Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2017-04-04T13:14:56Z No. of bitstreams: 1 diegopandelojose.pdf: 913814 bytes, checksum: 7e149c7c8e0bee3253c4894426a6892c (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2017-04-04T15:36:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 diegopandelojose.pdf: 913814 bytes, checksum: 7e149c7c8e0bee3253c4894426a6892c (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-04-04T15:36:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 diegopandelojose.pdf: 913814 bytes, checksum: 7e149c7c8e0bee3253c4894426a6892c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2009-03-03 / CAPES - Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior / CNPq - Conselho Nacional de Desenvolvimento Científico e Tecnológico / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / O gênero Lippia pertence à família Verbenaceae, inclusa no clado Asteridaee, ordem Lamiales, compreendendo aproximadamente 175 gêneros e 2800 espécies, onde muitos gêneros apresentam plantas com propriedades medicinais e ornamentais. A espécie Lippia alba, originária da América do Sul, também ocorre no Brasil e é uma das mais estudadas do gênero Lippia. Ela floresce durante o ano todo e recebe grande destaque no gênero, devido às suas inúmeras propriedades medicinais. O óleo essencial de Lippia alba é composto basicamente por sesqui e monoterpenos, que são as substâncias responsáveis por suas propriedades medicinais. O objetivo central do presente trabalho foi clonar e analisar a expressão de dois potenciais genes codificadores de terpeno sintases em Lippia alba. Através do alinhamento de genes codificadores de monoterpeno sintases caracterizadas, primers degenerados foram desenhados dentro de regiões conservadas e utilizados para se obter a clonagem de genes codificadores de terpeno sintases em Lippia alba. Dois potenciais genes codificadores de terpeno sintases foram clonados, LaTPS12 e LaTPS23. Após a clonagem, técnicas de RT-PCR semiquantitativo foram empregadas para análises de expressão desses dois genes em diferentes estágios foliares e em três diferentes quimiotipos de Lippia alba. Os resultados mostraram que em folhas situadas no quarto segmento nodal o gene LaTPS12 apresenta maior nível de expressão. A diferença na expressão do gene LaTPS23 foi menos acentuada nos três quimiotipos analisados em relação ao gene LaTPS12, que apresentou uma expressão diferencial. Análises filogenéticas foram realizadas comparando-se as seqüências desses dois genes com outros genes codificadores de terpeno sintases já caracterizadas de diferentes espécies de plantas. De acordo com essas análises, LaTPS12 e LaTPS23 pertencem à classe TPS-b, que é composta principalmente por monoterpeno sintases de angiospermas. / The genus Lippia belongs to Verbenaceae family, Asteridaee, order Lamiales. This family comprises about 175 genus and 2800 species, and many of them have medicals and ornamentals proprierties. Lippia alba is native from South America, and is also found in Brazil and is the most studied species of the genus Lippia. This plant blooms throughout the year and has great importance due to its medicinal properties. The Lippia alba essential oils are composed by sesquiterpenes and monoterpenes conferring its medicinal properties. The aim of this work was to clone and to analize gene expression of putative terpene synthases genes (TPS) in Lippia alba. Alignment of TPS genes was used to design degenerate primers into conserved domains for cloning of these genes in Lippia alba. We have cloned two putative TPS genes, LaTPS12 and LaTPS23. After cloning, semiquantitative RT-PCR was employed to expression analysis of these two genes in different leaf stages and among three different chemotypes of Lippia alba. The result of expression level showed that LaTPS12 occurred at higher level in leaves located in fourth nodal segment and showed a marked differential expression among the chemotypes. The difference of expression of the LaTPS23 was less prominent comparing the three studied chemotypes. We performed a phylogenetic analysis in order to compare the LaTPS12 and LaTPS23 to others TPS genes in different plant species. The results showed that these LaTPS12 and LaTPS23 belong to the class TPS-b, which comprises mainly angiosperms monoterpene synthases genes.

Este estudo buscou estabelecer um sistema de produção de pps, contendo a proteína Gag do MLV para formação da cápside, as glicoproteínas de membrana E1 e E2 do HCV carregando o RNA da glicoproteína do vírus da raiva - RVGP (ppHCV-RVGP). Para gerar ppHCV-RVGP, células HEK293-T foram co-transfectadas com 3 vetores, utilizando lipofectamina e eletroporação. As ppHCV-RVGP foram coletadas do sobrenadante 48 h p.t e quantificadas por qRT-PCR foram obtidas 300 cópias de RNA/μL, para ambos os métodos de co-transfecção. Células Huh 7 foram infectadas e a expressão da RVGP foi analisada 48 h p.i. por ELISA e imunofluorescência indireta (IFI). Estes imunoensaios mostraram a baixa expressão da proteína RVGP. Realizamos ensaios de qRT-PCR para detectar a adesão e entrada da ppHCV-RVGP e verificou-se que a estas foram ineficientes. Realizamos western blotting para analisar a expressão das proteínas necessárias para a formação das ppHCV, este mostrou a produção da proteína Gag e a incorporação das proteínas de membrana, porém a glicoproteína E2 não foi incorporada eficientemente na membrana da ppHCV. Concluímos que o sistema de pseudopartículas virais foi eficiente para transportar o RNA-RVGP, porém não foi capaz de infectar eficientemente células Huh 7. / The aim of this study was to establish a system for the production of pps, containing the protein Gag of MLV to form the capsid, the glycoproteins membrane E1 and E2 of HCV and carrying the RNA of glycoprotein of rabies virus - RVGP (ppHCV-RVGP). To produce ppHCV-RVGP, HEK293-T cells were co-transfected with 3 vectors using lipofectamine and electroporation. The pps were harvested from the supernatant 48 h p.t. and quantificated by qRT-PCR and resulted in 300 copies of RNA/μL, to both methods of co-transfection. Huh 7 cells were infected and RVGP expression was analyzed 48 hours after by ELISA and indirect immunofluorescence (IFI) assays. These immunoassays showed a low expression of RVGP. Others assays of qRT-PCR conducted to detect the adhesion and entry of ppHCV-RVGP showed that this process was inefficient. We performed western blotting assays to analyze the proteins required to form the ppHCV. Western blotting assays that the production of Gag protein and incorporation of glycoproteins were successful, however E2 glycoprotein has not been incorporated efficiently on ppHCV membrane. In conclusion, the system of virus pseudoparticles was efficient in carrying the RNA-RGVP, although was not able to efficiently infect Huh 7 cells.

Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-18T17:53:17Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Francislaine.pdf: 394781 bytes, checksum: a0d56232957fee86543512d568bcec4c (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-12-18 / Tea is an extremely popular drink, being the second most commonly consumed in the world. People ingest teas on average two to three times a day, the majority being derived from the Camellia sinensis plant. The beneficial health effects of the consumption of tea from this plant are well known, such as the prevention of cancer, cardiovascular disease and osteoporosis. Despite this, little is known about the action of white tea on reproduction. It is important to evaluate the possible consequences of consumption on luteal and endometrial development since the main catechin, epigallocatechin gallate (EGCG), present in the tea influences the gene expression of VEGF in tumors and this is an important angiogenic factor in the reproductive organs. This study aimed to verify the effects of prolonged intake of white tea on the relative abundance of VEGF mRNA and its receptors, as well as in cell proliferation in the endometrium of superovulated rats. For this purpose, the rats were divided into two groups, control group (n = 30), which received water, and white tea intake group (n = 30). The ovaries and uteri were collected from 10 animals in each group at the end of every month, for three consecutive months, stored in Trizol in a freezer at -80 ° C and the relative abundance of VEGF mRNA, Flt-1 and KDR were subsequently evaluated. In addition, the uteri were histologically analyzed using the silver staining method to detect cell proliferation. The data were evaluated for the assumption of normality (Shapiro-Wilk) and statistical comparisons were performed using the unpaired t test between groups at different collection moments (p <0.05). The relative abundance of VEGF mRNA and its receptors was changed by the tea consumption and there were a lower number of nucleolar organizer regions in endometrial cells. It was concluded that prolonged consumption of white tea interferes the expression of the VEGF system genes in the corpus luteum and decreases cell proliferation in the endometrium of Wistar rats. / O chá é uma das bebidas mais populares e a segunda mais consumida no mundo. A população ingere chás em média, de duas a três vezes ao dia, sendo em sua maioria oriundos da planta Camellia sinensis. São bem conhecidos os efeitos benéficos para a saúde do consumo dos chás provenientes dessa planta, como a prevenção de câncer, de doença cardiovascular e da osteoporose. Apesar disso, pouco se sabe sobre a ação do chá branco na reprodução, sendo importante avaliar as possíveis consequências do seu consumo no desenvolvimento luteal e endometrial. Visto que a principal catequina, a epigalocatequina galato (EGCG) presente neste chá influencia a expressão gênica do Vegf em tumores e este é um importante fator angiogênico dos órgãos reprodutivos, este estudo teve como objetivo verificar o efeito da ingestão do chá branco sobre a abundância relativa do mRNA do Vegf e dos seus receptores,sobre a proliferação celular do endométrio de ratas superovuladas. Para tanto, as ratas foram distribuídas em dois grupos, grupo controle (n=30) que recebeu água e grupo com ingestão de chá branco (n=30). Os ovários e os úteros foram coletados ao final de cada mês de ingestão de chá branco ou água de 10 animais de cada grupo, durante três meses consecutivos, sendo os ovários armazenados em trizol no freezer a -80ºC e posteriormente a abundância relativa de mRNA do Vegf, do Flt-1 e do Kdr foram avaliadas. Além disso, os úteros foram analisados histologicamente pelo método de coloração de prata para detecção de proliferação celular. Os dados foram avaliados quanto ao pressuposto de normalidade (Shapiro-Wilk) e as comparações estatísticas foram realizadas por meio dos testes t não pareado entre os grupos nos diferentes momentos de colheitas (p<0,05). A abundância relativa de mRNA do Vegf e dos seus receptores foi alterada pelo consumo de chá e houve um menor número de regiões organizadoras de nucléolo nas células do endométrio. Conclui-se que a ingestão prolongada de chá branco altera a expressão dos genes do sistema Vegf no corpo lúteo e diminui a proliferação celular do endométrio de ratas Wistar.

Legeleistungseinbußen – vor allem mit verminderter Eischalenqualität – stellen in einem Legehennenbetrieb hohe wirtschaftliche Verluste dar. Impfungen gegen entsprechende Erreger, u.a. gegen das aviäre Metapneumovirus (aMPV), sind daher weit verbreitet. AMPV ist seit den 70er Jahren als Auslöser der Rhinotracheitis der Puten (Turkey Rhinotracheitis; TRT) und des sogenannten Swollen Head Syndroms (SHS) der Hühner bekannt. Jedoch liegen nur wenige epidemiologische Studien zu der Verbreitung des Virus und dessen Subtypen in Legehennenbetrieben vor. Ziel der vorliegenden Studie war es daher, die Verbreitung des aMPV, vor allem der Subtypen A und B, zu unterschiedlichen Zeiten der Legeperiode zu untersuchen, um ein besseres Verständnis über den Zeitpunkt der Erstinfektionen sowie evtl. Re- oder Neuinfektionen zu erhalten. Dafür wurden erstmals 18 Legehennenherden in Sachsen alle drei Monate über die gesamte Legeperiode auf das Vorkommen von aMPV-RNA und aMPV-spezifischer Antikörper untersucht. Verschiedene Haltungssysteme wurden berücksichtigt, um ein unterschiedliches seuchenhygienisches Risiko unter Praxisbedingungen bewerten zu können. Pro Herde wurden von je zehn Hühnern Trachealtupfer und Serumproben entnommen. Die Tupferproben wurden mittels duplex nested RT-PCR untersucht, die Serumproben mittels zweier kommerzieller ELISA-Tests. In jeder Herde gelang der aMPV-RNA-Nachweis mindestens einmal zu unterschiedlichen Zeitpunkten. Bereits bei der Einstallung konnten in 17 Herden aMPV-spezifische Antikörper und/oder aMPV-RNA nachgewiesen werden. Diese Ergebnisse zeigen die hohe Verbreitungsrate des aMPV in Legehennenbetrieben. Bereits in der Aufzucht fand in der Mehrzahl der Herden eine aMPV-Infektion statt; während der Legeperiode kam es zu häufigen Re- oder Neuinfektionen bzw. zu einer langen Persistenz des Virus. Subtyp A kam alleine (51%) mehr als doppelt so häufig vor wie ausschließlich Subtyp B (22%). Doppelinfektionen mit den Subtypen A und B (27%) wurden ungefähr so häufig gefunden wie eine Infektion ausschließlich mit Subtyp B. Ein Wechsel der Subtypen A und B während einer Legeperiode wurde am häufigsten beobachtet: zehn der 18 Herden (56%) zeigten diesen Verlauf. Ausschließlich Subtyp A in allen positiven Entnahmen pro Betrieb wurde in vier von 18 Herden gefunden, ausschließlich Subtyp B in drei von 18 Herden, Subtyp A gemeinsam mit Subtyp B in einer von 18 Herden. Dies verdeutlicht die Dominanz des Subtyps A in Legehennenbetrieben. Obwohl drei Herden während der Aufzucht mit einer Subtyp B-Vakzine geimpft wurden, gelang der aMPV-RNA Nachweis in bis zu vier Probenentnahmen. Der Subtyp A dominierte auch in den geimpften Herden. Neben dem Subtyp B Feldvirus wurde in einer Herde zum Zeitpunkt der Einstallung auch ein Subtyp B ähnlich dem Impfstamm nachgewiesen. Es ist daher davon auszugehen, dass trotz bekannter Kreuzimmunität eine Impfung nicht vor Infektionen schützt, aber die Persistenz von Subtyp B vermindert. Die Analyse der Serumproben mit zwei kommerziellen ELISA-Tests ergab zum Teil konträre Ergebnisse. Da die Diagnose einer aMPV-Infektion häufig nur über diese Methode gestellt wird, ist dies von praktischer Relevanz. Eine Evaluierung des ELISA-Tests mit der höchsten Spezifität und Sensitivität sollte daher folgen.

In den letzten Jahren erreichten viele neue (emerging) Viren Europa, die zum Teil (z.T.) zoonotisch auf den Menschen übertragbar sind. So musste man sich mit Geflügel- und Schweinegrippe, Blauzungenkrankheit, Infektiöser Anämie der Einhufer oder auch SARS (severe acute respiratory syndrome) auseinandersetzen. Bedingt durch verschiedene Faktoren, wie Klimawandel oder zunehmende Globalisierung und damit einhergehendem Verkehr zwischen den Kontinenten verbesserten sich auch die Bedingungen für die Virusverbreitung, so dass viele für Deutschland untypische Krankheitserreger auch hier auftraten. Das West-Nil-Virus (WNV) ist in Europa bereits endemisch verbreitet und könnte somit eine besondere Gefahr für Deutschland darstellen. Es ist ein bekannter Zoonose-Erreger, und sein Eintrag und die rasche Verbreitung des Virus in Amerika 1999 zeigten wie gefährlich neue Viren in naiven Populationen sein können. Über die Verbreitung des Virus in Deutschland gibt es nur wenige Studien z.B. des Robert-Koch-Instituts (LINKE et al. 2007a) und des Friedrich-Loeffler-Instituts (SEIDOWSKI et al. 2010), wobei in keiner Studie tote Vögel als Untersuchungsmaterial genutzt wurden. Da das WNV in Amerika mit einem auffälligen Vogelsterben einherging, ist es naheliegend, den Virusnachweis zuerst bei toten Vögeln zu erbringen.

Infectious myonecrosis, caused by infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV), is an important disease of shrimp that has adversely affected the production of cultured Litopenaeus vannamei. The studies reported here were centered on development and/or validation of alternative diagnostic methods for detection of IMNV. Hence, two manuscripts were published in the Journal of Aquaculture and one manuscript was published in the Journal of Fish Diseases. Chapter 2 describes the development of a real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (real-time RT-PCR) method using TaqMan probe. The results showed that this real-time RT-PCR assay can detect as little as 10 IMNV copies/μl RNA, while the nested RT-PCR can detect 1000 copies/μl RNA. These findings suggest that the TaqMan real-time RT-PCR is “the gold standard” for screening shrimp to protect aquaculture production systems from losses caused by IMNV, because it provides quantification, higher sensitivity and specificity, and because it is less time consuming and less prone to contamination compared to conventional gel-based RT-PCR. In Chapter 3 I evaluated if prolonged storage of infectious myonecrosis virus (IMNV) infected shrimp in Davidson’s AFA fixative can degrade its double-stranded RNA genome resulting in false negative ISH reactions. Shrimp were collected at Day 12 post-injection and fixed in Davidson’s AFA for five different preservation times (1, 2, 4, 7 and 10 days). Hence, in the present report it was found that the length of time (up to 10 days) in Davidson’s AFA did not have a deleterious effect on the ISH reaction for IMNV. The Chapter 4 describes the development of a reverse transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification and nucleic acid lateral flow (RT-LAMP-NALF) for detection of IMNV. The RT-LAMP-NALF method combines simplified nucleic acid extraction, a reverse-transcription loop-mediated isothermal amplification platform, and one-step visual colorimetric confirmation of the IMNV amplified sequences using a generic NALF qualitative detection test strip. The RT-LAMP-NALF was found to be 100 and 10 times more sensitive than one-step RT-PCR and RT-LAMP (two primer pairs), respectively. These results clearly demonstrate that the RT-LAMP-NALF method is specific, sensitive, can shorten the time for analysis, and has potential application for IMNV diagnosis in resource-poor diagnostic settings.

Winter rye produces ice-modifying antifreeze proteins upon cold treatment. Two of these antifreeze proteins are members of the large, highly conserved, ??-1,3-endoglucanase family. This project was designed to identify glucanase genes that are expressed during cold acclimation, wounding, pathogen infection, drought or treatment with the phytohormones ethylene and MeJa. Additionally, a more detailed proteomic analysis was to be carried out to evaluate the glucanase content of the apoplast of cold-acclimated (CA) winter rye. Results of 2D SDS-PAGE analysis revealed that non-acclimated whole leaf protein extracts contain at least two ??-1,3-endoglucanses while CA whole leaf protein extracts contain at least three ??-1,3-endoglucanses. Subsequent 2D SDS-PAGE analysis was conducted on the apoplast extracts of NA and CA winter rye plants revealed the limitations of standard 1D SDS-PAGE. The 2-dimensional gel analysis revealed that there is a minimum of 25 proteins within the apoplast of CA winter rye, including at least 5 ??-1,3-endoglucanases. Genome walking was used to isolate cold-responsive glucanase genes. The five genes isolated were designated scGlu6, scGlu9, scGlu10, scGlu11 and scGlu12. The cis-element pattern within the promoter of each gene was evaluated using online databases of documented plant cis elements. As expected, all of the promoters contained elements associated with cold, biotic and abiotic stresses, light regulation, and development. The expression patterns predicted by the cis elements in each promoter were compared to the mRNA abundance produced by each gene as detected by semi-quantitative reverse transcriptase PCR. In most cases, the abundance of transcripts arising from each gene loosely corresponded to the expression pattern predicted by the cis elements the corresponding promoter. Transcripts of scGlu9, 10 and 11 were present in cold-treated tissues and are candidates for ??-1,3-endoglucanases with antifreeze activity. The results presented in this thesis provide additional insight into the apoplast proteome of CA winter rye plants as well as the complexity of the signals controlling the proteins that reside there. Although there are still a number of unresolved questions, this research opens new directions for future studies in the cold acclimation process in winter rye and specifically for the contribution of ?? -1,3-endoglucanses.

Interferon (IFN)τ is the luteotrophic signal in ruminants and is secreted by bovine blastocysts both in vivo and in vitro. IFNτ secretion is highly variable and its control is only partly understood. Most studies on the effects of environmental factors on IFNτ production have evaluated IFNτ production during the time of embryo elongation and attachment. There is less knowledge of how IFNτ production at the blastocyst stage is modulated. Therefore, the hypothesis of this thesis was that the amounts of IFNτ expressed and/or secreted by bovine blastocysts produced in vitro were modulated by environmental factors. In the first set of experiments, bovine embryos were incubated with a cytokine (granulocyte macrophage colony stimulating factor, GM-CSF). GM-CSF had been shown previously to promote embryo viability in a range of species and to modulate IFNτ secretion by ovine blastocysts and thus was classified as a beneficial environmental factor. Three experiments were conducted to test whether GM-CSF stimulated bovine blastocyst development and IFNτ secretion. Embryos were incubated with a range of different concentrations of GM-CSF (2, 5, 10 and 50 ng mL-1) and at different stages of development (1 to 3 and 1 to 9 days post-insemination). Bovine embryos were unresponsive to GM-CSF in terms of IFNτ secretion, pyruvate oxidation, rate of development, blastocyst yield, morphological quality and apoptotic index, irrespective of timing of exposure and/or concentration of GM-CSF. In the second part of the thesis, bovine blastocysts were exposed to a mild heat treatment (42°C for four h) to determine whether heat stress affected IFNτ expression by bovine blastocysts. A novel multiplex reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction methodology was validated to detect IFNτ and heat shock protein (HSP)70 mRNA in individual bovine embryos relative to an endogenous gene (YWHAZ) and an exogenous mRNA (α-globin) and results were expressed both in absolute terms and in relation to the endogenous control. Heat treatment upregulated IFNτ mRNA expression, suggesting that detrimental environmental factors may influence IFNτ expression. Heat treatment also caused an increase in HSP70 mRNA expression but did not affect blastocyst morphology, suggesting that the level of stress caused by the heat treatment was great enough to activate the cellular stress response, but mild enough not to cause a change in morphology. In addition, the positive correlation between HSP70 and IFNτ transcript levels and the higher IFNτ expression by embryos which showed signs of degeneration and collapse compared to those which progressed in development suggested that IFNτ expression may be indicative of stress. The relationship between IFNτ expression and secretion in vitro with morphology, pyruvate metabolism, apoptotic index and cell number was inconsistent, suggesting that IFNτ production did not correlate with ‘quality’ (defined as an index of viability). Blastocyst yield, day of blastulation and change in morphology index did account for at least part of the variation in IFNτ production, suggesting that some intrinsic factors may regulate IFNτ secretion. These intrinsic factors, however, did not explain all the variation in IFNτ secretion between blastocysts. Therefore, the amount of IFNτ secreted by bovine blastocysts is modulated by both intrinsic and environmental factors. A model was proposed where different levels of stress affect survivability to different extents, and the ability to respond to mild levels of stress may be indicative of improved survivability.

Rondônia apresenta área com rica diversidade de artrópodes, porém pouco se conhece sobre a transmissão de arbovírus por estas espécies. O presente trabalho visou detectar arbovírus, por meio da RT-PCR e da Duplex RT-PCR, nas espécies de dipteros coletados no Estado, bem como caracterizá-los pela reação de sequenciamento. A RT-PCR e a Duplex RT-PCR detectaram as suspensões dos vírus Mayaro e Oropouche até 104 e 101 TCID50/mL, respectivamente, porém o vírus Dengue 2 em pools contendo menos de três mosquitos infectados foi negativa. O controle endógeno foi detectado em 66,8 % das amostras, sendo que, em pools contendo entre um e três mosquitos, a detecção foi aproximadamente metade da detecção nos pools contendo entre 11 e 15. Em 0,66 % dos pools foi encontrado o vírus Oropouche e em outros 0,66 %, o vírus Cacipacoré. O vírus Oropouche foi detectado em Coquillettidia sp. e Deinocerites sp., enquanto o vírus Cacipacoré foi encontrado em Anopheles sp. e Culex sp. As técnicas possibilitaram a detecção dos arbovírus pesquisados nos pools coletados em Rondônia. / The Rondônia state has an area with rich arthropods diversity although the knowledge about the arboviruses transmition for these species is poor. The present work aimed to detect arboviruses through RT-PRC and RT-PCR Duplex in the diptera species collected in the region as well as their characterization through the sequence reaction. The RT-PRC and RT-PCR Duplex detected the Mayaro and Oropouche virus suspensions until 104 e 101 TCID50/mL respectively, although it was negative for the Dengue 2 virus in pools containing less than three infected mosquitoes. The endogenous control was detected in 66,8 % of samples and from pools containing from one to three mosquitoes the detection rate was approximately half from that obtained from pools with 11 to 15 mosquitoes. Oropouche virus was found in 0,66 % of pools and Cacipacore virus also in 0,66 % of pools. Oropouche virus was detected in Coquillettidia sp. and Deinocerites sp. while Cacipacoré virus was found in Anopheles sp. and Culex sp. The techniques allowed the detection of examined arboviruses in the pools collected from Rondonia.

Várias zoonoses virais acometem equídeos causando quadros neurológicos, entre as quais a raiva e as encefalites equinas do Leste (EEE) e Oeste (WEE). O diagnóstico clínico geralmente não é conclusivo, o que torna imprescindível o diagnóstico laboratorial. Dados do Laboratório de Diagnóstico de Raiva do Instituto Pasteur de São Paulo, entre os anos 2000 e 2010, mostram que aproximadamente 75% das amostras enviadas foram negativas para raiva, ressaltando a relevância da realização de um diagnóstico diferencial para as encefalites equinas causadas por alfavírus. Os objetivos do estudo foram testar a adequação do uso de multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR para o diagnóstico de raiva, EEE e WEE em amostras de sistema nervoso central de equídeos e realizar uma análise de custo das reações de cada técnica. Foram utilizados os primers 21G, 304 e 504 dirigidos ao gene N do vírus da raiva, e os primers cM3W, M2W, nEEE e nWEE dirigidos ao gene NSP1 dos vírus da EEE e WEE. Procedeu-se a um estudo preliminar dos primers e de seu uso em uma hemi-nested RT-PCR, avaliando a temperatura ótima de anelamento, a sensibilidade e especificidade analíticas e a reprodutibilidade da técnica em amostras de campo positivas para raiva e para EEE. A partir do protocolo estabelecido na reação de hemi-nested RT-PCR, realizaram-se variações de concentração de reagentes no protocolo para a reação de multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR. Após o estabelecimento do protocolo para esta reação, os mesmos testes para verificação da sensibilidade e especificidade analíticas e da reprodutibilidade foram realizados, comparando-se os resultados com os obtidos pela hemi-nested RT-PCR. No teste de limiar de detecção, a sensibilidade analítica foi semelhante para as duas técnicas, obtendo-se 10&#45;1,7 para os três vírus padrão CVS, EEEV e WEEV. No teste de limiar de detecção utilizando uma amostra com os três vírus verificou-se uma alta especificidade dos primers, sendo que na reação de multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR foi possível detectar simultaneamente os três vírus padrão. Não houve diferença nas proporções de amostras detectadas como positivas para raiva obtidas pelas duas técnicas, analisando-se pelo teste exato de Fisher (P=1,0000). No entando, para amostras de campo positivas para EEE, a proporção de amostras detectadas como positivas pela hemi-nested RT-PCR foi maior do que a proporção obtida pela multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR (P<0,0001). Apesar de não ter sido possível o uso de amostras de campo positivas para WEE nesse estudo, os resultados sugerem que seria possível a detecção pela multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR. Estes dados sugerem que a técnica de multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR poderia ser aplicada para detecção de raiva e WEE, mas com limitações para a detecção de EEE. Pela análise de custo dos reagentes, o valor de uma reação de multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR é semelhante ao de uma hemi-nested RT-PCR, podendo representar uma economia de pelo menos 49,17%. / Several viral zoonoses affect the equids causing neurological diseases, including rabies and Eastern and Western equine encephalitides (EEE and WEE). Clinical diagnosis is often not conclusive, in a way that laboratory diagnosis is essential. Data from the Laboratory of Rabies Diagnosis at the Pasteur Institute of São Paulo, between 2000 and 2010, demonstrate that approximately 75% of submitted equid samples were negative for rabies, emphasizing the importance of achieving a differential diagnosis for equine encephalitis caused by alphaviruses. The aims of this study were to test the suitability of using multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR for the diagnosis of rabies, EEE and WEE in equids central nervous system samples and to perform a cost analysis of the reactions of each technique. We used the primers 21G, 304 and 504 directed to the N gene of rabies virus, and the primers cM3W, M2W, nEEE and nWEE directed the NSP1 gene of WEE and EEE viruses. A preliminary study of the primers was carried out, as well as their use in a hemi-nested RT-PCR, evaluating the optimal annealing temperature, the analytical sensitivity and specificity and the reproducibility of the technique in positive field samples for rabies and EEE. From the protocol established for the hemi-nested RT-PCR, variations in reagents concentrations for the multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR protocol were perfomed. After establishing the protocol for this reaction, the same tests to verify the analytical sensitivity and specificity and reproducibility were performed and the results compared to those obtained by hemi-nested RT-PCR. In the detection threshold test, the analytical sensitivity was similar for both techniques, resulting in 10&#45;1.7 for the three virus standard CVS, and EEEV WEEV. In the detection threshold test using a sample with the three viruses, a high specificity of the primers was verified and the multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR was able to detect the three viruses simultaneously. There was no difference in the proportions of samples detected as positive for rabies obtained by both techniques, according to the Fisher exact test (P = 1.0000). However, for EEE positive field samples, the proportion of samples detected as positive by the hemi-nested RT-PCR was higher than the proportion obtained by multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR (P <0.0001). Although it was not possible to use WEE positive field samples in this study, the results suggest that its detection would be possible by multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR. Thus, data suggest that the multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR technique could be applied to detect rabies and WEE, but with limitations for the EEE detection. For the analysis of reagent costs, the cost of one multiplex hemi-nested RT-PCR is similar to one hemi-nested RT-PCR, and may represent a saving of 49,17% at least.