This study focuses on exploring the relationship between domestic workers and the children they help to raise from the child’s perspective, using attachment theory (Bowlby, 1988) and psychoanalytic theory (referring specifically to Klein (1952) and Fairbairn (1952/2006) as some theoretical bases). Also, the concepts of the social unconscious (Weinberg, 2007) and social ghosts (Gergen, 2000) are used to provide a link to the relationship having social implications and functions in the South African context. All theories were used in an anti-essentialistic, reflexive and heuristic way, without reification or objectification of the various terms and concepts within the theories. Also, the paradigmatic point of departure for this research is postmodernism (Apignanesi, Sadar, Curry&Garrat, 2003), focusing on the contextual and socially constructed view of knowledge production. From this point of departure, the methodology is qualitative and the research design autoethnographic (Bochner, 1997; Ellis 1998; 2000; Muncey, 2005; Holman Jones, 2005). My own story is presented where I have used various data sources such as my own memories, a letter (Babbie&Mouton, 2008), and photographs which were analysed according to the principles of visual narrative analysis found in Riessman (2008) primarily. Further data was collected through the use of two radio talk shows, where participants were invited to share their stories with regard to being raised by a domestic worker. This data was analysed using thematic narrative analysis (Riessman, 2008), in which the narratives (kept as whole as possible) were analysed, each case in turn, using themes from the narratives themselves and deductive psychoanalytic themes. Some of the themes elicited were possession (where charges felt in possession of their domestic worker), absence (in relation to the child’s biological mother experienced both by domestic workers biological children and the domestic workers charges), loss (especially in relation to a caregiver), the male caregiver (a paternal figure to his charges), the politicisation of the relationship (the relationship between domestic worker and charge as product of a political system), reconciliation and action (a call for empathy and change), and an intertwining of cultures (where black and white, male and female, rich and poor exist inextricably linked with one another as a product of segregation). I have also maintained a consistent critical and reflexive stance throughout. In conclusion I have presented the contribution of this work to social science and society. Similarly, some limitations of this study are presented, as well as directions for further research. Copyright / Dissertation (MA)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Psychology / unrestricted

Sous un prisme réflexif, cette recherche vise l’appréhension d’un cadre conflictuel (une controverse ou un conflit), à partir de différentes angles de la construction scientifique d’un problème. Elle articule ainsi trois regards méthodologiques, l’ethnographie, la sociologie de la traduction et de l’analyse de discours, pour examiner les aspects techniques, politiques et communicationnels d'une discussion qui dura une dizaine d'années et qui engagea de centaines de scientifiques, experts, politiciens et profanes dans la production de connaissances. Le cas d’étude est le projet hydroélectrique HidroAysén. Il visait la construction de cinq méga-barrages dans la Patagonie chilienne et proposait de fournir un cinquième de toute la production nationale. Les jeux d'acteurs, leurs argumentations et la circulation discursive de leurs productions culturelles sont des problématiques qui s’intègrent à l’attention à l’autre dans un contexte conflictuel, imprégnant la recherche dans tous les niveaux étudiés : situations de communication dans le cadre des entretiens, logiques d’acteurs et analyse de textes médiatiques. / Through a reflexive perspective, this research looks to apprehend a conflictual frame (it may be a sociotechnical controversy or a communicational conflict), regarding different angles of a scientific construction’s problem. We articulate methodological elements from ethnography, translation sociology and discourse analysis to examine the technical, political and communicational aspects of a discussion that lasted for ten years and engaged hundredths of scientists, experts, politicians and lay people in the production of knowledge.Our case study is the hydro electrical project HidroAysén in Chilean Patagonia that proposed to install five mega-dams in this territory in order to produce one fifth of the national production of energy. We integrate the attention to the other in a conflictual frame to stakeholders, its argumentations and the discursive circulation of its cultural productions. Those problématiques impregnate the research in every studied level: communication situations in the interviews, stakeholder’s interactions and media text’s analyses.

Psychotherapists in full-time, long-term private practice face a variety of occupational demands. They usually maintain private practices for long periods of their lives often under difficult circumstances and emotional pressures and have come to sustain their practices. From literature it is revealed that various demands, as well as benefits and successes are part and parcel of working in private practice full-time. These various factors can have an impact on the well-being of psychotherapists. Apart from the literature review, the personal experience of the researcher, a psychotherapist in full-time private practice, also contributed to ideas and hypotheses about the study. From a position of exploration and further enquiry, the researcher was interested to explore the experiences of psychotherapists in full-time private practice from a fortigenic perspective. A second objective was to determine if this study could contribute to the development of the theoretical assumptions of positive psychology. The research is grounded in the theoretical perspective of positive psychology and fortigenesis. Both these fields are relatively new in psychology and seem to still be forging a niche within the discipline. This perspective was deliberately chosen due to the applicability to the exploration of strengths and vigour, with regards to the maintenance of the professional context of the psychotherapist. The qualitative research process is presented in a narrative approach by means of narrative synthesis and synergy. The findings of the research conversations are presented in the form of a literary short story. Suggestions are made about the fortigenic qualities of psychotherapists essential for maintaining their work in full-time private practice. It’s applicability and usefulness is discussed. Furthermore, suggestions are made with regards to the field of positive psychology and the way forward for this sub-discipline. Ideas relating to narrative research and qualitative research are also discussed. / Thesis (PhD)--University of Pretoria, 2010. / Psychology / unrestricted

Much current literature on management and strategy still describes strategy work as a linear, top-down, management-based, rational, logical, structured and planned change activity with clear and predictable goals. It is described as an activity in which individual managers are addressing key questions and implementing an important, management-based plan. By using the right tools and techniques, skilled managers can transform plans into reality through good leadership and systematic rollout. This way of thinking about leadership is based on an understanding of leaders as rather powerful, knowing, heroic individuals who can stand outside of their organization to plan an ideal future, and who are equipped to make employees follow their instructions in order to reach desired goals. In this thesis I research into my experiences of what is happening in an organization, taking seriously the experience of developing a new strategy. It is an organization working in the public sector in Denmark which is right now trying to find a strategy and its way through a series of 'wicked problems' not easily handled. Through the use of autobiographical narrative-based inquiry and a focus on everyday local interactions between people working together, I research into what is 'really' going on in strategy work. Drawing on the theory of complex responsive processes of relating and reflexivity, I describe and analyse the interactions in our leadership team's efforts to change the organization's strategy. In doing so themes of power, power games and power differentials, politicking and some of the paradoxes in management - such as inclusion/exclusion, local interaction and global patterning, unpredictable predictability, and conflict and cooperation - are investigated. The complex responsive process perspective views organizations as patterns of interaction and conversations between people working together. By analogy from complex adaptive systems models, sociology, psychology and philosophy, it argues that generalizable population-wide patterns emerge in unpredictable ways through exactly these local complex interaction and interplays of people's intentions, thoughts and actions. This leads me to propose generalizable new contributions to knowledge about strategy work. Examining my own experience, I problematize the 'heroic', individualistic, view of what leaders do when working with strategy, preferring to see strategy as a co-created activity that emerges in complex and paradoxical interactions between people in the organization, in the leadership team, in daily cooperation with employees, and through the interface with customers. The understanding of co-creation here being that together we co-create our social life and our social life is co-creating us, our selves, our personalities at the same time. This inseparable paradox of the individual and the group, of the one and the many is investigated. Finally, I suggest that strategy work is inseparable from the everyday messy conflictual power games of organizational life, and that leaders - through actively engaging in ongoing conversations and co-creating meaning - participate in developing new understandings of identity and culture. In talking with one another about what it is we are doing, in influencing and being influenced, and reflecting on this, we are already changing what is going on; this itself is strategy work. The narratives show that to work with strategy effectively, we need to negotiate our intentions in convincing ways through forming strong power alliances. Taking experience seriously also demonstrates a close connection between power, ethics and action, and that it is impossible to decide the 'good' thing to do before acting. Developing reflexivity, both as an individual and in collaborative work, is a prerequisite for working in an ethical way, aware of our mutual interdependence. Finally, the thesis describes some of the consequences of taking experience seriously as a strategy. It has changed the way our staff understand what they are doing, and is beginning to change the kind of assignments we take on, and how we deal with them. One spin-off has been producing two books (with more to come). We also have new and more reflexive contacts in business and knowledge-creating environments, such as universities and business schools. The thesis shows a number of results from working with strategy in this way. This indicates that the act of taking your experience seriously in itself implies a kind of transforming causality, and hereby a strategy of change.

The advanced stage of capitalism that we now live in has brought many changes to the way that society consumes and produces. One of the biggest shifts to the modern economy was the use of visual culture to distract, pacify, and exert power over the masses; a cultural change French theorist Guy Debord named the Society of the Spectacle. As a result, Debord and the Situationist International developed a movement of resistance to reclaim the territories of everyday life being eroded by the spectacle through separation and alienation. Since the term was coined the use of visual culture has accelerated and become even more pervasive in the postmodern world which led Jean Baudrillard to claim that the real has been replaced by simulation and hyperreality. This thesis explores this cultural shift to determine whether the practices of resistance theorized by Debord and the Situationists are still relevant as the reach of postmodernism increases. Link to associated video file: https://vimeo.com/64727252

L’étude des défis et enjeux relatifs à la mise en œuvre de la reconnaissance et de la validation des acquis de l’expérience concerne les représentations et les comportements qui s’expriment tant à travers les discours argumentatifs que les agissements, qu’ils soient de nature individuelle ou institutionnelle. Or, plusieurs systèmes de représentations et de positionnements s’interpénètrent selon une typologie des acteurs rencontrés dans les organismes de formation et de certification, voire de travail. Cette interaction est autant le fruit de négociations que de transactions sociales qui se nourrissent mutuellement dans la mesure où le niveau de réflexivité des acteurs leur permet de tisser des liens entre parcours de validation et formation tout au long de la vie. A l’échelle européenne et internationale, l’universalité du caractère de reconnaissance et de validation des acquis, que ceux-ci soient de nature informelle ou non formelle, est mise à l’épreuve de l’interculturel, fruit de rencontres entre injonctions et adaptations / The study of the challenges and stakes relating to the implementation of the recognition and the validation of informal and non formal learning relates to the representations and the behaviors which are expressed as well through the speeches argumentatives than the intrigues as they are of individual or institutional nature. However, several systems of representations and positioning interpenetrate according to a typology of the actors met in the training companies and certification, even of work. This interaction is as much the fruit of negotiations as of social transactions which are nourished mutually insofar as the level of reflexivity of the actors enables them to weave bonds between course of validation and lifelong learning. On a European and international scale, the universality of the character of recognition and validation of the informal and non formal learning is put to the test of intercultural, fruit of meetings between injunctions and adaptations

L’oeuvre de William Klein est reconnue pour ses stratégies formelles innovatrices et avant-gardistes qui attireront l'attention des artistes et des professionnels de sa génération non sans provoquer au passage quelques scandales ni sans subir les contrecoups de la censure. La trentaine de courts, moyens et longs métrages réalisés par Klein, forme un corpus hétérogène qui affiche à première vue des incohérences sociologiques, politiques, économiques et culturelles potentiellement discutables. Dans ces conditions, la position critique de Klein paraît ambiguë, inconséquente voire, contradictoire, parce que les films diffèrent également par leur thème, leur cible, leur mode de production et leur genre. Nous croyons cependant que l’engagement politique de Klein est le fil d'Ariane qui unit son oeuvre cinématographique et dissipe toute idée de rupture que ses contemporains pourraient lui reprocher. Au cours de cette période cruciale qui s'étend de 1965 et 1970, alors que le libéralisme en tant qu’idéologie officielle du système capitaliste cherche à vaincre le communisme pour s'imposer à l'échelle mondiale, Klein pose son regard sur les célébrités en tant que figures médiatiques et identitaires comme autant de moyens des pouvoirs politiques, économiques et religieux. À l'ère de la guerre froide, de la guerre du Vietnam et des combats pour la décolonisation, il prend le parti des mouvements de droits civils et de libération et se range du côté des révolutionnaires qui les défendent. Il brosse notamment le portrait de personnalités associées à la contre-culture américaine; il remet en question les modèles qui s'étaient jusque- là imposés dans la culture de masse et les idéologies dont ils étaient investis et va jusqu'à critiquer le concept même de célébrité. En procédant notamment à une démystification des moyens de la représentation de l'American Dream et de l’American way of life, William Klein s'en prend aux faux-semblants issus de ces industries (du divertissement) et de ce champ (politique) qui mettent en place des systèmes de production et d’exploitation de la célébrité en tant que symbole, destinée à orienter les goûts esthétique, les comportements commerciaux et/ou les opinions politiques des individus. Il dénonce ainsi les injustices raciales, les inégalités sociales, les abus de pouvoir et8les débordements des gouvernements attribuables à l’impérialisme occidental qui est à l'époque sous l'influence des États-Unis. Le corpus qui nous permettra de développer notre argumentation comprend quatre films, soit deux films de fiction et deux films documentaires. Qui êtes-vous, Polly Maggoo? (1966) et Mister Freedom (1968) sont les deux films de fiction que nous avons qualifiés de « parodies satiriques ». En ces termes, le film Polly Maggoo parodie les contes de fées pour faire la satire de l’industrie de la mode, tandis que le film Mister Freedom parodie les super-héros de bande dessinée et autres justiciers des films hollywoodiens, pour faire la satire de la politique étrangère américaine. Les documentaires politiquement engagés sont à notre avis expressionnistes, comme le propose le critique américain Jonathan Rosenbaum. Muhammad Ali, The Greatest (1964-1974) ; Eldridge Cleaver Black Panther (1970) mettent en scène ceux que William Klein appelle les « Super Noirs américains » et par des moyens réflexifs, ils démontrent de l’inter-subjectivité entre le cinéaste et ses sujets. / The films of William Klein are still little known. His filmography includes thirty titles which appear at first sight heterogeneous, while their sociological, political, economic, and cultural discrepancies seem questionable. As such, and because the themes of his films themes,targets, production modes and genres are constantly moving, Klein’s critical position seem ambiguous, inconsistent if not contradictory. Yet, we believe that the political commitment of William Klein is at the core of all of his films and dissipates all discrepancies.Between 1965 and 1970, while liberalism as the official ideology of the capitalist system is fighting against communism to expand its power around the world, Klein is looking at celebrities as vectors of the political, the economical and the religious powers. While the Cold War, the Vietnam War and the anti-colonial armed struggles are shaking the world, he associates with the counter-culture and youth culture and questions the role models advertised in the mass media, and the ideologies they represent. Portraying the modes of representation that shapes the American Dream and the American Way of Life, William Klein criticises the makes-believes found in the entertainment industry and the political field that aim at shaping our identities, our commercial behaviours and our political opinions. He condemns racism, social inequalities and abuses of power associated with Western imperialism. We propose to analyse two fiction films and two documentaries in the course of our argumentation. Qui êtes-vous, Polly Maggoo? (1966) and Mister Freedom (1968) are what we have called after Daniel Sangsue, satirical parodies. Accordingly, Polly Maggoo parodies fairy tales to satirize the fashion industry, while Mister Freedom parodies the superheros of the comic books to satirize American foreign policies.Based on Jonathan Rosenbaum thesis, we consider Muhammad Ali, The Greatest (1964-1974) and Eldridge Cleaver Black Panther (1970) as expressionist documentaries. The reflexive strategies found in these films is symptomatic of an inter-subjectivity between the filmmakerand his subjects

The intended work examines how the relationship between the unaccompanied migrants and the hosts is formed within foster care. Foster care could be defined as "long-term and repetitive contacts," where specific forms of relationship are negotiated between individual actors. I ask what activities and practices the actors make significant concerning the arrival, what ideas and imaginations on the part of the actors enter into the relationship, and how emotional rules are negotiated in a relationship. Last but not least, the work examines how the individual actors relate to the category of unaccompanied minors, that is, how this category, which has its legal definition, is negotiated. Key words: unaccompanied minors, foster care, family practices, emotional work, reflexivity

Diplomová práce se zabývá faktory ovlivňující společnosti, které podnikají na globálním trhu a jsou vystaveny rizikům, která přinášejí výkyvy ve směnných kurech. Zabývá se také prozkoumáním motod analýzy vývoje směnných kurzů a metod ochrany proti těmto rizikům.

The diploma thesis focuses on impact of civic engagement on health care system. It studies to what level this participation helps health care system transformation and change of a relationship between patients and political and professional authorities. It's aim is to provide a critical sociological analysis and explain social processes accompanying patients' engagement by using examples. Patient organisations - an institutionalised form of civic society with a potential to evoke social change - get into scope here. The ambition of this thesis is to show the applicability of the reflexivity concept to the area of health care, to enrich this analytical framework by multilevel approach to the health care system and therefore add to the discourse around civic engagement phenomenon by a systemic and structured view of dynamic relationships between patient organisations and health care system. The findings of the author are based on an analysis of semi-structured interviews with patient organisations representatives and available documents. The author emphasises the ambivalent impact of civic engagement which on one side reinforces individual transformations of micro, meso, macro and meta levels of health care system and also acts as a catalyst of wider sociocultural changes. On the other hand, it is accompanied...