. These experiments took place in a school, nearly 300 pedestrians were followed, about thirty of them simultaneously.

Spiral grain in trees causes trouble to the wood industry, since boards sawn from trees with large grain angle have severe problems with form stability. Measurements of the grain angle under bark enable the optimisation of the refining process. The main objective of this thesis is to study the potential in estimating the grain angle by using microwaves. To do this, electromagnetic modelling and sensitivity analysis are combined. The dielectric properties of wood are different along and perpendicular to the wood fibres. This anisotropy is central for the estimation of the grain angle by means of microwaves. To estimate the grain angle, measurements are used together with electromagnetic modelling for the scattering from plane surfaces and cylinders. Measurement set-ups are proposed to determine the material parameters, such as the grain angle, for plane boards and cylindrical logs. For cylindrical logs both near-field and far-field measurements are investigated. In general, methods for determining material parameters exhibit large errors in the presence of noise. In this case, acceptable levels of these errors are achieved throug using few material parameters in the model: the grain angle and two dielectric parameters, characterising the electrical properties parallel and perpendicular to the fibres. From the case with plane boards, it is concluded that it is possible to make use of the anisotropy of wood to estimate the grain angle from the reflected electromagnetic field. This property forms then the basis of the proposed methods for the estimation of the grain angle in cylindrical logs. For the proposed methods, a priori knowledge of the moisture content or temperature of the wood is not needed. Furthermore, since the anisotropy persist also for frozen wood, the method is valid for temperatures below zero degrees Celsius. For the case with cylindrical logs, sensitivity analysis is applied to the near-field as well as the far-field methods, to analyse the parameter dependence with respect to the measurement model and the errors introduced by noise. In this sensitivity analysis, the Cram\'r-Rao bound is used, giving the best possible variance for estimating the parameters. The levels of the error bounds are high, indicating a problematic estimation problem. However, the feasibility of accurate estimation will be improved through higher signal-to-noise ratios, repeated measurements, and better antenna gain. The sensitivity analysis is also useful as an analytical tool to understand the difficulties and remedies related to the method used for determining material parameters, as well as a practical aid in the design of a measurement set-up. According to the thesis, grain angle estimation is possible with microwaves. The proposed methods are fast and suitable for further development for in-field use in the forest or in saw mills. / Träd med växtvridenhet orsakar problem i träindustrin eftersom brädor som sågats från träd med stor fibervinkel har problem med formstabiliteten och vrider sig då de torkas. Mätning av fibervinkeln under bark möjliggör optimering av förädlingsprocessen. I den här avhandlingen kombineras elektromagnetisk modellering och känslighetsanalys för att undersöka möjligheterna att bestämma fibervinkeln med mikrovågor. De elektriska egenskaperna hos trä är olika längs med och vinkelrätt mot fibrerna. Den här anisotropin är utgångspunkten för att bestämma fibervinkeln med hjälp av mikrovågor. För att skatta fibervinkeln används mätningar tillsammans med elektromagnetisk modellering för spridningen från plana ytor och cylindrar. Mätuppställningar föreslås för problemet att skatta materialparametrar, såsom fibervinkeln, i plana brädor och cylindriska stockar. För cylindriska stockar undersöks både närfälts- och fjärrfältsmätningar. I allmänhet har metoder för skattning av materialparametrar stora fel då systemet innehåller brus. Här erhålls acceptabla fel genom att använda få materialparametrar i modelleringen. De materialparametrar som används är fibervinkeln och två dielektriska parametrar som karakteriserar de elektriska egenskaperna längs med och vinkelrätt mot träfibern. Slutsatsen från fallet med plana brädor är att det är möjligt att använda anisotropin hos trä och dess påverkan på ett reflekterat elektromagnetiskt fält för att skatta fibervinkeln. Detta är grunden i de metoder som föreslås för cylindriska stockar. För samtliga metoder så gäller att varken fukthalt eller temperatur behöver vara kända på förhand. Eftersom anisotropin kvarstår också för fruset trä så är metoderna användbara även för temperaturer under noll grader Celsius. För fallet med cylindriska stockar används känslighetsanalys på både närfälts- och fjärrfältsmetoderna för att analysera parameterberoendet i uppmätt data samt felen som introduceras av brus. I den här känslighetsanalysen används Cram\'{e}r-Rao gränsen som ger den bästa möjliga variansen för skattning av parametrarna. Nivåerna på gränserna är höga vilket indikerar att det är ett svårt estimeringsproblem. Möjligheterna att skatta parametrarna noggrant förbättras genom bättre signal-brus förhållande, upprepade mätningar samt ökad antennstyrka. Känslighetsanalysen är också användbar som ett analytiskt verktyg för ökad förståelse för problem och möjligheter relaterade till metoden för att skatta parametrarna och som ett praktiskt stöd för design av en mätuppställning. Enligt avhandlingen är skattning av fibervinkel möjlig med mikrovågor. De föreslagna metoderna är snabba och lämpliga att utveckla vidare för användning i skogen eller i sågverk.

<p>Spiral grain in trees causes trouble to the wood industry, since boards sawn from trees with large grain angle have severe problems with form stability. Measurements of the grain angle under bark enable the optimisation of the refining process. The main objective of this thesis is to study the potential in estimating the grain angle by using microwaves. To do this, electromagnetic modelling and sensitivity analysis are combined.</p><p>The dielectric properties of wood are different along and perpendicular to the wood fibres. This anisotropy is central for the estimation of the grain angle by means of microwaves. To estimate the grain angle, measurements are used together with electromagnetic modelling for the scattering from plane surfaces and cylinders. Measurement set-ups are proposed to determine the material parameters, such as the grain angle, for plane boards and cylindrical logs. For cylindrical logs both near-field and far-field measurements are investigated. In general, methods for determining material parameters exhibit large errors in the presence of noise. In this case, acceptable levels of these errors are achieved throug using few material parameters in the model: the grain angle and two dielectric parameters, characterising the electrical properties parallel and perpendicular to the fibres.</p><p>From the case with plane boards, it is concluded that it is possible to make use of the anisotropy of wood to estimate the grain angle from the reflected electromagnetic field. This property forms then the basis of the proposed methods for the estimation of the grain angle in cylindrical logs. For the proposed methods, a priori knowledge of the moisture content or temperature of the wood is not needed. Furthermore, since the anisotropy persist also for frozen wood, the method is valid for temperatures below zero degrees Celsius.</p><p>For the case with cylindrical logs, sensitivity analysis is applied to the near-field as well as the far-field methods, to analyse the parameter dependence with respect to the measurement model and the errors introduced by noise. In this sensitivity analysis, the Cram\'{e}r-Rao bound is used, giving the best possible variance for estimating the parameters. The levels of the error bounds are high, indicating a problematic estimation problem. However, the feasibility of accurate estimation will be improved through higher signal-to-noise ratios, repeated measurements, and better antenna gain. The sensitivity analysis is also useful as an analytical tool to understand the difficulties and remedies related to the method used for determining material parameters, as well as a practical aid in the design of a measurement set-up.</p><p>According to the thesis, grain angle estimation is possible with microwaves. The proposed methods are fast and suitable for further development for in-field use in the forest or in saw mills.</p> / <p>Träd med växtvridenhet orsakar problem i träindustrin eftersom brädor som sågats från träd med stor fibervinkel har problem med formstabiliteten och vrider sig då de torkas. Mätning av fibervinkeln under bark möjliggör optimering av förädlingsprocessen. I den här avhandlingen kombineras elektromagnetisk modellering och känslighetsanalys för att undersöka möjligheterna att bestämma fibervinkeln med mikrovågor.</p><p>De elektriska egenskaperna hos trä är olika längs med och vinkelrätt mot fibrerna. Den här anisotropin är utgångspunkten för att bestämma fibervinkeln med hjälp av mikrovågor. För att skatta fibervinkeln används mätningar tillsammans med elektromagnetisk modellering för spridningen från plana ytor och cylindrar. Mätuppställningar föreslås för problemet att skatta materialparametrar, såsom fibervinkeln, i plana brädor och cylindriska stockar. För cylindriska stockar undersöks både närfälts- och fjärrfältsmätningar. I allmänhet har metoder för skattning av materialparametrar stora fel då systemet innehåller brus. Här erhålls acceptabla fel genom att använda få materialparametrar i modelleringen. De materialparametrar som används är fibervinkeln och två dielektriska parametrar som karakteriserar de elektriska egenskaperna längs med och vinkelrätt mot träfibern.</p><p>Slutsatsen från fallet med plana brädor är att det är möjligt att använda anisotropin hos trä och dess påverkan på ett reflekterat elektromagnetiskt fält för att skatta fibervinkeln. Detta är grunden i de metoder som föreslås för cylindriska stockar. För samtliga metoder så gäller att varken fukthalt eller temperatur behöver vara kända på förhand. Eftersom anisotropin kvarstår också för fruset trä så är metoderna användbara även för temperaturer under noll grader Celsius.</p><p>För fallet med cylindriska stockar används känslighetsanalys på både närfälts- och fjärrfältsmetoderna för att analysera parameterberoendet i uppmätt data samt felen som introduceras av brus. I den här känslighetsanalysen används Cram\'{e}r-Rao gränsen som ger den bästa möjliga variansen för skattning av parametrarna. Nivåerna på gränserna är höga vilket indikerar att det är ett svårt estimeringsproblem. Möjligheterna att skatta parametrarna noggrant förbättras genom bättre signal-brus förhållande, upprepade mätningar samt ökad antennstyrka. Känslighetsanalysen är också användbar som ett analytiskt verktyg för ökad förståelse för problem och möjligheter relaterade till metoden för att skatta parametrarna och som ett praktiskt stöd för design av en mätuppställning.</p><p>Enligt avhandlingen är skattning av fibervinkel möjlig med mikrovågor. De föreslagna metoderna är snabba och lämpliga att utveckla vidare för användning i skogen eller i sågverk.</p>

To date the majority of research in the area of cooperative communications focuses on maximizing throughput and reliability while assuming perfect channel state information (CSI) and synchronization. This thesis, seeks to address performance enhancement and system parameter estimation in cooperative networks while relaxing these idealized assumptions. In Chapter 3 the thesis mainly focuses on training-based channel estimation in multi-relay cooperative networks. Channel estimators that are capable of determining the overall channel gains from source to destination antennas are derived. Next, a new low feedback and low complexity scheme is proposed that allows for the coherent combining of signals from multiple relays. Numerical and simulation results show that the combination of the proposed channel estimators and optimization algorithm result in significant performance gains. As communication systems are greatly affected by synchronization parameters, in Chapter 4 the thesis quantitatively analyzes the effects of timing and frequency offset on the performance of communications systems. The modified Cramer-Rao lower bound (MCRLB) undergoing functional transformation, is derived and applied to determine lower bounds on the estimation of signal pulse amplitude and signal-to-noise ratio (SNR) due to timing offset and frequency offset, respectively. In addition, it is shown that estimation of timing and frequency offset can be decoupled in most practical settings. The distributed nature of cooperative relay networks may result in multiple timing and frequency offsets. Chapters 5 and 6 address multiple timing and frequency offset estimation using periodically inserted training sequences in cooperative networks with maximum frequency reuse, i.e., space-division multiple access (SDMA) networks. New closed-form expressions for the Cramer-Rao lower bound (CRLB) for multiple timing and multiple frequency offset estimation for different cooperative protocols are derived. The CRLBs are then applied in a novel way to formulate training sequence design guidelines and determine the effect of network protocol and topology on synchronization parameter estimation. Next, computationally efficient estimators are proposed. Numerical results show that the proposed estimators outperform existing algorithms and reach or approach the CRLB at mid-to-high SNR. When applied to system compensation, simulation results show that application of the proposed estimators allow for synchronized cooperation amongst the nodes within the network. / Thesis (Ph.D, Electrical & Computer Engineering) -- Queen's University, 2010-07-29 16:52:50.272

Le système Cospas-Sarsat est un système de recherche et de sauvetage à l’échelle mondiale qui fonctionne à l’aide de satellites en orbite basse et de satellites en orbite géostationnaire. La constellation de satellites actuelle est en cours de remplacement par des satellites en orbite moyenne qui couvrent de plus grandes zones de la surface de la Terre permettant des alertes quasi instantanées. L’objectif de cette thèse est d’étudier les performances de localisation de ce nouveau système, qui a été nommé système MEOSAR (Medium Earth Orbit Search and Rescue). Nous étudions d’abord la qualité de la liaison entre la balise de détresse, le satellite, et la station de réception au sol à l’aide d’un bilan de liaison. Ensuite, nous proposons un modèle de signal basé sur des fonctions sigmoïdes afin de modéliser les transitions douces du signal de détresse. Pour ce modèle, les performances de localisation (en terme de bornes de Cramér-Rao et de la variance d’estimateurs) sont étudiées pour l’estimation de position de la balise, et pour l’estimation de différents paramètres, y compris le temps d’arrivée, la fréquence d’arrivée et la durée du symbole. Ensuite, nous étudions l’impact de l’ajout d’information a priori sur la période symbole et sur le temps de montée du signal, qui proviennent des tolérances autorisées sur les spécifications des balises de détresse. Nous étudions également l’erreur introduite par l’ajout de bruit de phase caractéristique des oscillateurs des balises, et nous considérons l’amélioration de l’estimation de position en prenant en compte les multiples émissions de la balise de détresse. Finalement, les performances de localisation du système MEOSAR sont données pour les balises de détresse de deuxième génération, qui sont en cours de développement, et qui utilisent une modulation avec étalement de spectre. / Cospas-Sarsat is an international search and rescue system that operates using low-orbit satellites and geostationary satellites. The current satellite constellation is being replaced by medium Earth orbit satellites which will cover larger areas of the surface of the Earth, permitting almost instantaneous alerts. The objective of this thesis is to study the localization performance of this new system, named MEOSAR (Medium Earth Orbit Search and Rescue). We first study the quality of the link between the beacon, the satellite and the ground receiving station through a link budget. Then, we propose a signal model based on sigmoidal functions to model the smooth transitions of the distress signal. For this model, the localization performance (in terms of Cramér-Rao bounds and estimator variances) is studied for the estimation of the beacon position and for different parameters including the time of arrival, the frequency of arrival and the symbol width. Then, we study the impact of adding prior information on the symbol width and the signal rise time, which are constructed from the allowed tolerances on the beacon specifications. We also investigate the error introduced by the addition of oscillator phase noise, and we show how the position estimation can be improved by taking into account multiple emissions of the beacon. Finally, the localization performance of the MEOSAR system is studied for second generation beacons, which are being developed using spread spectrum modulation.

Orientador: João Eloir Strapasson / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Matemática Estatística e Computação Científica / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-23T13:44:50Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Porto_JuliannaPineleSantos_M.pdf: 2346170 bytes, checksum: 9f8b7284329ef1eb2f319c2e377b7a3c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2013 / Resumo: A Geometria da Informação é uma área da matemática que utiliza ferramentas geométricas no estudo de modelos estatísticos. Em 1945, Rao introduziu uma métrica Riemanniana no espaço das distribuições de probabilidade usando a matriz de informação, dada por Ronald Fisher em 1921. Com a métrica associada a essa matriz, define-se uma distância entre duas distribuições de probabilidade (distância de Rao), geodésicas, curvaturas e outras propriedades do espaço. Desde então muitos autores veem estudando esse assunto, que está naturalmente ligado a diversas aplicações como, por exemplo, inferência estatística, processos estocásticos, teoria da informação e distorção de imagens. Neste trabalho damos uma breve introdução à geometria diferencial e Riemanniana e fazemos uma coletânea de alguns resultados obtidos na área de Geometria da Informação. Mostramos a distância de Rao entre algumas distribuições de probabilidade e damos uma atenção especial ao estudo da distância no espaço formado por distribuições Normais Multivariadas. Neste espaço, como ainda não é conhecida uma fórmula fechada para a distância e nem para a curva geodésica, damos ênfase ao cálculo de limitantes para a distância de Rao. Conseguimos melhorar, em alguns casos, o limitante superior dado por Calvo e Oller em 1990 / Abstract: Information Geometry is an area of mathematics that uses geometric tools in the study of statistical models. In 1945, Rao introduced a Riemannian metric on the space of the probability distributions using the information matrix provided by Ronald Fisher in 1921. With the metric associated with this matrix, we define a distance between two probability distributions (Rao's distance), geodesics, curvatures and other properties. Since then, many authors have been studying this subject, which is associated with various applications, such as: statistical inference, stochastic processes, information theory, and image distortion. In this work we provide a brief introduction to Differential and Riemannian Geometry and a survey of some results obtained in Information Geometry. We show Rao's distance between some probability distributions, with special atention to the study of such distance in the space of multivariate normal distributions. In this space, since closed forms for the distance and for the geodesic curve are not known yet, we focus on the calculus of bounds for Rao's distance. In some cases, we improve the upper bound provided by Calvo and Oller in 1990 / Mestrado / Matematica Aplicada / Mestra em Matemática Aplicada

This thesis focuses on the poets Chen Mengjia 陳夢家 (1911-1966) and Rao Mengkan 饒孟侃 (1902-1967) who were in the late twenties and the early thirties writing "new poems" influenced by a poet and a theoretician Wen Yiduo within the literary society the Crescent moon (Xinyue pai 新月 派). Through the analysis of their theoretical articles and especially their own poems, published in the magazine Crescent Monthly (Xinyue yuekan 新月月刊), I try to answer the following questions. Firstly, how they created new fixed verse poems that were able to link a form of a poem to its content. Secondly, how they followed up Wen Yiduo's example in this process and how they developed his ideas. And finally, how they were able to put their own theoretical opinion about the form and content of poetry contained in their articles into the praxis.

abstract: Signal compressed using classical compression methods can be acquired using brute force (i.e. searching for non-zero entries in component-wise). However, sparse solutions require combinatorial searches of high computations. In this thesis, instead, two Bayesian approaches are considered to recover a sparse vector from underdetermined noisy measurements. The first is constructed using a Bernoulli-Gaussian (BG) prior distribution and is assumed to be the true generative model. The second is constructed using a Gamma-Normal (GN) prior distribution and is, therefore, a different (i.e. misspecified) model. To estimate the posterior distribution for the correctly specified scenario, an algorithm based on generalized approximated message passing (GAMP) is constructed, while an algorithm based on sparse Bayesian learning (SBL) is used for the misspecified scenario. Recovering sparse signal using Bayesian framework is one class of algorithms to solve the sparse problem. All classes of algorithms aim to get around the high computations associated with the combinatorial searches. Compressive sensing (CS) is a widely-used terminology attributed to optimize the sparse problem and its applications. Applications such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), image acquisition in radar imaging, and facial recognition. In CS literature, the target vector can be recovered either by optimizing an objective function using point estimation, or recovering a distribution of the sparse vector using Bayesian estimation. Although Bayesian framework provides an extra degree of freedom to assume a distribution that is directly applicable to the problem of interest, it is hard to find a theoretical guarantee of convergence. This limitation has shifted some of researches to use a non-Bayesian framework. This thesis tries to close this gab by proposing a Bayesian framework with a suggested theoretical bound for the assumed, not necessarily correct, distribution. In the simulation study, a general lower Bayesian Cram\'er-Rao bound (BCRB) bound is extracted along with misspecified Bayesian Cram\'er-Rao bound (MBCRB) for GN model. Both bounds are validated using mean square error (MSE) performances of the aforementioned algorithms. Also, a quantification of the performance in terms of gains versus losses is introduced as one main finding of this report. / Dissertation/Thesis / Masters Thesis Computer Engineering 2019