Consider a single-server queueing system with an unreliable server and service repetition. In this system, if the service is interrupted, the service is restarted anew immediately and ends whenever the service period is failure free. In this paper, we give some characterization of the exponential distribution by the constancy of total service time in this system. The result can be viewed as a kind of memoryless property of the exponential distribution.

Our city is always in a state of change and renew. Sometimes such changes are drastic; sometimes, such changes are gentle. Some of the old urban forms, plans, streets and buildings will stay, and some will disappear quickly, and will always be memories. The surviving neighborhoods, streets and buildings, together with the new modern architecture, form the status quo of modern cities. However, between the old and the new, when we renew the city, can we still choose other positions? Can we refine the old things into skeletons, and guide us to design a "new" building that blends into the urban space? We may call this position "gradient." / Master of Architecture / The site is located in a historical district of Shikumen, in the middle of "Dao Da Li". The site now occupied by an abandoned regular square modern building that was once a supermarket. Although the building has damaged the texture of the historic district, it has also been part of the history of the city for decades. Therefore, " gradient " is a design concept that combines this modern building that was built 20 years ago with the architectural form of Shikumen, and finally presents a result which is born from the status quo and then regrowth by architect. I plan to build a new mix-use building on the site, mixing the commercial functions of the ground floor with the residential functions of the second and third floor. This is a building facing Shikumen, a building that integrates and serves the community.

The development of renew city needs specified conditions and requirements, including saturated population of the city, the public willing to move to adjacent places, and developing into a satellite town or new town. Also, public construction and all of the needs of the people¡¦s livelihood should be emphasized. Faultless public facilities and convenient living environment can attract the public to live. As for the interests of public and private organizations, it requires a balance. When then government develops the town, it need to solve finance problems. And the government should scheme the development schedule to improve the benefit of development, rather than only pay attention to part of development. Kaohsiung new town locates in the southwest of Taiwan, and is situated at the border district of Kaohsiung metropolis. Kaohsiung new town is at a distance about ten kilometers from the north of Kaohsiung city, and its center is the old Ciaotou town. And it crosses four administration areas, Nanzih District, Ciaotou Township, Yanchao Township, and Gangshan Township. There are three stages in the whole developmental plan. At present, the government encounters problems at the first stage and therefore, influence on the following developmental. The public worries about whether this scheme can be accomplished or not and whether the investment can get the feedback. In order to improve the development of Kaohsiung new town, the researcher investigates the convenience of traffic, the faultless livelihood of new town, economic, social, and so on, all kinds of functions. Besides, exploiting financial resource and whether the government devotes into the development actively are also important. The researcher proposes some modifying measures of Kaohsiung new town, including Sugar Cultural Association, improving life environment, the entertainment of leisure time and community development, traffic reformation, culture promotion, an advance in the whole plan (the development of each areas) and strategies of community renascence. This research analyzes the strength, weakness, opportunity, and threat by understanding the present situation of Kaohsiung new town to understand the problems of slow development. According to the plan which has already drawn up, the researcher claims the analysis and review. In conclusion, the researcher proposes the future developmental strategies of Kaohsiung new town and relative measures. The researcher hope that through interviews analyses and document arrangements, he can proposes appropriate programs for government and other developmental organizations to consult. Moreover, the researcher hopes that the developmental proprietor and the residents can have more confidence and determination to the development.

Research has documented the positive effects of physical therapy as a treatment for limb motor symptoms associated with Parkinson's disease (PD). Previous studies have shown that speech and voice measures can be reflective of overall cardiovascular health and fitness in young, middle-aged, and older adults. In healthy individuals, increased respiratory drive has been found to influence vocal function and speech articulation. The rationale for the present study was that improved lower limb function might lead to improvements in overall fitness, which then may influence speech in individuals with Parkinson's disease. To investigate this premise, 10 participants diagnosed with mild to moderate idiopathic PD were involved in an intensive lower limb training program called Resistance Exercise via Negative-Eccentric Work (RENEW). The speech of the participants was recorded before and after the RENEW treatment in both medication-on and medication-off conditions. Following treatment there was a statistically significant increase in spirantization of the stop gap in DDK repetition in the medication-on condition and a decrease in diphthong duration in the medication-off condition. After treatment in the medication-on condition there was an increase in spirantization and a reduction in first and second formant transitions for the diphthong /ɔI/ compared to the medication-off condition. These results represented a slight worsening of articulatory precision and movement following treatment in response to PD medication. Overall, the present study found that intensive lower limb training did not influence the acoustic measures of speech articulation examined in the present study.

The goal of psychotherapy and Biblical counselling is to change undesirable cognition, affect, and behaviour in the counselee. For the Biblical counsellor change entails more than mere behaviour change. He endeavours to facilitate inner Biblical change where the counselee can grow spiritually through sanctification by the power of the Holy Spirit. Change should occur from the inside and result in Godly living. The central theoretical argument is that pastoral counselling portrays certain unique features that can be used to bring about change in the core of the counselee's being, renewing the mind sufficiently to walk in holiness. The aim is to establish whether pastoral counselling can be used effectively to help the counselee change in his conscious direction to walk in holiness. The first objective was to establish what Scriptural perspectives exist on change. When the believer is set free from the law sin and death, the effect of sin remains. Sinful patterns have been habituated into his thinking and behaviour. Every Christian has to deal with unbiblical beliefs and behaviour which are not easily overcome. Although problems do not disappear at regeneration, God through His Spirit equips the believer to handle them, providing the necessary resources, directions, and power for the change He commands. The Christian life is not static; it is a life that is characterized by change. In the basis-theoretical perspective it has been established that change that is pleasing to God involves the repudiation of the former "old man" and the assumption of the "new man". The believer is also challenged to be transformed by the renewing of his mind. This Scriptural understanding of change is addressed in the epistles of Paul (Ep. 4:22-24; Col. 3:8-10; Ro. 12:l-2). The uniqueness of Biblical counselling and the different perspectives were explored in this study. The exposition of inner change in the life of the counselee rendered important information. If the counsellor ignores what is happening on the inside of the individual, he will be unable to help him change his overt behaviour in any meaningful way. The second objective was to explore what other relevant disciplines had to contribute to the issue of change. The meta-theoretical perspective on change established that psychology is concerned with changing undesirable behaviour, cognitions, and affect. Knowledge of mental processes are important because the mind represents that which needs to be changed. The psychoanalytic, behavioural-cognitive, and person-centred approaches concerning change were expounded. According to answers given in the research of this study, Biblical perspectives included the use of Christian values and spiritual disciplines (use of Scripture, prayer). In most instances counselling included the use of secular perspectives using the Word of God as a foundation from which they derived their own models. It has been indicated that theology and psychology can complement each other, each contributing to a better understanding of the complexities of human nature. The third objective was accomplished by utilizing the basis- and meta-theoretical perspectives in a hermeneutical interaction to formulate a model of change that can be proposed for pastoral counselling. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Practical Theology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

The goal of psychotherapy and Biblical counselling is to change undesirable cognition, affect, and behaviour in the counselee. For the Biblical counsellor change entails more than mere behaviour change. He endeavours to facilitate inner Biblical change where the counselee can grow spiritually through sanctification by the power of the Holy Spirit. Change should occur from the inside and result in Godly living. The central theoretical argument is that pastoral counselling portrays certain unique features that can be used to bring about change in the core of the counselee's being, renewing the mind sufficiently to walk in holiness. The aim is to establish whether pastoral counselling can be used effectively to help the counselee change in his conscious direction to walk in holiness. The first objective was to establish what Scriptural perspectives exist on change. When the believer is set free from the law sin and death, the effect of sin remains. Sinful patterns have been habituated into his thinking and behaviour. Every Christian has to deal with unbiblical beliefs and behaviour which are not easily overcome. Although problems do not disappear at regeneration, God through His Spirit equips the believer to handle them, providing the necessary resources, directions, and power for the change He commands. The Christian life is not static; it is a life that is characterized by change. In the basis-theoretical perspective it has been established that change that is pleasing to God involves the repudiation of the former "old man" and the assumption of the "new man". The believer is also challenged to be transformed by the renewing of his mind. This Scriptural understanding of change is addressed in the epistles of Paul (Ep. 4:22-24; Col. 3:8-10; Ro. 12:l-2). The uniqueness of Biblical counselling and the different perspectives were explored in this study. The exposition of inner change in the life of the counselee rendered important information. If the counsellor ignores what is happening on the inside of the individual, he will be unable to help him change his overt behaviour in any meaningful way. The second objective was to explore what other relevant disciplines had to contribute to the issue of change. The meta-theoretical perspective on change established that psychology is concerned with changing undesirable behaviour, cognitions, and affect. Knowledge of mental processes are important because the mind represents that which needs to be changed. The psychoanalytic, behavioural-cognitive, and person-centred approaches concerning change were expounded. According to answers given in the research of this study, Biblical perspectives included the use of Christian values and spiritual disciplines (use of Scripture, prayer). In most instances counselling included the use of secular perspectives using the Word of God as a foundation from which they derived their own models. It has been indicated that theology and psychology can complement each other, each contributing to a better understanding of the complexities of human nature. The third objective was accomplished by utilizing the basis- and meta-theoretical perspectives in a hermeneutical interaction to formulate a model of change that can be proposed for pastoral counselling. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Practical Theology))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2004.

This thesis comprises four Sections: SECTION A An Introduction: This study has been done according to the article method. It consists of five articles in which the research results have been reported. All the articles form part of the overall objective and goals of the research project. Each article is a project in its own right as it also stands on its own; each one has its own research question, research goals, research methods, bibliography as well as unique content. At the end these articles along with the introduction at the beginning and the final conclusions at the end form part of the entire thesis. SECTION B Section B comprises the following articles: ARTICLE 1 is an expository approach on a selected core of Biblical references pertaining to the renewing of the mind. ARTICLE 2 discusses popular theoretical approaches pertaining to the renewing of the mind. ARTICLE 3 discusses the working of the human mind as well as provides information on left and right brain preferences and provides meta-theoretical perspectives on change. Good thinking (as a prerequisite of mind renewal) in order to ensure positive change is highlighted throughout the article. ARTICLE 4 is a qualitative empirical study existing of five interviews pertaining to the renewing of the minds in Christians. ARTICLE 5 Gives practice theoretical perspectives of the proposed model called Creative Practical Application (CPA) as a dynamic discipline in order to assist and support Romans 12:2 as an important paradigm for transformation/change in the Christian. SECTION C In this section the conclusions and further suggestions for related research have been stated. SECTION D Although each article has its own bibliography, a comprehensive bibliography of the whole research project has been given in this section. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

This thesis comprises four Sections: SECTION A An Introduction: This study has been done according to the article method. It consists of five articles in which the research results have been reported. All the articles form part of the overall objective and goals of the research project. Each article is a project in its own right as it also stands on its own; each one has its own research question, research goals, research methods, bibliography as well as unique content. At the end these articles along with the introduction at the beginning and the final conclusions at the end form part of the entire thesis. SECTION B Section B comprises the following articles: ARTICLE 1 is an expository approach on a selected core of Biblical references pertaining to the renewing of the mind. ARTICLE 2 discusses popular theoretical approaches pertaining to the renewing of the mind. ARTICLE 3 discusses the working of the human mind as well as provides information on left and right brain preferences and provides meta-theoretical perspectives on change. Good thinking (as a prerequisite of mind renewal) in order to ensure positive change is highlighted throughout the article. ARTICLE 4 is a qualitative empirical study existing of five interviews pertaining to the renewing of the minds in Christians. ARTICLE 5 Gives practice theoretical perspectives of the proposed model called Creative Practical Application (CPA) as a dynamic discipline in order to assist and support Romans 12:2 as an important paradigm for transformation/change in the Christian. SECTION C In this section the conclusions and further suggestions for related research have been stated. SECTION D Although each article has its own bibliography, a comprehensive bibliography of the whole research project has been given in this section. / Thesis (Ph.D. (Pastoral))--North-West University, Potchefstroom Campus, 2008.

Orientador: Irani Quagio Grassiotto / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Instituto de Biologia / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-20T07:25:27Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Wildner_DanielDantas_M.pdf: 4539782 bytes, checksum: 657949aff7cd6fcd4b59c61e584bebac (MD5) Previous issue date: 2012 / Resumo: Na maioria dos Teleostei o desenvolvimento gonadal é periódico e acompanha as estações reprodutivas anuais. Ao longo da vida reprodutiva feminina a renovação das células germinativas é constante e responde pela produção ilimitada dos folículos ovarianos. Aqui a dinâmica de renovação das células germinativas femininas, que resulta na formação dos folículos ovarianos, foi estudada em duas diferentes espécies de Ostariophysi com distintos comportamentos reprodutivos: o Serrasalmus maculatus (Characiformes) e o Pimelodus maculatus (Siluriformes). O estudo teve por base dados biométricos, morfométricos e a análise histológica das gônadas, interpretado segundo novas propostas de classificação dos estágios do desenvolvimento oocitário e das fases do ciclo reprodutivo. Adicionalmente, a formação dos folículos ovarianos a partir das oogônias isoladas presentes no epitélio das lamelas, sua proliferação formando ninhos e entrada em meiose dando origem aos oócitos, é descrita tendo como modelo S. maculatus. Os estágios do desenvolvimento oocitário são caracterizados para ambas as espécies. S. maculatus com período reprodutivo longo compreendido principalmente entre os meses de inverno e primavera (hemisfério sul), tem fecundidade indeterminada. Em S. maculatus a foliculogênese é mais intensa nos ovários em Regeneração, reconhecidos por conterem apenas oócitos pré-vitelogênicos, alguns já com alvéolos corticais. No epitélio das lamelas os ninhos contendo oogônias em proliferação são proporcionalmente mais numerosos do que as oogônias isoladas. Nas gônadas em Desenvolvimento, os ninhos contendo oogônias e aqueles contendo oócitos profásicos iniciais, predominam em relação às oogônias isoladas. Nelas, parte dos oócitos pré-vitelogênicos entram e avançam na vitelogênese. Nas gônadas consideradas Aptas à Desova, a quantidade de ninhos de oogônias e oócitos profásicos iniciais é menor relativamente às demais fases e as oogônias isoladas aparecem com maior frequência. Os oócitos vitelogênicos tardios e completamente desenvolvidos convivem com os oócitos pré-vitelogênicos. Resultantes da liberação dos oócitos maduros aparecem os complexos foliculares vazios. Nos ovários em Regressão, a retomada da proliferação das oogônias é detectada pelo aumento do número de ninhos, alguns deles já contendo oócitos profásicos iniciais. A atresia dos folículos contendo oócitos não liberados convive com os oócitos pré-vitelogênicos. Pimelodus maculatus com período reprodutivo nos meses de verão (hemisfério sul), tem fecundidade determinada. Também nessa espécie, os eventos iniciais da foliculogênese são mais intensos nos ovários em Regeneração, nos quais os únicos oócitos presentes são os pré-vitelogênicos. No epitélio das lamelas, os ninhos contendo oogônias em proliferação são proporcionalmente mais frequentes que as oogônias isoladas e ninhos contendo oócitos profásicos iniciais. Nas gônadas em Desenvolvimento, a frequência do numero de ninhos contendo oogônia difere estatisticamente da frequência de ninhos de oócitos e as oogônias isoladas no epitélio. Nessas gônadas parte dos oócitos pré-vitelogênicos entram em vitelogênese. Nos ovários Aptos à Desova, os ninhos de oogônias e oócitos profásicos iniciais aparecem em menor quantidade relativamente às oogônias isoladas. Neles, os oócitos completamente desenvolvidos predominam sobre aqueles vitelogênicos e pré-vitelogênicos. Nos ovários em Regressão, a retomada da proliferação das oogônias é detectada pelo aumento do número de ninhos, alguns deles contendo oócitos profásicos iniciais. A atresia dos folículos contendo oócitos não liberados convive com os oócitos pré-vitelogênicos / Abstract: In most Teleostei the gonadal development is cyclical and follows the annual reproductive seasons. Throughout the female reproductive life the germ cell renewal is constant, and accounts for the unlimited production of ovarian follicles. Here the dynamics of female germ cell renewal, resulting in the formation of ovarian follicles was studied in two different species of Ostariophysi with different reproductive strategies: Serrasalmus maculatus (Characiformes) and Pimelodus maculatus (Siluriformes). The study was based on biometrics, morphometric and histological analysis of gonads, interpreted according to new proposals for the classification of the phases of the reproductive cycle and for the stages of the oocytes development. Additionally, using S. maculatus as a model, we describe the formation of ovarian follicles from the isolated oogonia present in the lamellar epithelium, their proliferation forming cell nests and entrance into meiosis giving rise to the oocytes. The stages of the oocyte development are characterized for both species. S. maculatus with long reproductive period comprising the months of winter and spring (southern hemisphere) has an indeterminate fecundity. In S. maculatus the folliculogenesis is more intense in the Regenerating ovaries, recognized by containing only pre-vitellogenic oocytes, some of them with cortical alveoli. At this time, in the lamellar epithelium the nests with proliferating oogonia are proportionally more numerous than the isolated oogonia. In the Developing ovaries, the nests containing oogonia and those with the early prophase oocytes, are predominate over the isolated oogonia. In them, the part of the pre-vitellogenic oocytes enters and advances in vitellogenesis. In the Spawning Capable ovaries, the number of nests of oogonia and early prophase oocytes is lower compared with other reproductive phases as the isolated oogonia appear more frequently. In these, the late vitellogenic and full-grown oocytes co-occur with pre-vitellogenic ones. The postovulatory follicle complex appear resulting from the release of mature oocytes. In the Regressing ovaries, the resumption of oogonia proliferation is detected by an increase in the number of nests, some of them already containing early prophase oocytes. Atresia of follicles, containing oocytes that were not released, co-occurs with the pre-vitellogenic oocytes. Pimelodus maculatus with a reproductive period concentrated in the summer (southern hemisphere), has a determinate fecundity. Also in this species, the initial events of folliculogenesis in the ovaries are more intense in Regenerating phase, in which only oocytes present are the pre-vitellogenic ones. In the lamellar epithelium the nests containing proliferating oogonia are proportionally more frequent than the isolated oogonia and than the nests containing early prophase oocytes. In the Developing ovaries, the frequency of the number of nests containing oogonia differs statistically from the frequency of nests with oocytes and from the isolated oogonia and in the epithelium. In these gonads of the pre-vitellogenic oocytes enter in vitellogenesis. In the Spawning Capable ovaries, the nests of oogonia and early prophase oocytes appear in a lower number than the isolated oogonia. In them, the full-grown oocytes predominate over those pre-vitellogenic and vitellogenic. In the Regressing ovaries, the resumption of the oogonia proliferation is detected by an increase in the number of nests, some containing early prophase oocytes. Atresia of follicles, containing oocytes that were not released, co-occurs with the pre-vitellogenic / Mestrado / Biologia Celular / Mestre em Biologia Celular e Estrutural

Introduction: Orthodontic treatment is meant to provide patients with stable occlusion and an esthetic smile, and often improves a patient's self-esteem. Unfortunately, and too often, an ideal orthodontic finish in terms of alignment and occlusion is tarnished by the appearance of white spot lesions on the facial surface of teeth after removing the fixed appliances. These white spots detract from the esthetics of a patient's smile. Purpose: The objective of this study was to evaluate the effectiveness of MI PasteTM (GC America, Alsip, Illinois), MI Paste PlusTM (GC America, Alsip, Illinois), and Topex RenewTM (Sultan Healthcare, Hackensack, NJ) in increasing remineralization and improving the esthetic appearance of white spot lesions in patients after treatment with fixed orthodontic appliances. In addition, at-home only versus in-office and at-home treatment protocols were evaluated. Methods and Materials: Thirty patients were enrolled in four treatment groups and a control group, with six patients in each group. The study lasted three months and results were analyzed with normal and QLF photographs. Results, Discussion, and Conclusion: Upon completion of this clinical study, the following conclusions can be drawn. First, the visible area and the fluorescence decrease of white spot lesions will both significantly lessen after orthodontic treatment regardless of products used, or even with a non-prescription fluoride toothpaste control. Second, there is some evidence that an at-home treatment protocol using Topex Renew, or a combination in-office and at-home treatment protocol with MI Paste Plus, may be more beneficial in reducing the appearance of white spot lesions after orthodontic treatment than other treatment protocols.