This dissertation is the first ever which provides an annotated translation and analysis of the Gaṇitatilaka by Śrīpati and its Sanskrit commentary by the Jaina monk Siṃhatilakasūri (14th century CE). The Gaṇitatilaka is a Sanskrit mathematical text written by Śrīpati, an astronomer-mathematician who hailed from 11th century CE Maharashtra. It has come down to us together with Siṃhatilakasūri’s commentary in a uniquely extant yet incomplete manuscript. The only edition available of both Sanskrit texts is by Kāpadīā (1937). Siṃhatilakasūri’s commentary upon the Gaṇitatilaka GT is a precious source of information on medieval mathematical practices. To my knowledge, this is, in fact, the first Sanskrit commentary on mathematics –whose author is known– that has survived to the present day and the first written by a Jaina that has come down to us. This work has never before been studied or translated into English. It is my intention to show that the literary practices adopted by Siṃhatilakasūri, in expounding step-by-step Śrīpati’s work, enrich the commentary in such a way that it consequently becomes “his own mathematical text.” Together with the English translation of both the root-text by Śrīpati and the commentary by Siṃhatilakasūri, I present the reconstruction of all the mathematical procedures explained by the commentator so as to understand the way medieval Indian mathematics was carried out. I also investigate Siṃhatilakasūri’s interpretative arguments and the interaction between numbers and textual norms which characterises his work. The present research aims to: i) edit the Sanskrit edition by Kāpadīā ii) revise the English translation of Śrīpati’s text by Sinha (1982) iii) provide the first annotated English translation of selected passages from the commentary by Siṃhatilakasūri iv) highlight the contribution to our understanding of the history of Indian mathematics brought by this commentary and v) investigate Siṃhatilakasūri’s literary style.

Made available in DSpace on 2015-04-14T14:48:29Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 389628.pdf: 186071 bytes, checksum: 68b365e4a74a86424538dd8a1e43c80d (MD5) Previous issue date: 2007-03-26 / Este trabalho foi desenvolvido na linha de pesquisa Pol?tica Criminal, Estado e Limita??o do Poder Punitivo, tendo como objetivo investigar a possibilidade de aperfei?oamento e legitima??o do Tribunal do J?ri, mantendo-o como a institui??o que reafirma o Estado Democr?tico de Direito. Partindo da an?lise do Tribunal do J?ri em seus aspectos hist?ricos e sociol?gicos e de direito comparado, e abordando como ele ? tratado pela doutrina processual penal no Brasil, a pesquisa aponta a defici?ncia atual e a perda da identidade da institui??o. Revela ainda os limites das propostas de reforma procedimental em tramita??o no Congresso Nacional: Por meio da pesquisa de campo, com aplica??o de question?rio, os membros do Conselho de Senten?a questionados, sob os mais variados pontos relevantes ao Tribunal do J?ri e sua fun??o, demonstraram ter dificuldade em compreender o significado do julgamento, os princ?pios constitucionais e at? do seu papel como julgadores, podendo, seu veredicto representar uma injusti?a. Com o objetivo de melhor julgar ? preciso que reformula??es se concretizem visando a evitar que as raz?es da exist?ncia do J?ri percam o sentido e acabem por desvirtu?-lo, em desprest?gio dos princ?pios constitucionais. Desse modo, conclui-se que o Tribunal do J?ri somente alcan?ar? sua meta de julgar o semelhante com justi?a, se o jurado estiver alicer?ado de todas as garantias constitucionais, ps?quicas, e amparado nos princ?pios da dignidade da pessoa humana e da liberdade de ser escolhido e de escolher o destino de quem estar? sob seu senso de justi?a.

Ce travail de thèse avait pour objectif d’étudier différents vieillissements des copolymères d’éthylène et de norbornène (ENC), utilisés comme conditionnement de produits pharmaceutiques. Grâce à la stratégie analytique adoptée qui a fait appel à différentes techniques de caractérisation, telles que les techniques séparatives comme la chromatographie d’exclusion stérique, la chromatographie liquide haute performance à polarité de phases inversée, les techniques spectrales dont la spectroscopie infra rouge à transformée de Fourier et la spectroscopie UV, les techniques d’analyse thermique à travers l’analyse thermogravimétrie et la calorimétrie différentielle à balayage, puis d’une étude de toxicité des produits de dégradations, nous avons pu mettre en évidence différents types de modifications dans le volume du matériau après vieillissement. La modification principale dans la masse du matériau, observée à la dose réglementaire de stérilisation (25 kGy), est la scission des chaînes du polymère qui s’accompagne de la création de composés de basses masses molaires, donc de migrants potentiels risquant d’influencer la sécurité d’emploi des ENC. Puis pour des doses élevées de rayonnement (150 kGy) et pendant 500h d’exposition UV, on a la réticulation des chaînes.La présence de l’additif (l’antioxydant phénolique l’Irganox 1010®) empêche la création des CBMM après vieillissements. Cependant, en absence d’additif, les vieillissements génèrent de nouveaux CBMM.Toutefois, l’étude de toxicité montre une certaine toxicité à 150 kGy du grade ENC / The aim of this thesis work was to study different ages of copolymers of ethylene and norbornene (ENC), used as packaging of pharmaceutical products. Thanks to the analytical strategy adopted using different characterization techniques, such as separation techniques such as size exclusion chromatography, reverse phase high performance liquid chromatography, spectral techniques including infrared spectroscopy transforming of Fourier and UV spectroscopy, thermal analysis techniques through thermogravimetric analysis and differential scanning calorimetry, and then a toxicity study of degradation products, we were able to highlight different types of modifications in the volume of the material after aging. The main modification in the bulk of the material, observed at the prescribed sterilization dose (25 kGy), is the cleavage of the polymer chains, which is accompanied by the creation of compounds with low molar masses, and therefore potential migrants, which are likely to influence ENC job security. Then for high doses of radiation (150 kGy) and for 500h UV exposure, there is the crosslinking of the chains. The presence of the additive (the phenolic antioxidant Irganox 1010®) prevents the creation of MBMM after aging. However, in the absence of an additive, aging generates new CBMMs. However, the toxicity study shows some toxicity at 150 kGy of the ENC.

IL-1 is a pro-inflammatory cytokine which play an important role in the activation and regulation of host defence and immune responses to inflammation or injury. IL-1 is able to bind and activate IL1-RI and IL1-RII, which are found on many cells types. The role of the IL-1 signalling in the deployment of Th cell subsets, especially Th17 cells is well known. However, the specific cells which are responsible for the expression of IL-1 signalling in the immune defense and in the development of the Th cell lineage in response to infection, is still largely unclear. Therefore in this thesis, IL1-RI conditional knockout mice specifically in hematopoietic cells (IL1-RI vaviCre+) were generated. Using IL1-RI vaviCre+ mice in comparison with IL1-RI global knockout mice (IL1-RI-/-) would determine whether the expression IL-1 signalling from hematopoietic cells is responsible for the immune defense and in the development of the Th1, Th2 and Th17 cells against gastrointestinal helminth Trichuris muris (T.muris) infections. The generation of IL1-RI vaviCre+ mice have been investigated at the genomic and proteomic level in order to confirm that the Il1-rI gene is inactivated in hematopoietic cells. The characterisation of IL1-RI vaviCre + mice at the genomic level confirmed that the Il1-rI gene was obliterated successfully. At protein level the characterisation of IL1- RI vaviCre + mice confirmed that IL1-RI was dysfunctional in hematopoietic cells. Additionally, the development of the immune cells was investigated in IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI-/- mice. Our findings demonstrated that the lymphocyte development was not affected by the deletion of the IL1- RI gene. This data indicated that IL1- RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI-/- mice are vital in vivo models. In high dose infection, both IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice were able to clear the infections due to their ability to generate a Th2 response. Both IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice infected with low dose of T.muris were susceptible to infections and showed high levels of Th1 cytokines. Thus, we hypothesised that IL1-RI signalling in hematopoietic cells was not required for worm expulsion and the generation of Th2 and Th1 response. Interestingly, low dose T.muris infection showed a clear reduction in the Th17 cytokines IL22 and IL17 in both IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice, suggesting that IL-1 signalling expressed from hematopoietic cells is responsible for the development of Th17 cells and secretion of IL17 and IL22. IL1- RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice infected with low dose of T.muris also showed an increase in inflammation in the colon and decreased of goblet cell hyperplasia. It is well known that IL22 plays an important role in preventing tissue damage and repair. Thus, in this study IL22 global knockout mice (IL22 -/-) were used to determine if the change in crypt lengths and goblet cell hyperplasia in IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- was due to an absence of IL22. Our finding showed that IL22 -/- mice infected with low dose of T.muris had increased crypt length and a reduction in goblet cells. The similar phenotype in crypt length and goblet cell hyperplasia between IL22 -/-, IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice suggested that a lack of IL22 in IL1-RI vaviCre + and IL1-RI -/- mice is responsible for the change in mice phenotype. It also provides more evidence for the role of IL-1 signaling in hematopoietic cells in the generation of Th17 cells and in the production of its cytokine IL22.IL1-RII is an inhibitor of IL1-RI, thus, in this study IL1-RII global knockout mice (IL1-RII -/-) mice was used in comparison with IL1-RI -/- mice to verify the role of IL-1 signaling in the development of Th17 cells. Our finding showed an overexpression of IL17 and IL22 in IL1-RII -/- compared with IL1-RI -/- mice and a higher level of IL17 in IL1-RII -/- mice compared with IL1-RII flox/flox mice. This data confirmed that IL-1 signaling is important for the development of Th17 cells and the production of its cytokine IL17 and IL22.

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are important effector cells in host defense and the inflammatory response to antigen. The involvement of PMNs in inflammation is mainly mediated by the Fc receptor family, including IgE receptors. Recently, we have shown that human PMNs from allergic asthmatic subjects express the high affinity receptor, FceRI. In this study, we have examined the regulation of FceRI by human PMNs in vitro and in vivo during the allergic pollen season. First we studied the pattern of expression of FceRI in PMNs during the pollen allergic and outside the pollen season. Peripheral blood neutrophils were isolated from adult atopic asthmatics (AA) (n=17), allergic non asthmatics (ANA) (n=15) and healthy donors (n=16) by dextran, ficoll gradient centrifugation and magnetic cell sorting (MACS). Surface, total protein and mRNA expression of FceRI were investigated in the three groups by FACS, immunocytochemistry (ICC) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) respectively. Secondly, we investigated the effect of Th-2 cytokines which are known to regulate IgE receptor expression. PMNs from atopic asthmatic subjects were stimulated in vitro with Th-2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-9, GM-CSF) and Th-1 cytokine IFN-gamma. Finally we determined whether the expression of FceRIbeta chain correlated with the surface expression of FceRIalpha chain in PMNs. Irrespective of the season, PMNs from atopic asthmatic subjects showed increased expression of FceRIalpha chain in surface, total protein and mRNA compared to atopic non asthmatics and healthy donors (n=20). Interestingly, FceRIalpha chain surface and mRNA expression increased significantly during pollen season compared to non pollen season (P=0.001) in PMNs isolated from AA (n=9) in contrast to healthy donors and ANA (n=8). Furthermore similar pattern of FceRI expression were observed in vitro when PMNs were stimulated with Th2 cytokines. IL-4, IL-9 and GM-CSF showed increased protein and mRNA expression of FceRIalpha chain at 6 and 18hrs (n=6) whereas IFN-gamma down regulated the mRNA expression of FceRIalpha chain at 6hrs. Also, irrespective of season AA (n=11) subjects showed increased expression of FceRI beta chain when compared to ANA (n=10) and healthy donors (n=9). Western blot analysis showed increased FceRI beta protein in atopic asthmatic subjects (n=4). Interestingly irrespective of the groups, there was a positive correlation r = 0.8054 between total protein expression of beta chain with surface expression of alpha chain of FceRI in neutrophils. Our data suggest that the expression of FceRI in neutrophils of atopic asthmatic patients is highly regulated. Our in vitro studies provide evidence that Th-2 cytokines such as IL-9, IL-4 and GM-CSF up-regulate the expression of FceRI. Furthermore we show evidence of increased expression of FceRIbeta chain in neutrophils of atopic asthmatic subjects. Collectively these results suggest that FceRI mediated neutrophil dependent activation may play a key role in allergic diseases. / May 2005

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are important effector cells in host defense and the inflammatory response to antigen. The involvement of PMNs in inflammation is mainly mediated by the Fc receptor family, including IgE receptors. Recently, we have shown that human PMNs from allergic asthmatic subjects express the high affinity receptor, FceRI. In this study, we have examined the regulation of FceRI by human PMNs in vitro and in vivo during the allergic pollen season. First we studied the pattern of expression of FceRI in PMNs during the pollen allergic and outside the pollen season. Peripheral blood neutrophils were isolated from adult atopic asthmatics (AA) (n=17), allergic non asthmatics (ANA) (n=15) and healthy donors (n=16) by dextran, ficoll gradient centrifugation and magnetic cell sorting (MACS). Surface, total protein and mRNA expression of FceRI were investigated in the three groups by FACS, immunocytochemistry (ICC) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) respectively. Secondly, we investigated the effect of Th-2 cytokines which are known to regulate IgE receptor expression. PMNs from atopic asthmatic subjects were stimulated in vitro with Th-2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-9, GM-CSF) and Th-1 cytokine IFN-gamma. Finally we determined whether the expression of FceRIbeta chain correlated with the surface expression of FceRIalpha chain in PMNs. Irrespective of the season, PMNs from atopic asthmatic subjects showed increased expression of FceRIalpha chain in surface, total protein and mRNA compared to atopic non asthmatics and healthy donors (n=20). Interestingly, FceRIalpha chain surface and mRNA expression increased significantly during pollen season compared to non pollen season (P=0.001) in PMNs isolated from AA (n=9) in contrast to healthy donors and ANA (n=8). Furthermore similar pattern of FceRI expression were observed in vitro when PMNs were stimulated with Th2 cytokines. IL-4, IL-9 and GM-CSF showed increased protein and mRNA expression of FceRIalpha chain at 6 and 18hrs (n=6) whereas IFN-gamma down regulated the mRNA expression of FceRIalpha chain at 6hrs. Also, irrespective of season AA (n=11) subjects showed increased expression of FceRI beta chain when compared to ANA (n=10) and healthy donors (n=9). Western blot analysis showed increased FceRI beta protein in atopic asthmatic subjects (n=4). Interestingly irrespective of the groups, there was a positive correlation r = 0.8054 between total protein expression of beta chain with surface expression of alpha chain of FceRI in neutrophils. Our data suggest that the expression of FceRI in neutrophils of atopic asthmatic patients is highly regulated. Our in vitro studies provide evidence that Th-2 cytokines such as IL-9, IL-4 and GM-CSF up-regulate the expression of FceRI. Furthermore we show evidence of increased expression of FceRIbeta chain in neutrophils of atopic asthmatic subjects. Collectively these results suggest that FceRI mediated neutrophil dependent activation may play a key role in allergic diseases.

Polymorphonuclear neutrophils (PMNs) are important effector cells in host defense and the inflammatory response to antigen. The involvement of PMNs in inflammation is mainly mediated by the Fc receptor family, including IgE receptors. Recently, we have shown that human PMNs from allergic asthmatic subjects express the high affinity receptor, FceRI. In this study, we have examined the regulation of FceRI by human PMNs in vitro and in vivo during the allergic pollen season. First we studied the pattern of expression of FceRI in PMNs during the pollen allergic and outside the pollen season. Peripheral blood neutrophils were isolated from adult atopic asthmatics (AA) (n=17), allergic non asthmatics (ANA) (n=15) and healthy donors (n=16) by dextran, ficoll gradient centrifugation and magnetic cell sorting (MACS). Surface, total protein and mRNA expression of FceRI were investigated in the three groups by FACS, immunocytochemistry (ICC) and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) respectively. Secondly, we investigated the effect of Th-2 cytokines which are known to regulate IgE receptor expression. PMNs from atopic asthmatic subjects were stimulated in vitro with Th-2 cytokines (IL-4, IL-9, GM-CSF) and Th-1 cytokine IFN-gamma. Finally we determined whether the expression of FceRIbeta chain correlated with the surface expression of FceRIalpha chain in PMNs. Irrespective of the season, PMNs from atopic asthmatic subjects showed increased expression of FceRIalpha chain in surface, total protein and mRNA compared to atopic non asthmatics and healthy donors (n=20). Interestingly, FceRIalpha chain surface and mRNA expression increased significantly during pollen season compared to non pollen season (P=0.001) in PMNs isolated from AA (n=9) in contrast to healthy donors and ANA (n=8). Furthermore similar pattern of FceRI expression were observed in vitro when PMNs were stimulated with Th2 cytokines. IL-4, IL-9 and GM-CSF showed increased protein and mRNA expression of FceRIalpha chain at 6 and 18hrs (n=6) whereas IFN-gamma down regulated the mRNA expression of FceRIalpha chain at 6hrs. Also, irrespective of season AA (n=11) subjects showed increased expression of FceRI beta chain when compared to ANA (n=10) and healthy donors (n=9). Western blot analysis showed increased FceRI beta protein in atopic asthmatic subjects (n=4). Interestingly irrespective of the groups, there was a positive correlation r = 0.8054 between total protein expression of beta chain with surface expression of alpha chain of FceRI in neutrophils. Our data suggest that the expression of FceRI in neutrophils of atopic asthmatic patients is highly regulated. Our in vitro studies provide evidence that Th-2 cytokines such as IL-9, IL-4 and GM-CSF up-regulate the expression of FceRI. Furthermore we show evidence of increased expression of FceRIbeta chain in neutrophils of atopic asthmatic subjects. Collectively these results suggest that FceRI mediated neutrophil dependent activation may play a key role in allergic diseases.

Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-01T22:35:42Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 tese_10375_Dissertação_Eduardo.pdf: 3639657 bytes, checksum: c9e7f1b902084861c02cb0b3461a4749 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-11-07 / Variáveis ambientais são um dos principais promotores da grande riqueza de espécies nos trópicos, tendo em vista a característica heterogênea nessas regiões. Possivelmente o Brasil seja o país que abriga a maior riqueza de plantas do planeta, fato associado à ocorrência de várias fitofisionomias. Algumas regiões e determinados tipos de formação vegetacional são pouco explorados, levando a lacunas de conhecimento. Assim, as florestas localizadas em altitudes elevadas apresentam grande escassez de pesquisas florísticas. A insuficiência de estudos aliada à ocorrência de espécies endêmicas fazem com que seja comum a descoberta de novas espécies em ambientes montanos. Neste estudo tivemos como objetivo avaliar a estrutura e composição florística de uma comunidade vegetal em Floresta Ombrófila Densa no vale de Santa Marta, Ibitirama, ES, cuja área pertence ao Parque Nacional do Caparaó. Nossas hipóteses foram: 1) as espécies apresentam distribuição heterogênea no vale; 2) essa distribuição ocorre devido à influência de variáveis ambientais edáficas; 3) o local apresenta maior semelhança florística com as Florestas Ombrófila Densa Montana e Altomontana do sudeste do Brasil; e 4) a área possui espécies ainda desconhecidas pela ciência. Nossos resultados deram suporte a essas hipóteses. Verificamos que as espécies apresentam distribuição heterogênea ao longo do vale, sofrendo forte influência de variáveis edáficas (matéria orgânica e acidez potencial) e espaciais. O vale apresenta maior similaridade com florestas montanas e altomontanas da Serra do Mar e Mantiqueira localizadas em São Paulo e Minas Gerais. Demonstramos também a grande riqueza de espécies na área, com táxons em categorias de risco de extinção, além do registro de possíveis novas espécies. Palavras-chave: heterogeneidade ambiental, floresta de altitude, riqueza de espécies.

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