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The research project aimed to synthesise semiconducting polymer brushes (polymer chains densely grafted to a surface) utilising simple and efficient organic chemistry methods, with a view to use in molecular-level electronic applications. Conjugated polymers were initially chosen for their ability to conduct electrical charge along a polymer chain by facilitating electron transfer between π-bonds. Polymers also aimed to be living , which could allow for further chain growth at a later point in time. This could lead to the production of various useful brush block co-polymers, with different blocks (or layers) of polymers having different chemical, structural and electronic properties. Initially, several syntheses towards monomers for poly(phenyl isocyanide) and poly(quinoxaline-2,3-diyl) were undertaken with limited success. Attention was turned to the synthesis of poly(thiophene)s by Kumada catalyst-transfer polymerisation (KCTP), again with varying success. After this, ring-opening metathesis polymerisation (ROMP) was explored as a possible avenue. The successful synthesis of several cyclopropenes for use as monomers was carried out. However, the ROMP of these monomers failed. ROMP of unsubstituted norbornene was successful. XPS studies suggested that vapour deposition of SAMs (Self Assembled Monolayers) gave homogenous monolayers. Solution-phase depositions appeared prone to inhomogeneous multilayer deposition. Vapour deposited SAMs gave better grafting densities at lower deposition pressures, leading to thicker polymer brushes. Finally, atom transfer radical polymerisation (ATRP) methods have been investigated. ARGET-ATRP was determined as the favoured method as it uses lower quantities of copper. Functionalised monomers for ATRP were synthesised, but homopolymers of these polyaromatic monomers have been difficult to synthesise by both copper-mediated ATRP and AIBN initiation. Polymer brushes and polymer brush diblocks of post-polymerisation modified PHEMA and PDMAEMA have been successfully grown on silicon wafers and glass slides, with a view to using the diblocks of these polymers as effective bulk heterojunction photovoltaic devices. The kinetics of the growth of both polymers by the ARGET and ATRP methods were studied to determine the degree to which each polymerisation is living; to determine if diblock growth would be possible. PHEMA brushes were successfully modified with a range of polyaromatic acid chlorides. Focussing on anthracene (which has excellent fluorescence properties, displaying a clear ability to move electrons between energy levels), this attachment was further confirmed by a range of techniques, before successfully growing a brush diblock of the unfunctionalised and functionalised polymers.

Orientador: Valdemiro Pereira de Carvalho Júnior / Banca: André Luiz Bogado / Banca: Ana Maria Pires / Resumo: A investigação de sistemas catalíticos duais capazes de mediar as reações de polimerização por abertura de anel via metátese (ROMP) e de polimerização radicalar por transferência de átomo (ATRP) simultaneamente é de grande interesse e importância na obtenção de novos materiais com potencial de aplicação. Neste estudo, novos complexos de Rutênio(II) coordenados a diferentes carbenos N-heterocíclicos derivados de cicloalquilaminas (ciclopentil (IPent) (1a), ciclohexil (IHex) (1b), cicloheptil (IHept) (1c) e ciclooctil (IOct) (1d)) foram sintetizados: [RuCl2(S-dmso)2(IPent)] (2a), [RuCl2(S-dmso)2(IHex)] (2b), [RuCl2(S-dmso)2(IHept)] (2c) e [RuCl2(S-dmso)2(IOct)] (2d). Os sais imidazólicos e seus respectivos complexos de rutênio foram caracterizados por FTIR, UV-Vis, RMN e voltametria cíclica, comprovando-se o sucesso na síntese dos mesmos. Os complexos planejados foram avaliados como precursores catalíticos em reações de ROMP de norborneno (NBE) e em reações de ATRP de metacrilato de metila (MMA). As sínteses de polinorborneno (poliNBE) via ROMP com os complexos 2a-d como pré-catalisadores foram avaliadas sob condições de reação ([EDA]/[Ru] = 28 (5 µL), [NBE]/[Ru] = 5000, temperatura de 50 ºC, utilizando clorofórmio como solvente, variando o tempo até 60 minutos. A polimerização de MMA via ATRP foi conduzida usando os complexos 2a-d na presença de etil-α-bromoisobutirato (EBiB) como iniciador. Os testes catalíticos foram avaliados em função do tempo de reação usando a razão... / Abstract: The investigation of dual catalytic systems able to mediate simultaneously ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) and atom-transfer radical polymerization (ATRP) reactions is of great interest and importance in obtaining new materials with potential for application. In the study, new complexes of Ruthenium (II) coordinated to different N-heterocyclic carbenes derived from cycloalkylamines (cyclopentyl (IPent) (1a), cyclohexyl (IHex) (1b), cycloheptyl (IHept) (1c) and cyclooctyl (IOct) (1d), [RuCl2(S-dmso)2(IHept)] (2a), [RuCl2(S-dmso)2(IHex)] (2b) [RuCl2(S-dmso)2(IHept)] (2c) and [RuCl2(S-dmso)2(IOct)] (2d). The imidazole salts and their respective ruthenium complexes were characterized by FTIR, UV-Vis, NMR and cyclic voltammetry, proving the success in their synthesis. The planned complexes were evaluated as catalytic precursors in norbornene ROMP (NBE) reactions and in methyl methacrylate (MMA) ATRP reactions. The polynorbornene (polyNBE) syntheses via ROMP with complexes 2a-d as pre-catalysts were evaluated under reaction conditions ([EDA] / [Ru] = 28 (5 μL), [NBE] / [Ru] = 5000, The polymerization of MMA via ATRP was conducted using the complexes 2a-d in the presence of ethyl α-bromoisobutyrate (EBiB) as the initiator.The catalytic tests were evaluated As a function of the reaction time using the molar ratio [MMA] / [EBiB] / [Ru] = 1000/2/1. All ATRP experiments were conducted at 85 °C. The linear correlation of ln ([MMA]0 / [MMA]) as a function of time in MMA ATRP... / Mestre

Commonly viewed as the shortest cross sections of armchair carbon nanotubes (CNTs), cycloparaphenylenes (CPPs) represent a unique class of conjugated macrocycles with rigid backbones. In addition to their utility in seeding the growth of uniform CNTs, these strained nanohoops and their derivatives have unique optoelectronic and supramolecular properties for potential applications in materials science. Herein we present our efforts in designing novel nanohoop architectures and new types of strained macrocycles that serve as building blocks for functional materials. Chapter I briefly reviewed the under-represented reactivity studies of strained aromatic macrocycles. Chapter II describes our early efforts in probing the structure-property relationships of oligophenylene macrocycles focusing on the understanding of the influence of structural bending and cyclic conjugation on the optoelectronic properties. Chapter III reports the reactivity study of 1,4-anthracene-incorporated [12]CPP, a model substrate to examine the feasibility of using anthracene as the functional handle to crosslink nanohoops. Chapter IV presents the synthesis of a molecular propeller with three nanohoop blades and examines its unique hexagonal layered packing structure. In Chapter V, we disclose the synthesis of strained stilbene macrocycles suitable for ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) as well as the initial ROMP studies of this monomeric system. This dissertation contains previously published and unpublished coauthored materials.

Este trabalho apresenta as sínteses do complexo fac-[RuCl2(Sdmso3(O-dmso)] (1) e de dois novos complexos, trans,cis,cis- [RuCl2(S-dmso)2(NH2Ph)2] (2) e fac-[RuCl2(Sdmso)3(NH2Ph)] (3). Estes compostos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho, espectroscopia de absorção na região do ultravioleta e visível, análise elementar (CHN), RMN (1H e 13C{1H}) e por difração de raios X em monocristal, confirmando a formação de complexos hexacoordenados. As atividades catalíticas destes complexos como pré-catalisadores nas reações de polimerização via metátese por abertura de anel (ROMP) de norborneno (NBE), norbornadieno (NBD), diciclopentadieno (DCPD) e seus copolímeros foram investigadas. As polimerizações foram realizadas na presença de etil diazoacetato (EDA) em diferentes razões molares de [monômero]/[Ru], tempos e temperaturas de reação. Estudos em função da variação da razão molar [monômero]/[Ru] mostraram que, em geral, a melhor condição para reação via ROMP é a de 5000 equivalentes na presença de [EDA]/[Ru] = 28. Valores de massas moleculares com ordem de magnitude de 105 g.mol-1 para todos os poliNBE e poli(NBE-co-DCPD) foram medidos por cromatografia por permeação em gel (GPC). Os demais polímeros foram insolúveis em CHCl3. Em polimerizações com NBE a 25 °C por 50 min, obtiveram-se rendimentos de 91, 83 e 99 % usando os complexos 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Nas polimerizações de NBD, o complexo 1 rendeu 8 % de poliNBD a 50 °C em 30 min. Nestas mesmas condições, os complexos 2 e 3 renderam 42 e 34 % de poliNBD, respectivamente. Na ROMP de DCPD a 50 °C em 30 min, os três complexos sintetizaram poliDCPD com rendimentos em torno de 16 %. A 50 °C por 30 min, poli(NBE-co-NBD) com maior concentração de NBD (80NBD: 20NBE) usando os complexos 2 ou 3 foram obtidos com 35 % de rendimento, enquanto com o complexo 1 os rendimentos são de 15 %. Copolímeros do tipo poli(NBE-co-DCPD) foram obtidos com maiores rendimentos com o complexo 3 e com maiores valores de Mw usando o complexo 2. A influência do tipo de complexo e dos efeitos cooperativos dos ligantes foi avaliada neste tipo de reação com implicações nas características dos polímeros. / This work presents the syntheses of the complex fac-[RuCl2(Sdmso)3(O-dmso)] (1) and of the two new complexes trans,cis,cis- [RuCl2(S-dmso)2(NH2Ph)2] (2) and fac-[RuCl2(Sdmso)3(NH2Ph)] (3). These compounds were characterized by infrared absorption spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, elemental analysis (CHN), NMR (1H and 13C{1H}) and by X-ray diffraction in single crystals, confirming the formation of hexacoordinate complexes. The catalytic activities of these complexes as pre-catalysts in ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) reactions of norbornene (NBE), norbornadiene (NBD), dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) and its copolymers were investigated. The polymerizations were carried out in presence of ethyl diazoacetate (EDA), in different molar ratios of [monomer]/[Ru], as a function of reaction time and temperature. Studies on the variation of the [monomer]/[Ru] molar ratio have shown that, in general, the best condition for the ROMP reaction is 5000 equivalents, in the presence of [EDA]/[Ru] = 28.Values of molecular weights with order of magnitude of 105 g.mol-1 for all polyNBE and poly(NBE-co-DCPD) were measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The other polymers were insoluble in CHCl3. In polymerizations with NBE at 25 °C for 50 min, yields of 91, 83 and 99 % were obtained using complexes 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In the NBD polymerizations, complex 1 yielded 8 % of polyNBD at 50 °C for 30 min. Under these same conditions, complexes 2 and 3 yielded 42 and 34 % of polyNBD, respectively. In the ROMP of DCPD at 50 °C for 30 min, the three complexes synthesized polyDCPD in yields of about 16 %. At 50 °C for 30 min, poly(NBE-co-NBD) with higher concentration of NBD (80NBD : 20NBE) using complexes 2 or 3 were obtained in 35% yield, while with complex 1 the yields were 15 %. Poly(NBE-co-DCPD) copolymers were obtained in higher yields with complex 3 and higher Mw values using complex 2. The influence of the type of complex and the cooperative effects of the ligands were evaluated in this type of reaction with implications in the characteristics of the polymers.

Os monômeros ligantes 3amdpy2oxaNBE (1), 3imdpyoxaNBE (2) e ácido âmico (3) foram sintetizados e caracterizado por analise elementar (CHN), infravermelho e RMN 1H e 13C. A partir do monômero 1 sintetizou-se compostos partindo de complexos do tipo [RuCl2(LL)], onde foi LL=bpy 37 (complexo 4), phen (complexo 6) ou 5-Cl-phen (complexo 7), e foram realizados estudos de fotoquímica e fotofísica. Os complexos 6 e 7 apresentaram uma eficiente fotofísica e não apresentaram fotoquímica, enquanto os complexos semelhante [Ru(bpy)2(3amnpy)2](PF6)2 (5) e [Ru(phen)2(3amnpy)2](PF6)2 (8) que possui a aminopiridina no lugar do monômero 1, apresentaram fotoquímica. Observou-se que as diferenças na rigidez dos ligantes phen e bpy podem causar diferentes propriedades fotoquímicas e fotofísicasem sistemas do tipo cis-[RuCl2(?-diimina)]. Todos os complexos exibiram absorções na região de 350 nm e entre 420 a 500 nm. Sendo que 5 e 8 apresentaram fotoquímica e os complexos 6 e 7 apresentaram fotofisica. Estes foram estudados em diferentes solventes (DMF, CH3CN, CH2Cl2, THF) e em diferentes comprimentos de onda de irradiação (340, 440 e 500 nm). A emissão dos complexos 6 (580 nm) e 7 (582 nm) em acetonitrila é atribuída a uma MLCT (Ru_phen). Sendo observada a independência do _irr, mas existe dependência da emissão quando a temperatura é abaixada. Além disso, suas propriedades fotocatalíticas são demonstradas pela supressão oxidativa através de íons receptores do metilviologenio. Ainda deve-se levar em conta que, o anel quelante do monômero ligante 1 contribui ainda mais para a estabilização destes complexos, ao contrario, 5 e 8 possuem uma fotolabilização . / The monomer ligands 3amdpy2oxaNBE (1), 3imdpyoxaNBE (2) and amic acid (3) were synthesized and characterized by elementar analysis (CHN), infrared and 1H e 13C NMR. Since monomer 1, it was synthesized complexes of type [RuCl2(LL)], where LL=bpy 37 (complex 4), phen (complex 6) or 5-Cl-phen (complexo 7), with which photophysics and photochemical studies were performed. The complexes 6 and 7 presented efficient photophysics and they do not presented photochemistry, while the similar complexes [Ru(bpy)2(3amnpy)2](PF6)2 (5) and [Ru(phen)2(3amnpy)2](PF6)2 (8), which possess the aminopyridine in place of monomer 1, presented photochemistry. It was observed that the difference in the rigidity of the ligands phen and bpy may cause different photochemical and photophysical properties in systems of type cis-[RuCl2(?- diimine)]. All complexes exhibited absorptions in region of 350 nm and between 420 and 500 nm, where 5 and 8 presented photochemistry and the complexes 6 and 7 presented photophysics. They were studied in different solvents (DMF, CH3CN, CH2Cl2, THF) and in different irradiation wavelength (340, 440 e 500 nm). The emission of the complexes 6 (580 nm) and 7 (582 nm) in acetonitrile is attributed to an MLCT (Ru_phen). It was observed independence of _irr, however there is dependence of emission when the temperature is lowered. Furthermore, their photocatalytic properties are demonstrated by oxidative quenching using methylviologen ion. One should consider that the chelating ring of monomer ligand 1 contributes even more to the stabilization of these complexes, unlike, 5 and 8 that possess photolabilization.

Na busca por materiais alternativos, o Grupo de Química Inorgânica e Analítica vem estudando a síntese de novos monômeros para ROMP (Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization). Os estudos envolvem a funcionalização de olefinas cíclicas com triglicerídeos, ésteres, álcoois, etc, derivados de óleos vegetais, buscando agregar valor aos mesmos. Os óleos de buriti e pequi, mais facilmente encontrados nas regiões centro-oeste e nordeste do Brasil, são ricos em ácido oléico, ganhando notoriedade dentre os óleos vegetais por viabilizar a funcionalização, tanto do éster quanto do triglicerídeo. Foi realizada a síntese de quatro novos monômeros para reações de ROMP, são eles NEB, NOB, NEPE e NOPE. Tais sínteses envolveram a transesterificação das cadeias de triglicerídeos nos casos em que se trabalhou com cadeias ésteres, a epoxidação das insaturações presentes nos triglicerídeos ou ésteres e a funcionalização dos anéis oxiranos com um grupamento norbornenil. Todas as etapas foram acompanhadas por análises de RMN de 1H e FTIR, as quais indicaram sucesso em todas as reações. Todos os monômeros foram testados em reações de ROMP. Em todos os casos, foram obtidos homopolímeros dos monômeros sintetizados a 60 °C, os quais possuíam aspecto macio e quebradiço. Foram realizadas reações de ROMCP com norborneno variando a proporção em 80, 60, 40 e 20%. Os materiais obtidos foram analisados por SEM, apresentando morfologias que variam de lisas a rugosas, as quais diferem da morfologia tipicamente observada para o polinorborneno. Quanto maiores as proporções dos novos monômeros, mais fechadas foram as microestruturas dos materiais copolímericos obtidos. Quanto maior a quantidade de catalisador, mais lisas eram as morfologias observadas. Foram testados três catalisadores: o catalisador de Grubbs de 2ª geração e dois pré-catalisadores desenvolvidos pelo GQIA. Os catalisadores testados não apresentaram variações quanto à morfologia das microestruturas, bem como o número de sítios ativos para ROMP. As curvas termogravimétricas mostraram etapas de degradação similares, com degradação de 50% do material em torno de 400 °C em todos os casos. Os materiais obtidos com proporções médias dos novos monômeros e norborneno (60 e 40%) apresentaram maior estabilidade térmica em temperaturas mais baixas indicando que a polimerização deve ter sido mais eficiente nestas proporções. Os pré-catalisadores PIP e PEP proporcionaram materiais com estabilidade térmicas parecidas e que não distinguem muito do comportamento dos materiais obtidos quando GII foi empregado. As matrizes copolímericas obtidas a partir dos monômeros norbornenil ésteres de buriti ou pequi com norborneno foram mais estáveis termicamente que as matrizes com norbornenil óleo dos mesmos óleos, indicando que a polimerização é mais efetiva e mais bem organizada quando grupamentos laterais menores são empregados. Foram realizados também testes de intumescimento em diversos solventes. Os testes em clorofórmio apresentaram maior grau de intumescimento, além disso, o grau de intumescimento foi inversamente proporcional ao teor do novo monômero utilizado. Os monômeros derivatizados com cadeias ésteres proporcionaram materiais copolímericos que absorveram maiores quantidades de clorofórmio. Foram realizadas análises para determinar o parâmetro de solubilidade e densidade de ligações cruzadas. / In the search for alternative materials, the Inorganic and Analytical Chemistry Group has been studying the synthesis of new monomers for ROMP (Ring Opening Metathesis Polymerization). The studies involve the functionalization of cyclic olefins with triglycerides, esters, alcohols, etc., derived from vegetable oils, seeking to add value to them. The oils of buriti and pequi, more easily found in the central-western and northeastern regions of Brazil, are rich in oleic acid, gaining notoriety among the vegetable oils for enabling the functionalization of both ester and triglyceride. Four novel monomers were synthesized for ROMP reactions: NEB, NOB, NEPE and NOPE. Such syntheses involved the transesterification of the triglyceride chains in cases where the ester chains were worked, the epoxidation of the unsaturations present in the triglycerides or esters and the functionalization of the oxirane rings with a norbornenyl group. All steps were monitored by 1H-NMR and FTIR analyzes, which indicated success in all reactions. All monomers were tested in ROMP reactions. In all cases, homopolymers of the monomers synthesized at 60 °C were obtained, which had a soft and brittle appearance. Reactions of ROMCP with norbornene were performed by varying the ratio at 80, 60, 40 and 20%. The obtained materials were analyzed by SEM, presenting morphologies ranging from smooth to rough, which differ from the morphology typically observed for polynorbornene. The higher the proportions of the novel monomers, the more closed were the microstructures of the copolymeric materials obtained. The higher the amount of catalyst, the smoother the observed morphologies. Three catalysts were tested: the 2nd generation Grubbs catalyst and two pre-catalysts developed by GQIA. The catalysts tested did not present variations regarding the morphology of the microstructures, as well as the number of sites active for ROMP. The thermogravimetric curves showed similar degradation steps, with degradation of 50% of the material around 400 °C in all cases. The materials obtained with average proportions of the novel monomers and norbornene (60 and 40%) presented higher thermal stability at lower temperatures indicating that the polymerization must have been more efficient in these proportions. The PIP and PEP pre-catalysts provided materials with similar thermal stability and did not distinguish much from the behavior of the materials obtained when GII was employed. The copolymeric matrices obtained from the norbornenyl esters of buriti or pequi with norbornene were more thermally stable than the norbornenyl oil matrices of the same oils, indicating that polymerization is more effective and better organized when smaller side clusters are employed. Numerous solvents were also tested for numbness. The chloroform tests showed a higher degree of numbness. In addition, the degree of numbness was inversely proportional to the content of the new monomer used. The monomers derivatized with ester chains provided copolymeric materials which absorbed larger amounts of chloroform. Analyzes were performed to determine the parameter of solubility and density of crosslinks.

A reação entre o composto [RuCl2(PPh3)3] e a fosfina PCy3 resultou no complexo [RuCl2(PPh3)2(PCy3)]. O centro metálico de Ru(II), deste complexo, possui dois tipos de fosfinas cujas caracteristicas estéricas e eletrônicas são diferentes. Em solução, este novo complexo apresentou maior labilidade quando comparado ao complexo precursor, comprovada pelas técnicas de espectrofotometria no UV-vis e RMN-31P. Este complexo polimeriza norborneno (NBE; 48%) e norbornadieno (NBD; 92%) via ROMP à temperatura ambiente, na presença de 5 microL de etildiazoacetato na razão de [monômero]/[Ru] = 5000 em soluções recém preparadas. Nessas condições o complexo [RuCl2(PPh3)3] não polimeriza nenhum desses monômeros, tornando-se ativo somente à 50 oC polimerizando 63% de norborneno e 6% de norbornadieno. O envelhecimento da solução do complexo [RuCl2(PPh3)2(PCy3)] em CHCl3 provocou uma diminuição no rendimento d NBE e NBD, indício de que a espécie dimérica não é ativa em ROMP. Ainda, as reações de polimerização com o NBD são exotérmicas. O rendimento e o aspecto dos poliNBD isolados mostraram-se dependentes do volume de solvente CHCl3 utilizado durante as reações. O poliNBD obtido com volumes menores apresentou maior rendimento e elasticidade. A substituição de uma das fosfina PPh3 no complexo precursor [RuCl2(PPh3)3] pela fosfina PCy3 resultou um complexo com algumas particularidades, como maior reatividade com o NBD quando comparado ao NBE e ainda reações exotérmicas com o NBD. Essas particularidades foram, até então, inéditas no grupo quando se utilizavam complexos do tipo [RuCl2(PPh3)2(NIII)x]. Assim, o presente trabalho enfocou estudos de caracterização e aplicação do complexo [RuCl2(PPh3)2(PCy3)] em reações de ROMP com os monômeros norborneno, norbornadieno e 1,5-ciclooctadieno. / The reaction between [RuCl2(PPh3)3] compound and PCy3 produced a complex ([RuCl2(PPh3)2(PCy3)]) with two types of phosphines showing different electronic and hindering characteristics. In solution, the new complex presents higher labiality compared to the [RuCl2(PPh3)2(PCy3)] complex confirmed by electronic and nuclear magnetic resonance spectroscopies. . The novel complex polymerizes both norbornene (NBE; 48%) and norbornadiene (NBD; 92%) via ROMP at room temperature, in presence of 5 microL of ethyldiazoacetate with [monômero]/[Ru] = 5,000. The polimerization reactions with norbornadiene were exothermic. Under the same reaction conditions, the [RuCl2(PPh3)3] complex does not polymerize those monomers. The yield and the characteristic of the polyNBD is dependent on quantity of solvent (CHCl3). Thus, the presence of the phosphine PCy3 generated a novel complex with higher catalytic reactivity.

Este trabalho apresenta as sínteses do complexo fac-[RuCl2(Sdmso3(O-dmso)] (1) e de dois novos complexos, trans,cis,cis- [RuCl2(S-dmso)2(NH2Ph)2] (2) e fac-[RuCl2(Sdmso)3(NH2Ph)] (3). Estes compostos foram caracterizados por espectroscopia de absorção na região do infravermelho, espectroscopia de absorção na região do ultravioleta e visível, análise elementar (CHN), RMN (1H e 13C{1H}) e por difração de raios X em monocristal, confirmando a formação de complexos hexacoordenados. As atividades catalíticas destes complexos como pré-catalisadores nas reações de polimerização via metátese por abertura de anel (ROMP) de norborneno (NBE), norbornadieno (NBD), diciclopentadieno (DCPD) e seus copolímeros foram investigadas. As polimerizações foram realizadas na presença de etil diazoacetato (EDA) em diferentes razões molares de [monômero]/[Ru], tempos e temperaturas de reação. Estudos em função da variação da razão molar [monômero]/[Ru] mostraram que, em geral, a melhor condição para reação via ROMP é a de 5000 equivalentes na presença de [EDA]/[Ru] = 28. Valores de massas moleculares com ordem de magnitude de 105 g.mol-1 para todos os poliNBE e poli(NBE-co-DCPD) foram medidos por cromatografia por permeação em gel (GPC). Os demais polímeros foram insolúveis em CHCl3. Em polimerizações com NBE a 25 °C por 50 min, obtiveram-se rendimentos de 91, 83 e 99 % usando os complexos 1, 2 e 3, respectivamente. Nas polimerizações de NBD, o complexo 1 rendeu 8 % de poliNBD a 50 °C em 30 min. Nestas mesmas condições, os complexos 2 e 3 renderam 42 e 34 % de poliNBD, respectivamente. Na ROMP de DCPD a 50 °C em 30 min, os três complexos sintetizaram poliDCPD com rendimentos em torno de 16 %. A 50 °C por 30 min, poli(NBE-co-NBD) com maior concentração de NBD (80NBD: 20NBE) usando os complexos 2 ou 3 foram obtidos com 35 % de rendimento, enquanto com o complexo 1 os rendimentos são de 15 %. Copolímeros do tipo poli(NBE-co-DCPD) foram obtidos com maiores rendimentos com o complexo 3 e com maiores valores de Mw usando o complexo 2. A influência do tipo de complexo e dos efeitos cooperativos dos ligantes foi avaliada neste tipo de reação com implicações nas características dos polímeros. / This work presents the syntheses of the complex fac-[RuCl2(Sdmso)3(O-dmso)] (1) and of the two new complexes trans,cis,cis- [RuCl2(S-dmso)2(NH2Ph)2] (2) and fac-[RuCl2(Sdmso)3(NH2Ph)] (3). These compounds were characterized by infrared absorption spectroscopy, ultraviolet-visible absorption spectroscopy, elemental analysis (CHN), NMR (1H and 13C{1H}) and by X-ray diffraction in single crystals, confirming the formation of hexacoordinate complexes. The catalytic activities of these complexes as pre-catalysts in ring-opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) reactions of norbornene (NBE), norbornadiene (NBD), dicyclopentadiene (DCPD) and its copolymers were investigated. The polymerizations were carried out in presence of ethyl diazoacetate (EDA), in different molar ratios of [monomer]/[Ru], as a function of reaction time and temperature. Studies on the variation of the [monomer]/[Ru] molar ratio have shown that, in general, the best condition for the ROMP reaction is 5000 equivalents, in the presence of [EDA]/[Ru] = 28.Values of molecular weights with order of magnitude of 105 g.mol-1 for all polyNBE and poly(NBE-co-DCPD) were measured by gel permeation chromatography (GPC). The other polymers were insoluble in CHCl3. In polymerizations with NBE at 25 °C for 50 min, yields of 91, 83 and 99 % were obtained using complexes 1, 2 and 3, respectively. In the NBD polymerizations, complex 1 yielded 8 % of polyNBD at 50 °C for 30 min. Under these same conditions, complexes 2 and 3 yielded 42 and 34 % of polyNBD, respectively. In the ROMP of DCPD at 50 °C for 30 min, the three complexes synthesized polyDCPD in yields of about 16 %. At 50 °C for 30 min, poly(NBE-co-NBD) with higher concentration of NBD (80NBD : 20NBE) using complexes 2 or 3 were obtained in 35% yield, while with complex 1 the yields were 15 %. Poly(NBE-co-DCPD) copolymers were obtained in higher yields with complex 3 and higher Mw values using complex 2. The influence of the type of complex and the cooperative effects of the ligands were evaluated in this type of reaction with implications in the characteristics of the polymers.

Stimuli-responsive materials are changing the landscape of actuated materials, optoelectronics, molecular machines, solar cells, temporary memory storage, and biomedical materials. Specifically, photo-responsive polymers have gained acceleration in research and application since the last two decades in the form of a surface coating and micro-patterns. Light as a stimulus can be coherent, mono or polychromatic, tunable for power (intensity) and energy (wavelength), and has precise spatiotemporal control. Conventional surface coating techniques such as spin coating are unable to impart properties to the coatings in terms of sturdiness, homogeneity, uniformity over the complex surface, post deposition modification, and process efficiency. Also, in the field of photoreponsive polymers, there is no simple technique for surface-patterning of photo-responsive polymers, which is an important missing link between current research and future potential applications. This dissertation designs new strategies for light-mediated ring opening metathesis polymerization (ROMP) to synthesize a diverse class of stable photo-responsive polymers and coatings. Firstly, we propose a new synthetic route to functionalize surface-initiated ring opening metathesis polymerization (SI ROMP) coatings. The backbone of ROMP polymers has internal carbon-carbon double bonds which are potential sites to introduce additional functionalities like stimuli-responsive functional groups. We leverage these unsaturated bonds to incorporate functionalized side chains using thiol-ene click chemistry. Thiol-ene chemistry is a versatile approach to attach diverse functional groups at the site of a carbon-carbon double bond. This approach was tested by grafting 3 types of thiols with different functional tail groups and can be readily used for any polyolefin coatings. Secondly, oxidative degradation of SI ROMP coatings in the organic solvent is a common problem resulting in a decrease in the film thickness due to polymer chain cleavage. We incorporated a custom designed crosslinker to the polynorbornene (pNB) coatings to prepare in situ crosslinked pNB coatings. This approach provides a crosslinked coating of pNB with significantly increased stability against organic solvents by decreasing the film loss from 73 % to 28 %. Lastly, a novel approach of making photo-responsive polymer by light mediated ROMP is demonstrated. Light mediated control over rate of polymerization is the key feature required for patterning surface with photoresponsive polymers. We achieved this goal by designing and synthesizing a monomer that effectively controls the activity of the catalyst by temporarily deactivating it on irradiation with UV 365 nm light and reactivating it back by irradiation with blue 455 nm light to resume the ROMP.