Tese de mestrado integrado. Engenharia Electrotécnica e de Computadores (Major Energia). Faculdade de Engenharia. Universidade do Porto. 2009

<p>Disturbances in power systems are common and they result in electromechanical oscillations called power swing. The power swings could be severe and it may lead to loss of synchronism among the interconnected generators. This is referred to as out-of-step condition. The voltage and current swings during an out-of-step condition damage power system equipments and also cause unwanted operations of various protective devices. The protection systems require an effective algorithm for fast and accurate detection of out-of-step condition. </p> <p>This research is focused on the development of a simple and effective out-of-step relay capable of detecting out-of-step condition in a complex power system. To achieve this, the research has gone through four distinct stages: development of an algorithm, simulation, hardware implementation and its testing. </p> <p>An out-of-step algorithm is proposed based on equal area criterion in time domain. The equal area criterion in time domain is obtained by modifying the traditional equal area criterion in power angle domain. A single machine infinite bus system, a two machine infinite bus system and a three machine infinite bus system and a 17-bus multiple machines system are used as case studies and are modeled using simulation tool(PSCAD). </p> <p>To test the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, various out-of-step conditions are simulated by applying disturbances at various locations in the above chosen power system configurations. For hardware implementation and testing of the algorithm, a digital signal processing board (ADSP-BF533 from Analog Devices ) is used. To test the performance of the developed digital relay in a closed loop, real time power system signals are necessary and therefore for this purpose, a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) available in the power research laboratory is used. The RTDS simulator mimics the actual power systems in real time. The signals required by the relays can be tapped from the RTDS and the signals coming from relay can be fed back into the RTDS, which makes the closed loop testing of the digital relay possible. This research has yielded a simple out-of-step algorithm and unlike the other out-of-step detection techniques proposed in the literature does not need offline system studies to arrive at a solution.The developed digital out-of-step relay is capable of making decisions based only on the information available from its point of installation, thus it avoids the communication devices which is advantageous for the out-of-step protection of a complex power system. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can be applied to any power configurations and is faster compared to the conventional concentric rectangle schemes used in the literature.</p>

<p>Disturbances in power systems are common and they result in electromechanical oscillations called power swing. The power swings could be severe and it may lead to loss of synchronism among the interconnected generators. This is referred to as out-of-step condition. The voltage and current swings during an out-of-step condition damage power system equipments and also cause unwanted operations of various protective devices. The protection systems require an effective algorithm for fast and accurate detection of out-of-step condition. </p> <p>This research is focused on the development of a simple and effective out-of-step relay capable of detecting out-of-step condition in a complex power system. To achieve this, the research has gone through four distinct stages: development of an algorithm, simulation, hardware implementation and its testing. </p> <p>An out-of-step algorithm is proposed based on equal area criterion in time domain. The equal area criterion in time domain is obtained by modifying the traditional equal area criterion in power angle domain. A single machine infinite bus system, a two machine infinite bus system and a three machine infinite bus system and a 17-bus multiple machines system are used as case studies and are modeled using simulation tool(PSCAD). </p> <p>To test the effectiveness of the proposed algorithm, various out-of-step conditions are simulated by applying disturbances at various locations in the above chosen power system configurations. For hardware implementation and testing of the algorithm, a digital signal processing board (ADSP-BF533 from Analog Devices ) is used. To test the performance of the developed digital relay in a closed loop, real time power system signals are necessary and therefore for this purpose, a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) available in the power research laboratory is used. The RTDS simulator mimics the actual power systems in real time. The signals required by the relays can be tapped from the RTDS and the signals coming from relay can be fed back into the RTDS, which makes the closed loop testing of the digital relay possible. This research has yielded a simple out-of-step algorithm and unlike the other out-of-step detection techniques proposed in the literature does not need offline system studies to arrive at a solution.The developed digital out-of-step relay is capable of making decisions based only on the information available from its point of installation, thus it avoids the communication devices which is advantageous for the out-of-step protection of a complex power system. Finally, the simulation results show that the proposed algorithm can be applied to any power configurations and is faster compared to the conventional concentric rectangle schemes used in the literature.</p>

Submitted by Johnny Rodrigues (johnnyrodrigues@ufcg.edu.br) on 2018-04-20T22:58:46Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JAMILE PINHEIRO NASCIMENTO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEE 2014..pdf: 2146495 bytes, checksum: e397e112357d55c0badad1a62f5324cf (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-04-20T22:58:46Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JAMILE PINHEIRO NASCIMENTO - DISSERTAÇÃO PPGEE 2014..pdf: 2146495 bytes, checksum: e397e112357d55c0badad1a62f5324cf (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014-08 / Um algoritmo de proteção adaptativa para solucionar o problema da proteção de sistemas com geração distribuída é proposto. O algoritmo modifica as configurações dos relés de forma on-line, utilizando como informação de entrada, os estados dos disjuntores. Ao final, constatou-se que mesmo com a entrada ou saída dos geradores distribuídos, o sistema de distribuição continuou a ser protegido. Para validar o algoritmo utilizou-se um sistema-teste do IEEE e o Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). / An adaptive protection algorithm to solve protecting systems with distributed generation problem is proposed. The algorithm modifies relays settings on on-line form, using circuit breakers state as input information. At the end, it was found that even with the input or output of distributed generators, distribution system continued to be protected. To validate the algorithm it was used an IEEE test system and the Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS).

Submitted by Renata Lopes (renatasil82@gmail.com) on 2016-07-27T14:50:55Z No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinaventuripinheiro.pdf: 2690052 bytes, checksum: 1d8da177ba05614f2f5b1f876bebdaa4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Adriana Oliveira (adriana.oliveira@ufjf.edu.br) on 2016-07-27T15:51:51Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinaventuripinheiro.pdf: 2690052 bytes, checksum: 1d8da177ba05614f2f5b1f876bebdaa4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2016-07-27T15:51:51Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 carolinaventuripinheiro.pdf: 2690052 bytes, checksum: 1d8da177ba05614f2f5b1f876bebdaa4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-04-07 / FAPEMIG - Fundação de Amparo à Pesquisa do Estado de Minas Gerais / Uma questão importante para a inserção da geração distribuída (GD) é a confiabilidade e a qualidade de energia fornecida aos consumidores. Este trabalho visa analisar a conexão de um sistema fotovoltaico (PV) e seus efeitos na rede elétrica utilizando simulação em tempo real. O sistema de simulação implementado consiste de sistemas fotovoltaicos, conversores de energia, carga variável e rede elétrica, implementados em um Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS), enquanto que o controle é executado a partir da plataforma dSPACE, caracterizando uma sistema de simulação do tipo Hardware In the Loop (HIL). Os modelos de carga foram desenvolvidos com base em perfis de demanda reais, a partir de três alimentadores de distribuição diferentes da cidade de Leopoldina, no estado de Minas Gerais. Os dados de medição dos alimentadores foram tomados com um intervalo de 15 minutos, totalizando um tempo de medição de 24 horas. Dados de radiação solar usadas nos modelos PV foi medido no Labsolar - Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, também por um período de 24 horas. O propósito deste estudo é executar uma simulação HIL, combinando RTDS e dSPACE, que é um controlador digital. Com o tempo real é possível investigar o comportamento do sistema com a potência injetada pelo sistema PV, incluindo o controle do inversor utilizado para acoplar os diferentes sistemas fotovoltaicos à rede, em uma modelagem que se aproxima da realidade, com menores custos de implementação e maior segurança. Os resultados mostram uma comparação entre a potência ativa e reativa injetada pelos sistemas fotovoltaicos e a rede, e a energia consumida pelas cargas, validando a estratégia de controle implementada. / An important issue for the integration of Distributed Generation (DG) is the reliability and quality of energy supplied to consumers. This work aims at analyzing the grid connection of a photovoltaic (PV) system and its effects on the electrical network using realtime simulation. The implemented simulation system consists of photovoltaic systems, power converters, variable load and electrical grid, implemented in Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) while the control is run from the dSPACE controller, creating a Hardware In the Loop (HIL) platform. The load models were developed based on actual demand profile from three different distribution feeders of the city of Leopoldina, in the state of Minas Gerais. The feeders’ measurement data was taken with an interval of 15 minutes, with a total measurement time of 24 hours. Solar radiation data used in the PV models has been measured at the Solar Laboratory – Universidade Federal de Juiz de Fora, also for a 24-hour period. The purpose of this study is to perform a HIL simulation, combining RTDS and dSPACE, which is a digital controller. With real-time/ HIL simulation, it is possible to investigate the behavior of the system with the power injected by the PV system, including inverter control used to attach the different photovoltaic systems to the grid, in a model which approaches reality, with low implementation cost and higher safety. Results show a comparison between the active and reactive power injected by the photovoltaic system and network, and the power consumed by the loads, verifying the implemented control strategy.

Submitted by Automa??o e Estat?stica (sst@bczm.ufrn.br) on 2018-02-15T13:47:25Z No. of bitstreams: 1 JonathaRevoredoLeiteDaFonseca_DISSERT.pdf: 6647169 bytes, checksum: 89682e384a5fef047471acede0d629b4 (MD5) / Approved for entry into archive by Arlan Eloi Leite Silva (eloihistoriador@yahoo.com.br) on 2018-02-20T21:24:35Z (GMT) No. of bitstreams: 1 JonathaRevoredoLeiteDaFonseca_DISSERT.pdf: 6647169 bytes, checksum: 89682e384a5fef047471acede0d629b4 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-20T21:24:35Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 JonathaRevoredoLeiteDaFonseca_DISSERT.pdf: 6647169 bytes, checksum: 89682e384a5fef047471acede0d629b4 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-07-06 / Este trabalho tem como objetivo propor uma Smart Grid composta por duas subesta??es para a implanta??o da t?cnica de self healing utilizando o Simulador Digital em Tempo Real (RTDS ? Real Time Digital Simulator) e rel?s de prote??o IEDs (Intelligent Electronic Devices) com comunica??o atrav?s da padr?o IEC 61850 entre eles. Nas redes el?tricas de distribui??o, t?cnicas de recomposi??o autom?tica (self healing) podem ser usadas com o intuito de diminuir os tempos com a perda do fornecimento de energia el?trica aos consumidores ocasionado por curto-circuito, diminuindo assim os preju?zos aos consumidores e em decorr?ncia de multas. A metodologia aplicada ? baseada na modelagem do circuito proposto no RTDS, que ? monitorado em tempo real. S?o simulados v?rios tipos de curtos-circuitos em diferentes pontos do sistema e, na ocorr?ncia de cada falta gerada, o programa desenvolvido analisa os dados do sistema pr? e p?s falta, isolando o trecho do circuito afetado e ir? reconfigurar automaticamente a rede de forma a restabelecer o fornecimento de energia para as cargas afetadas. A escolha do arranjo final da rede, ap?s o processo de reconfigura??o autom?tica, ser? baseada em um processo de otimiza??o intitulado Reconfigura??o por Soma de Pot?ncias ? RSP. A comunica??o entre o RTDS e os IEDs (que fazem a prote??o de parte do sistema) utiliza o padr?o IEC 61850 com troca de mensagens GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event) aplicando os aspectos relevantes desse padr?o. / This work aims to propose a Smart Grid composed of two substations for the implementation of the self healing technique using Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS) and IED (Intelligent Electronic Devices) protection relays with communication through standard IEC 61850 between them. In distribution networks, self healing techniques can be used in order to reduce the times with the loss of electricity supply to consumers caused by a short circuit, thus reducing the losses to consumers and due to fines. The methodology applied is based on the proposed circuit modeling in the RTDS, which is monitored in real time. Several types of short circuits are simulated at different points in the system and, in each fault generated, the program developed analyze the pre and post fault system data, isolating the section affected and automatically reconfiguring the circuit to restore the power supply to the affected loads. The choice of the final network arrangement, after the automatic reconfiguration process, is based on an optimization process called Reconfiguration by Power Addition - RPA .Communication between RTDS and IEDs (which protect part of the system) use the IEC 61850 standard with GOOSE (Generic Object Oriented Substation Event) message exchange applying the relevant aspects of this standard.

abstract: The Solid State Transformer (SST) is an essential component in the FREEDM system. This research focuses on the modeling of the SST and the controller hardware in the loop (CHIL) implementation of the SST for the support of the FREEDM system demonstration. The energy based control strategy for a three-stage SST is analyzed and applied. A simplified average model of the three-stage SST that is suitable for simulation in real time digital simulator (RTDS) has been developed in this study. The model is also useful for general time-domain power system analysis and simulation. The proposed simplified av-erage model has been validated in MATLAB and PLECS. The accuracy of the model has been verified through comparison with the cycle-by-cycle average (CCA) model and de-tailed switching model. These models are also implemented in PSCAD, and a special strategy to implement the phase shift modulation has been proposed to enable the switching model simulation in PSCAD. The implementation of the CHIL test environment of the SST in RTDS is described in this report. The parameter setup of the model has been discussed in detail. One of the dif-ficulties is the choice of the damping factor, which is revealed in this paper. Also the grounding of the system has large impact on the RTDS simulation. Another problem is that the performance of the system is highly dependent on the switch parameters such as voltage and current ratings. Finally, the functionalities of the SST have been realized on the platform. The distributed energy storage interface power injection and reverse power flow have been validated. Some limitations are noticed and discussed through the simulation on RTDS. / Dissertation/Thesis / M.S. Electrical Engineering 2014

Ingeniero Civil Eléctrico / En este documento se describe el diseño de un protocolo de pruebas de aceptación en fábrica (FAT), para validar el funcionamiento de un esquema de protección especial (SIPS) antes de ser instalado en terreno. Este esquema será implementado debido a la conexión de un parque fotovoltaico y uno eólico en una línea de transmisión de doble circuito que está próxima a su límite térmico de transmisión. El SIPS tiene como objetivo aumentar la capacidad de transmisión de estas líneas, omitiendo el criterio de seguridad N-1, y protegerlas, siendo lo suficientemente rápido para actuar frente a sobrecargas de las líneas cercanas o frente a contingencias extremas. Las pruebas serán llevadas a cabo con una plataforma de simulación en tiempo real (RTDS), utilizando un modelo del sistema eléctrico para el área involucrada, y aplicando el método de hardware in the loop. Las pruebas involucran verificar las señales de entrada del esquema, el funcionamiento, respuesta ante fallas/errores de equipos y una inspección general final. El desarrollo de la memoria contempla definir el conjunto de pruebas que serán aplicadas al esquema de protección para verificar las distintas funciones estableciendo los resultados esperados, crear escenarios de simulación en la RTDS con los cuales serán aplicadas las pruebas, interconectar los equipos que son necesarios para emular las condiciones que se tendrán en terreno, para finalmente ejecutar el protocolo FAT. Se culmina con una conclusión que involucra las ventajas de utilizar una plataforma de simulación en tiempo real para la ejecución de pruebas FAT, junto con mencionar los temas que pueden ser abordados en un trabajo futuro.

Future naval ships will be all-electric, with an integrated power system that combines the propulsion power system with the rest of the ship?s electrical distribution system. Reconfiguration of the power system will increase fight-through and survivability of ships, but will also require the systems that support the power system, such as the protection system, to be automatically updated to match current power system needs. This thesis presents an adaptive relaying scheme for shipboard power systems, to automatically modify relay settings after power system topology changes. Multiple Groups of relay settings are predetermined and stored in the digital relays that are protecting the power system. The active Group of settings is automatically determined based on the open/close status of breakers and switches. The developed protection scheme is tested on two test cases by digital simulation using CAPE software and on one case by closed-loop simulation with RTDS and SEL-351S relays.

The protection system in a shipboard power system plays a vital role in detecting the fault conditions, isolating the faulted zone and preventing the fault propagation into other vital sections onboard the ship. The protection system should be able to remove faults and restore the service to all the vital loads rapidly. In order to design the protection system, preliminary hardware-in-the-loop testing is done using bus differential relay hardware and a Real Time Digital Simulator (RTDS). In this thesis work, based upon the functionalities of the relay hardware the software differential relay model is designed and simulated using the RSCAD Version 2.00 software suite and RTDS. The software differential relay model developed in RSCAD was tested on a terrestrial power system and a shipboard power system test case for various fault conditions, and its functionalities are validated based upon the hardware-in-the-loop test results.