De nos jours, on assiste à l'émergence massive de nouveaux systèmes électroniques exploitant des fréquences de plus en plus élevées, particulièrement en ondes millimétriques (30-300 GHz). Il apparaît de ce fait un besoin potentiel de développement de nouveaux moyens d'essai appropriés dans le domaine millimétrique. En particulier, l'étude de la biocompatibilité de ces systèmes est clairement identifiée comme une priorité de recherche en électromagnétisme. Dans ce contexte, l'objectif de cette thèse consiste à concevoir et à évaluer les propriétés d'une chambre réverbérante à brassage de modes (CRBM) en bande Ka (26,5-40 GHz), en bande U (40-60 GHz) et en bande V (50-75 GHz). L'application visée dans cette thèse concerne la mise en place d'outils dosimétriques par caméra infrarouge en chambre réverbérante et la réalisation d'essais préliminaires sur des fantômes diélectriques à 60 GHz. Dans un premier temps, nous avons analysé numériquement le comportement statistique du champ électrique dans une cavité pré-dimensionnée. Les simulations sont réalisées à l'aide d'un outil interne de modélisation du comportement d'une CRBM basé sur la théorie des images. A l'aide du test d'ajustement statistique d'Anderson-Darling, nous avons montré que le comportement de la chambre en ondes millimétriques est en adéquation avec le modèle de Hill (champ statistiquement homogène et isotrope dans le volume de l'enceinte) . Dans un second temps, nous avons réalisé un prototype de chambre réverbérante de dimensions internes : 42,3 x 41,2 x 38,3 cm3 . Un processus de brassage par saut de fréquence est utilisé pour l'obtention de l'uniformité statistique de la densité de puissance. La chambre est équipée d'un système de positionnement fin et précis permettant l'échantillonnage spatial de la puissance sur un axe à l'intérieur de la chambre. Les accès millimétriques ont également été étudiés de sorte à réduire d'éventuelles fuites significatives. Les liaisons entre la source millimétrique et l'antenne d'émission d'une part et celles entre l'antenne de réception et l'analyseur de spectre d'autre part sont assurées par des guides d'onde. Nous avons également mis en place l'ensemble des équipements nécessaires pour le fonctionnement de la chambre (source, analyseur de spectre, mélangeur). La chambre est caractérisée dans la bande 58,5-61,5 GHz. Les résultats obtenus sont satisfaisants en termes de coefficient de qualité et de comportement statistique de la puissance mesurée dans un volume de test donné. Dans un troisième temps, nous avons modélisé puis réalisé une interface intégrée sur une des parois de la chambre pour la mesure de température par caméra infrarouge. Des mesures préliminaires sont réalisées sur un fantôme constitué essentiellement d'eau. Les résultats expérimentaux et théoriques de l'évaluation du gradient de la température sur le fantôme sont très proches. Ceci confirme que la chambre réverbérante ainsi conçue permet de soumettre l'objet sous test à une illumination statistiquement uniforme et calibrée en puissance. Un tel dispositif est un atout précieux pour des tests de compatibilité électromagnétique d'équipements électroniques dans la bande 26,5-75 GHz. Cette CRBM pourrait également permettre de réal iser des essais préliminaires dans le cadre de l'étude des interactions des ondes avec la matière vivante en millimétrique. / Nowadays, there is a massive emergence of new electronic systems operating at increasing frequencies, especially in the millimeter waves range (30-300 GHz). As a consequence, development of new appropriate test facilities in the millimeter waves range is needed. ln particular, the study of the biocompatibility of the se systems is cie arly identified as a research priority in electromagnetism. ln this context, this thesis deals with the design and the evaluation of a modestirred reverberation chamber (RC) properties in the Ka band (26.5-40 GHz), U band (40-60 GHz) and V band (50-75 GHz). The intended application in this thesis concerns the development of a dosimetric tool using an infrared camera in a reverberation chamber. Firstly, we numerically analyze the statistical behavior of the electric field in the test volume of such an RC. A numerical model based on image theory is used to simulate the cavity. With Anderson-Darling goodness-of-fit test, we show !hat the chamber behaves very weil at millimeter waves frequency in terms of statistical distribution of the field in the test volume. Secondly, a compact reverberation chamber is designed and built up, with the following internai dimensions 42.3 x 41.2 x 38.3 cm3 . The statistical uniformity of power density in the chamber volume is obtained by frequency stirring. The RC is associated with a positioning system for spatial sampling of power inside reverberation chamber. The interfaces are also studied in order to reduce any significant leakage. Waveguides are used in the transmission and reception chains to minimize losses. We have also set up ali the equipment necessary for carrying out measurements (source, spectrum analyzer, mixer). The RC is characterized in the 58.5-61.5 GHz range. The results are satisfactory in terms of the quality factor level and the statistical distribution of the power in the test volume. Thirdly, an interface is designed and integrated on one of the chamber walls for temperature measurement by an infrared camera. Preliminary measurements are performed on a phantom consisting essentially of water. Experimental results of the phantom temperature rise are in good agreement with theoretical predictions. This confirms thal the designed reverberation chamber allows to expose the deviee under test with a statistically uniform and calibrated power. Such a deviee is a valuable asse! for EMC testing of electronic equipments in the 26.5 to 60 GHz frequency range. This RC could also permit to conduct preliminary tests in the context of the millimeter waves interactions with being organisms.

Ces travaux portent sur l'insertion de résonateurs en anneau de silicium dans des boucles d’oscillateurs optoélectroniques (OEO) pour la génération de signaux micro-ondes à faible bruit de phase et constituent une contribution à la future intégration complète des systèmes OEO en photonique silicium. L'orientation de l'application qui a été explorée a été d'évaluer la performance de ces systèmes pour la détection de variations d’indice optique en volume. Deux configurations différentes de résonateurs en anneau de silicium à base d'OEO ont été proposées et démontrées : des OEO à base de résonateurs en anneau silicium millimétriques et des OEO accordables à base d’anneaux plus compacts et d'un schéma spécifique de réinjection de porteuse optique.Dans la première approche, le signal optique est utilisé comme porteuse optique, qui est modulée par un modulateur d'intensité qui produit un ensemble de deux bandes latérales dans le domaine optique, tandis que le résonateur en anneau génère un peigne optique qui agit comme un filtre optique, transposant son intervalle spectral libre (ISL) dans le domaine micro-onde. Par le battement des deux raies optiques adjacentes dans un photodétecteur, l’information est ainsi traduite dans le domaine RF. La contribution de notre travail a été de démontrer que la réalisation de résonateurs millimétriques (environ 6mm) en photonique silicium était une approche viable et intéressante pour la réalisation directe d'OEO. Dans les configurations étudiées, les résonateurs en anneau SOI ont été optimisés pour satisfaire la cible requise d'un ISL d’environ 15 GHz et un facteur de qualité optique supérieur à 10^5. Les résultats expérimentaux obtenus ont démontré la viabilité et la stabilité de l'approche proposée, tandis qu’un niveau de bruit de phase de -100dBc/Hz à un décalage de 100 kHz par rapport à la porteuse et une capacité de détection du système d’environ 3,72 GHz/RIU ont été quantifiés pour une variation de l'indice de réfraction comprise entre 1,572 et 1,688, en bon accord avec les résultats des simulations.En complément de cette première étape, nous avons abordé la question très importante de l'accordabilité de la fréquence du signal hyperfréquence généré. À cette fin, nous avons proposé, conçu, puis développé et testé une configuration d’OEO originale, basée sur l'utilisation d'une seule bande de modulation et d'un mécanisme de réinjection de la porteuse optique du laser de la boucle. Dans ce schéma, le signal oscillant est créé par le battement entre le faisceau laser et une bande latérale unique du signal de modulation sélectionnée par un résonateur en anneau. Dans l'implémentation que nous avons réalisée, un résonateur photonique SOI avec un ISL de 77 GHz et un facteur de qualité optique à 8,1×10^4 a été utilisé. En modifiant la fréquence du laser tout en conservant une longueur d'onde de résonance du résonateur fixe, une accordabilité de 5,8 GHz à 18,2 GHz a été démontrée, qui est seulement limitée par le fonctionnement de l'amplificateur RF utilisé dans les expériences réalisées. Parallèlement, un niveau de bruit de phase de -115 dBc/Hz à une fréquence de décalage de 1 MHz a été obtenu pour tous les signaux générés, démontrant la possibilité de créer des fréquences d'oscillation élevées avec le même niveau de bruit de phase. Nous avons ensuite appliqué cette approche à la détection de l'indice de réfraction en volume et démontré une sensibilité de détection de 94350 GHz/RIU et une limite de détection d'indice de 10^-8 RIU. Au-delà de ces résultats expérimentaux, l'apport de cette seconde approche apporte une solution simple et flexible au problème de la génération de signaux hyperfréquences à fréquences variables à la demande, et ouvre des perspectives d'application très riches.Tous les résultats de la thèse contribuent à la question de l'intégration des OEO sur puces silicium et permettent d'anticiper diverses applications dans le domaine des communications et des capteurs. / This work focuses on the insertion of silicon ring resonators into the loops of optoelectronic oscillators (OEO) for the generation of low phase noise microwave signals and is a contribution to the future full integration of OEO systems on single silicon chips. The application orientation that was explored was to evaluate the performance of these systems for bulk optical index detection. Two different configurations of silicon ring resonators based OEO have been proposed and demonstrated: OEO based on millimeter-long silicon ring resonators and tunable OEO based on more compact silicon ring resonators and a specific optical carrier reinjection scheme.In the first approach, the optical signal is used as an optical carrier, which is modulated by an intensity modulator that produces a set of sidebands in the optical domain, while the ring resonator generates an optical comb that acts as an optical filter, translating its Free Spectral Range (FSR) into the microwave domain. By the beating of two adjacent optical comb lines in a photodetector, the optical spectral lines are then translated into the RF domain. The contribution of our work has been to demonstrate that the realization of millimeter resonators (about 6mm) in silicon photonics was a viable and interesting approach for the direct realization of OEO. In the investigated configurations, SOI ring resonators were optimized to satisfy the required target of a FSR of around 15GHz and an optical quality factor above 10^5. The demonstrated experimental results showed the viability and the stability of the proposed approach, while phase noise level of -100dBc/Hz at an offset of 100 kHz from carrier was obtained and sensing capability of the studied system was quantified to around 3.72 GHz/RIU for a refractive index variation in the range of 1.572 to 1.688, in good agreement with simulation results.In a complementary direction to this first step, we addressed the very important issue of the tunability of the frequency of the microwave signal generated. To this end, we proposed, designed, and then developed and tested an original OEO configuration based on the use of a single modulation band and a mechanism for reinjection of the optical carrier from the loop laser. In this scheme, the oscillation signal is created under the beating between the laser light beam and a single modulation signal sideband selected by an add-drop ring resonator working as an effective optical bandpass filter. In the implementation we have carried out, a SOI photonic resonator with a FSR of 77 GHz and an optical quality factor at 8.1×10^4 was used. By changing the laser frequency while keeping a fixed resonator resonance wavelength, a tunability from 5.8GHz to 18.2GHz was demonstrated, being only limited by the working operation of the RF amplifier used in the carried out experiments. Meanwhile, a phase noise level of -115 dBc/Hz at 1MHz offset frequency was obtained for all generated signals, showing the possibility of creating high oscillation frequencies with the same phase noise level. We then applied this approach for bulk refractive index sensing application and demonstrated a sensing sensitivity of 94350GHz/RIU and an index limit of detection of 10^-8 RIU by considering a signal resolution of 1MHz. Beyond these experimental results, the contribution of this second approach provides a simple and flexible solution to the problem of generating microwave signals with variable frequencies on demand, and opens up very rich application perspectives.All the results of the thesis contribute to the question of the integration of OEOs on silicon chips and make it possible to anticipate various applications in the field of communications and sensors.

In this paper, we analytically describe the parametric amplification in ring resonators using silicon and silicon nitride waveguides. Achievable gain and bandwidth of the ring-based amplifiers are studied taking into account the Kerr nonlinearity for silicon nitride and Kerr nonlinearity as well as two photon absorption and free carrier absorption for silicon waveguides. Both telecom and 2-μm wavelengths are investigated in case of silicon. An approach for obtaining the optimum amplifier design without initiating the comb generation has been introduced. It is shown that there is a trade-off between the input pump and amplifier bandwidth. It is estimated that using optimum designs an amplifier with a gain and bandwidth of 10 dB and 10 GHz could be feasible with silicon ring resonators in 2 μm.

京都大学 / 0048 / 新制・課程博士 / 博士(工学) / 甲第18585号 / 工博第3946号 / 新制||工||1606(附属図書館) / 31485 / 京都大学大学院工学研究科機械理工学専攻 / (主査)教授 西脇 眞二, 教授 田畑 修, 教授 松原 厚 / 学位規則第4条第1項該当 / Doctor of Philosophy (Engineering) / Kyoto University / DFAM

The G-center has recently been identified as the first deterministic single-photon punctual emitter isolated in silicon. This discovery is of great interest for largescale quantum technologies, due to the abilities of silicon in terms of integration and scalability. However, the spontaneous emission rate of the G-center still needs to be controlled in order to engineer a useful Single-Photon Source. This could be achieved by incorporating a single G-center in resonant microcavities to benefit from the Purcell effect. As a first step in this direction, we have studied in this project micro-cavities containing an ensemble of G-centers, more precisely Si micro-disks and micro-rings on oxide, with several objectives: the evaluation of the quality factor of micro-cavities containing G-centers, the demonstration of an optical activity of G-centers after the processing of the silicon micro-structures, and the evaluation of their potential as gain medium for integrated microlasers on SOI. The observation of bright photoluminescence from G-centers and of resonant cavity modes with Q’s in the few thousands range confirms the compatibility of G-centers with standard silicon processing steps, and is encouraging for future quantum optics experiments on isolated G centers in micro-cavities. Our results also tend to show that gain may be available in the material, but residual absorption still needs to be decreased to achieve lasing. / G-center har nyligen identifierats som den första determinitiska ponctual enfoton källen isolerad i kisel. Denna upptäckt är av stort intresse för kvantteknologier p.g.a. kisels förmåga gällande integration och skalbarhet. G-centers spontana rekombinationshastighet behöver dock kontrolleras för att skapa en användbar enfoton källa. Det kan göras genom Purcell-effekten i en optisk resonator. Som ett första steg har vi studerat mikroresonatorer som innehåller G-center i det presenterade projektet, med flera mål: utvärdering av kvalitetsfaktor för mikroresonatorer som innehåller G-center, demonstration av optisk aktivitet av G-center efter tillverkning av kiselmikrostrukturer, och utvärdering av deras potential för integrerade mikrolaser på SOI. Observation av stark fotoluminescens av G-center och resonatormoder med stor-Q bekräftar kompatibilitet mellan G-center och vanliga steg för bearbetning av kisel, och är uppmuntrande för framtida Kvantum Optik experimenter med isolerade G-center i mikroresonatorer. Resultaten visar att ljusförstärkning troligtvis börjar, men absorption av andra defekter måste minskas för att uppnå laserregim.

Using a near-field array of acoustic resonators, it is possible to modify a focused pressure field and enforce a spatial frequency corresponding to the resonator array spacing. This higher spatial frequency makes it possible to focus and image with a resolution that is better than if the focusing were in free space. This near-field effect is caused by the phase shifting properties of resonators and, specifically, the delayed phase found in waves with a temporal frequency lower than that of the resonators in the array. Using time reversal, arrays of resonators are explored and the subwavelength focusing is used to describe the ability to image subwavelength features. A one-dimensional equivalent circuit model accurately predicts this interaction of the wave field with an array of resonators and is able to model the aggregate effect of the phononic crystal of resonators while describing the fine spatial details of individual resonators. This model is validated by a series of COMSOL full-wave simulations of the same system. The phase delay caused by a single resonator is explored in a simple experiment as well as in the equivalent circuit model. A series of experiments is conducted with a two-dimensional array of resonators and complex images are produced which indicate the ability to focus complex sources with better resolution.

The necessity of using extremely high sensitivity biosensors in certain research areas has remarkably increased during the last two decades. Optical structures, where light is used to transduce biochemical interactions into optical signals, are a very interesting approach for the development of this type of biosensors. Within optical sensors, photonic integrated architectures are probably the most promising platform to develop novel lab-on-a-chip devices. Such planar structures exhibit an extremely high sensitivity, a significantly reduced footprint and a high multiplexing potential for sensing applications. Furthermore, their compatibility with CMOS processes and materials, such as silicon, opens the route to mass production, thus reducing drastically the cost of the final devices. Optical sensors achieve their specificity and label-free operation by means of a proper chemical functionalization of their surfaces. The selective attachment of the receptors allows the detection of the target analytes within a complex matrix. This PhD Thesis is focused on the development of label-free photonic integrated sensors in which the detection is based on the interaction of the target analytes with the evanescent field that travels along the structures. Herein, we studied several photonic structures for sensing purposes, such as photonic crystals and ring resonators. Photonic crystals, where their periodicity provokes the appearance of multiple back and forth reflections, exhibits the so-called slow-light phenomenon that allows an increase of the interaction between the light and the target matter. On the other hand, the circulating nature of the resonant modes in a ring resonator offers a multiple interaction with the matter near the structure, providing a longer effective length. We have also proposed a novel approach for the interrogation of photonic bandgap sensing structures where simply the output power needs to measured, contrary to current approaches based on the spectral interrogation of the photonic structures. This novel technique consists on measuring the overlap between a broadband source and the band edge from a SOI-based corrugated waveguide, so that we can determine indirectly its spectral position in real-time. Since there is no need to employ tunable equipment, we obtain a lighter, simpler and a cost-effective platform, as well as a real-time observation of the molecular interactions. The experimental demonstration with antibody detection measurements has shown the potential of this technique for sensing purposes / García Castelló, J. (2014). A Novel Approach to Label-Free Biosensors Based on Photonic Bandgap Structures [Tesis doctoral]. Universitat Politècnica de València. https://doi.org/10.4995/Thesis/10251/35398

Yes / Empirical results of an electrically small printed monopole antenna is described with fractional bandwidth of 185% (115 MHz–2.90 GHz) for return-loss better than 10 dB, peak gain and radiation efficiency at 1.45 GHz of 2.35 dBi and 78.8%, respectively. The antenna geometry can be approximated to a back-to-back triangular shaped patch structure that is excited through a common feed-line with a meander-line T-shape divider. The truncated ground-plane includes a central stub located underneath the feed-line. The impedance bandwidth of the antenna is enhanced with the inclusion of meander-line slots in the patch and four double split-ring resonators on the underside of the radiating patches. The antenna radiates approximately omnidirectionally to provide coverage over a large part of VHF, whole of UHF, entire of L-band and some parts of S-band. The antenna has dimensions of 48.32×43.72×0.8 mm3, which is corresponding with the electrical size of 0.235λ_0×0.211λ_0×0.003λ_0, where λ_0 is free-space wavelength at 1.45 GHz. The proposed low-profile low-cost antenna is suitable for application in wideband wireless communications systems. / H2020-MSCA-ITN-2016 SECRET-722424 and UK Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council (EPSRC) under grant EP/E022936/1

Thesis (MScEng)--Stellenbosch University, 2011. / ENGLISH ABSTRACT: A new type of wideband lters, with tunability in both the centre frequency and bandwidth, is presented in this thesis. These lters are based on perturbed ring-resonators in cascade, while varactor diodes are used for electronic tuning. The Karoo Array Telescope (KAT-7) requires a front-end lter that has the ability for ne-tuning the response after fabrication, in order to obtain the designed ltering response. Not only are tune-all characteristics required, but also wide bandwidth, at passband, high selectivity and implementation in microstrip technology. In this thesis an extensive investigation of both tunable and wideband lters is done, in order to nd a possible solution for the KAT-7 speci cations. Following this investigation, it is concluded that no suitable design approach for tune-all wideband lters, implemented in microstrip, exists in current literature. Therefore, this thesis proposes a new type of lter along with the development of a complete design procedure. Two lters are designed with this procedure to achieve the required passband from 1.2 to 1.95 GHz (i.e. a fractional bandwidth of 49%). In the rst lter design, with a network consisting of 4 cascaded ltering-sections, the centre frequency is 5% tunable and the bandwidth 17.5%. With the second lter consisting of 6 cascaded ltering-sections, higher selectivity is achieved but with lower return loss. Here the centre frequency is 8.5% tunable and the bandwidth 18.8%. The theoretical results are validated with the fabrication of both lters. This design is very unique in that it achieves wide bandwidth, is realisable in microstrip and most importantly is tunable in both the centre frequency and bandwidth. An advantage of this design procedure is that full wave simulations are minimal, due to the complete circuit models used for optimisation. / AFRIKAANSE OPSOMMING: 'n Nuwe soort van wye-band lters, met verstelbaarheid in beide senter frekwensie en bandwydte, word voorgelê in hierdie tesis. Hierdie lters is gebaseer op versteurde ringresoneerders in kaskade, terwyl varaktordiodes gebruik word vir elektroniese verstelling. Die Karoo Array Telescope (KAT-7) vereis 'n voorkant lter wat die vermoë het vir die instemming van die respons na fabrikasie, sodat die geontwerpde lter respons behaal kan word. Nie net word verstel-als eienskappe vereis nie, maar ook wye bandwydte, plat deurlaatband, hoë selektiwiteit en implimentering in mikrostrook tegnologie. In hierdie tesis is 'n veelomvattende ondersoek gedoen van beide verstelbare en wyeband lters, sodat 'n moontlike oplossing vir die KAT-7 spesi kasies gevind kan word. Na aanleiding van hierdie ondersoek, is die gevolgtrekking dat daar geen gepaste ontwerp benadering vir verstel-als wye-band lters, wat geïmplimenteer is in mikrostrook, in huidige literatuur bestaan nie. Daarom stel hierdie tesis, saam met die ontwikkeling van 'n volledige ontwerp prosedure, 'n nuwe tipe lter voor. Twee lters is ontwerp met hierdie prosedure om die vereiste deurlaatband vanaf 1.2 tot 1.95 GHz (dit is 'n fraksionele bandwydte van 49%) te behaal. In die eerste lter ontwerp, met 'n netwerk wat uit 4 kaskade lter-seksies bestaan, is die senter frekwensie 5% verstelbaar en die bandwydte 17.5%. Met die tweede lter bestaande uit 6 kaskade lter-seksies, word hoër selektiwiteit behaal maar met laer eggoverswakking. Hier is die senter frekwensie 8.5% verstelbaar en die bandwydte 18.8%. Die teoretiese resultate is geldig bewys deur die fabrikasie van albei lters. Hierdie ontwerp is baie uniek in dat dit wye bandwydte behaal, is realiseerbaar in mikrostrook en mees belangrikste dat dit verstelbaar is in beide senter frekwensie en bandwydte. 'n Voordeel van hierdie prosedure is dat heelgolf simulasies minimaal is, a.g.v. die volledige stroombaan modelle wat gebruik word vir optimering.

This thesis describes a number of studies of microstructured optical resonators, designed with the aim of enhancing the performance of organic semiconductor lasers and exploring potential applications. The methodology involves the micro-engineering of the photonic environment in order to modify the pathways of the emitted light and control the feedback mechanism. The research focuses on designing new organic microstructures using established semi-analytical and numerical methods, developing fabrication techniques using electron-beam lithography, and optically characterising the resulting structures. Control of the feedback mechanism in conjugated polymer lasers is first investigated by studying Distributed Feedback or photonic crystal resonators based on a square feedback lattice. This study identified the diffraction to free space radiation as a major source of loss in current microstructured resonator designs. By cancelling the coupling to free space through the use of different feedback symmetries and diffraction orders, a threshold reduction by almost an order of magnitude is demonstrated. The introduction of mid-gap defect photonic states in an otherwise uniformly periodic structure was studied in Distributed Bragg Reflector (DBR) resonators. This enabled GaN diode pumped polymer lasers to be demonstrated, indicating that the transition from complex excitation sources to more compact systems is possible. Devices for potential applications in the field of optical communications are also explored by demonstrating a polymer DBR laser based on silicon. In this way, the potential for integrating conjugated polymers with silicon photonics is confirmed. Photonic crystal fibres, which have a periodic microstructure in the transverse direction, are explored as an alternative means for controlling the optical properties of organic lasers. Fluidic fibre organic lasers were demonstrated as efficient sources with good spectral purity. In these devices, mechanisms to tune the emission wavelength were explored and the origin of the frequency selection mechanism was investigated.