Analyze the effects produced by the educational policies implemented in the rural schools in the corresponding period between 1997 and 2010 in the State of Sergipe is the main objective of this thesis. The central question of the thesis is about understanding the implementation of federal programs in the rural schools in the state of Sergipe have produced changes in educational policy peasant? If present contradictions, and there from programs such possibility of overcoming the current educational context in the interests of workers in the field? For policy analysis of Rural Education in the State of Sergipe was identified and analyzed five educational programs that formed the Rural Education in the last thirteen years: the National Education Program in Agrarian Reform (PRONERA); Program Pro-Youth Field of Knowledge land, the Program in Education Quilombos; Active School Program, and the PROCAMPO - Degree in Education Field. A qualitative study and multireferential worked with both Marxist thinkers, as with researchers who develop important theories for public policy analysis in the field of political science. The research instruments used were: analysis of official documents and content of the programs, and interviews with professionals (clerks, teachers, coordinators) responsible for the implementation of educational policies. In findings highlight the Active School Program was the Field Education program present in greater number of municipalities (more than 90% of the municipalities surveyed). The Education Program in Quilombo was the only program that was not identified in any municipality, even in those who have maroon communities like Orange, Cumbia and Well Redondo. Most schools peasant still works in makeshift buildings and in extremely inappropriate. In terms of materials, most students peasants relies only on the textbook adopted for urban schools. Exceptions are only for students on programs Active School and Youth Field Pro-Knowledge of the Earth, which has proper manuals. The continuing education of teachers, essential for ensuring the success of educational policy, there was also very timely in some counties and was completely non-existent in most of them. In this matter there was always a divergent understanding among teachers and secretaries who participated in the survey. In all municipalities surveyed educational funding is borne by persons of municipal public management that are not directly tied to education. Municipalities who participated in this research and that form a representative sample of the state, (a) Secretary (a) education is responsible only for administrative actions and pedagogical therefore financial stocks are the responsibility of the departments of finance. The survey showed that in the Sergipe Rural Education as educational policy is still in an early stage of implementation, working through specific projects or programs of the federal government. / Analisar os efeitos produzidos pelas políticas educacionais implementadas nas escolas do campo no período correspondente entre 1997 e 2010 no Estado de Sergipe é o principal objetivo desta Tese. A pergunta central da tese versa sobre compreender se a implementação dos programas do governo federal nas escolas do campo no Estado de Sergipe têm produzido transformações na política educacional camponesa? Se apresentam contradições, e se há a partir de tais programas possibilidade de superação do contexto educacional atual segundo os interesses dos trabalhadores do campo? Para análise da política de Educação do Campo no Estado de Sergipe foi identificado e analisado cinco programas educacionais que constituíram a Educação do Campo nos últimos treze anos: o Programa Nacional de Educação na Reforma Agrária (PRONERA); o Programa Pro Jovem Campo-Saberes da Terra; o Programa Educação nos Quilombos; o Programa Escola Ativa; e o PROCAMPO Licenciatura em Educação do Campo. A pesquisa de abordagem qualitativa e multirreferencial trabalhou tanto com pensadores marxistas, como com pesquisadores que desenvolvem teorias importantes para análise da política pública no campo das ciências políticas. Os instrumentos de pesquisa utilizados foram: análise de documentos oficiais e dos conteúdos dos programas, e entrevistas com profissionais (secretários, professores, coordenadores) responsáveis pela implementação das políticas educacionais. Nos resultados encontrados destacamos que o Programa Escola Ativa era o programa de Educação do Campo presente em maior quantidade de municípios (mais de 90% dos municípios pesquisados). O Programa Educação nos Quilombos foi o único programa que não foi identificado em nenhum município, mesmo nos que têm comunidades quilombolas como Laranjeiras, Cumbe e Poço Redondo. A maioria das escolas camponesas ainda funciona em prédios improvisados e em condições extremamente impróprias. Em termos de materiais, a maioria dos alunos camponeses conta somente com o livro didático adotado para as escolas da zona urbana. Excetuam-se apenas dos alunos dos programas Escola Ativa e Pro Jovem Campo-Saberes da Terra, que tem manuais próprios. A formação continuada de professores, elemento fundamental para garantir o sucesso da politica educativa, existia também muito pontualmente em alguns municípios e era completamente inexistente na maioria deles. Nessa questão havia sempre uma compreensão divergente entre os professores e os secretários que participaram da pesquisa. Em todos os municípios pesquisados o financiamento educacional é assumido por pessoas da gestão pública municipal que não estão diretamente vinculados à educação. Dos municípios que participaram dessa pesquisa e que formam uma amostra representativa do Estado, o(a) secretário(a) de educação é responsável somente pelas ações administrativas e pedagógicas, pois, as ações financeiras estão sob a responsabilidade das secretarias de finanças. A pesquisa realizada mostrou que em Sergipe a Educação do Campo enquanto política educacional encontra-se ainda num primeiro estágio de implementação, funcionando através de projetos ou programas pontuais do governo federal.

Submitted by Juliana Correa (juliana.correa@unioeste.br) on 2017-09-05T11:22:08Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Maricelia A. Nurmberg2017.pdf: 6875793 bytes, checksum: edab78caab8396c9e689a7395c84bbab (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-09-05T11:22:08Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Maricelia A. Nurmberg2017.pdf: 6875793 bytes, checksum: edab78caab8396c9e689a7395c84bbab (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-06-02 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This research had as object of investigation the rescue of the history of the Education of the Municipality of Enéas Marques between 1960 and 1992. From this object I raise the following problem: 1) How did the process of constitution and closure of the School Institutions of the municipality of Enéas Marques in the years of 1960-1992? 2) What is the social function of these institutions? The goal of this research was to analyze the historical, political, social, local, regional, and national context of educational history, aiming at identifying schools that were in the past, who were the mentors or organizers, how they were structured and organized, who were teachers, students attended, as well as which institutions are still in operation. The object was delimited as early 1960 as in 1961 the year in which Vila Jaracatiá was elevated to the category of Administrative District of Francisco Beltrão and in 1964 emancipated being constituted in the municipality of Enéas Marques, dismembered of the territory of Francisco Beltrão. The final cut was the year of 1992 for the emancipation of the municipality of Nova Esperança of the Southwest and the intensification of the process of municipalization of education until the 4th grade and the progress of the process of closing the rural schools with the intensification of the nuclearization process. The intention was to rescue the history of the schools in the municipality, many of them nonexistent and that were closed definitively without taking into account the essentially rural reality of the municipality. We use historical-dialectical materialism as a support to understand the historical process of school creation, organization and closure, through the analysis of documentary sources, oral testimonies, magazines, photos, and bibliographies on the subject. The research made possible the collection of general data of the education of the Municipality of Enéas Marques from 1960 to 1992, aspects of organization of the municipality and a panorama on the rural education that was the form of education until the 1990s. The municipality still remains essentially agricultural. Due to the policies adopted and by idioms or cost-saving discourses, it was decided to close almost all rural schools. / Esta pesquisa teve como objeto de investigação o resgate da história da Educação do Município de Enéas Marques entre 1960 e 1992. A partir desse objeto levanto a seguinte problemática: 1)como ocorreu o processo de constituição e fechamento das Instituições Escolares do município de Enéas Marques nos anos de 1960-1992? 2)Qual a função social dessas instituições? O objetivo da pesquisa foi analisar a constituição da histórica educacional a partir do contexto histórico, político, social, local, regional e nacional, visando identificar as escolas existentes no passado, quem foram os mentores ou organizadores, como eram estruturadas e organizadas, quem eram os professores, alunos atendidos, bem como quais as instituições que ainda estão em funcionamento. O objeto foi delimitado como início o ano de 1960 por ser em 1961 o ano em que a Vila Jaracatiá foi elevada à categoria de Distrito Administrativo de Francisco Beltrão e em 1964 se emancipou constituindo-se no município de Enéas Marques, desmembrado do território de Francisco Beltrão. O recorte final foi o ano de 1992 pela emancipação do município de Nova Esperança do Sudoeste e a intensificação do processo de municipalização da educação até a 4ª série e o avanço do processo de fechamento das escolas rurais com a intensificação do processo de Nuclearização. O intuito foi resgatar a história das escolas do município, muitas delas inexistentes e que foram fechadas de forma definitiva sem levar em consideração a realidade essencialmente rural do município. Utilizamos o materialismo histórico-dialético como suporte para compreender o processo histórico de criação das escolas, organização e fechamento, por meio da análise de fontes documentais, depoimentos orais, revistas, fotos, e bibliografias sobre a temática. A pesquisa possibilitou o levantamento de dados gerais da educação do Município de Enéas Marques de 1960 a 1992, aspectos de organização do município e um panorama sobre a educação rural que era a forma encontrada de educação até a década de 1990. O município ainda permanece essencialmente agrícola. Pelas políticas adotadas e por modismos ou discursos de economizar gastos, optou-se pelo fechamento de quase totalidade das escolas rurais.

Submitted by Neusa Fagundes (neusa.fagundes@unioeste.br) on 2018-02-16T17:48:20Z No. of bitstreams: 2 Claudia_Kliemann2017.pdf: 2667095 bytes, checksum: 249302b94409521033e570ab4886c054 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2018-02-16T17:48:20Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 2 Claudia_Kliemann2017.pdf: 2667095 bytes, checksum: 249302b94409521033e570ab4886c054 (MD5) license_rdf: 0 bytes, checksum: d41d8cd98f00b204e9800998ecf8427e (MD5) Previous issue date: 2017-04-27 / In the early years of the century XXI, the Brazilian formal education offered to the populations of rural areas has been reformulated and re-signified. A new modality of Basic Education was structured, Rural Education, which is regulated at the national level, manly by Operational Guidelines of the Rural Education (BRASIL, 2001a) and in the state level by the Curricular Guidelines of the Rural Education (PARANÁ, 2006), in which intended schools in the countryside offering an Rural Education. Science education provides meaningful, historical and contextualized teaching to students (KRASILCHIK, 2000) and these concerns are also considered to be the basis for Rural Education. Thus, the science teaching of the rural schools should be presented in a dialogical, in which the established problematizations are contextualized with the reality of the students, disturbing their prior knowledge, articulating the concepts and establishing the scientific knowledge. As a guide to the process, the teacher guides the way of the dialogical process of teaching science in the rural schools. In this way, this research has the objective of characterizing the Rural Education and the teaching of Sciences in this context, by verifying the perceptions of the science teachers in the rural state schools of the city of Toledo/PR. Twelve Sciences teachers of the rural state schools of Toledo/PR and two technicians of the Regional Education Center of this city took part in the research. The instrument of data collection was an individual interview from a semistructured questionnaire. The statements provided in the interviews were analyzed through the technique of Content Analysis, as formulated by the french thinker Laurence Bardin (1977). The results show that teachers know little about the Rural Education legislation and the respective basic documents, the rural schools are characterized as particular spaces because of the context in which they are inserted, and therefore also, the teachers seek to assume a differentiated pedagogical practice with the aim of bringing curricular contents closer to students' reality. There is also the perception that the continuing education offered by the Regional Education Center hasn‟t address the theme to date. The considerable turnover of teachers was evident, which is pointed out as one of the factors that makes it more difficult to know the students' reality. Thus, internal character of actions in schools and other linked to the State Department of Education must be coordinated to enable the realization of Rural Education in rural schools. / Nos anos iniciais do século XXI, a educação formal brasileira ofertada para as populações de áreas rurais têm sido reformulada e ressignificada. Estruturou-se uma nova modalidade de ensino da Educação Básica, a Educação do Campo, que está regulamentada na esfera nacional, principalmente, pelas Diretrizes Operacionais da Educação do Campo (BRASIL, 2001a) e, na esfera estadual, pelas Diretrizes Curriculares da Educação do Campo (PARANÁ, 2006), na qual se pretende escolas no campo oferecendo uma Educação do Campo. O ensino de Ciências prevê um ensino significativo, histórico e contextualizado aos estudantes (KRASILCHIK, 2000) e essas preocupações são consideradas como basilares também para a Educação do Campo. Assim, o ensino de Ciências das escolas do campo oportunizado aos estudantes deve se apresentar de forma dialógica, no qual as problematizações estabelecidas sejam contextualizadas com a realidade dos estudantes, mobilizando os seus conhecimentos prévios, articulando os conceitos e estabelecendo os conhecimentos científicos. Como guia do processo, o professor orienta o caminho do processo dialógico do ensino de Ciências nas escolas do campo. Nesse sentido, essa pesquisa tem o objetivo de caracterizar a Educação do Campo e o ensino de Ciências nesse contexto, para isso verificando as percepções dos docentes da disciplina nas escolas estaduais do campo do município de Toledo/PR. Participaram da pesquisa 12 professores de Ciências das escolas estaduais do campo do município de Toledo/PR e dois técnicos do Núcleo Regional de Educação local. O instrumento de coleta de dados foi entrevista individual a partir de um questionário semiestruturado. As declarações prestadas nas entrevistas foram analisadas por meio da técnica da Análise de Conteúdo, conforme formulada pela pensadora francesa Laurence Bardin (1977). Os resultados apontam que os professores conhecem pouco a legislação da Educação do Campo e os respectivos documentos basilares, as escolas do campo são caracterizadas como espaços particulares devido ao contexto em que estão inseridas e, por isso, também os professores buscam assumir uma prática pedagógica diferenciada, com o intuito de aproximar os conteúdos curriculares da realidade dos estudantes. Há também a percepção de que as formações continuadas ofertadas pelo Núcleo Regional de Educação não abordaram a temática até o momento. Ficou evidente a considerável rotatividade dos professores, que é apontada como um dos fatores que mais dificulta o conhecimento da realidade dos estudantes. Assim, ações de caráter interno nas escolas e outras vinculadas à Secretaria de Estado da Educação precisam ser articuladas para viabilizar a efetivação da Educação do Campo nas escolas do Campo.

Submitted by Jorge Silva (jorgelmsilva@ufrrj.br) on 2017-07-21T19:17:16Z No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Jadna Maria de Ara?jo.pdf: 1391452 bytes, checksum: e4866c403060aa11d7b68c4a0655220a (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2017-07-21T19:17:16Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 2016 - Jadna Maria de Ara?jo.pdf: 1391452 bytes, checksum: e4866c403060aa11d7b68c4a0655220a (MD5) Previous issue date: 2016-06-16 / This research aims to discuss the issue of the digital divide in rural schools and collaborate with study to accelerate the process of digital inclusion in schools in rural areas. Digital inclusion, used in schools can help students developing an informed and critical understanding of the nature mass media, the techniques used, and the impact of these techniques to the use of responsibly. While digital inclusion will have been widely debated in urban areas, this study was necessary to understand the importance of using technology in rural areas of the country. We should consider that much has been said about the use of technology in the educational context, but little is known about the process of digital inclusion in rural areas. Although provided for in legislation and education programs of our country, it is a process still in early stages of implementation in schools located in rural areas - and in some schools this process has not even started. The work was developed with bibliographical and exploratory research. At first, the concepts of literacy and digital inclusion were raised. Also discussed is the inclusion of public policies and the role of education in the process of inclusion. The empirical part of the research was divided into several stages: a survey was made of the computerization of shares in the laboratory of the surveyed public school, as well as investment, infrastructure and courses held in the computer training of teachers and students. With the data obtained, it was possible to evaluate the process of digital inclusion in rural schools of Pernambuco hinterland. We have seen that there are several factors that complicate the pedagogical integration of ICT in schools, because there is still no management developed for the computer lab of schools, and the few developed activities proved to be based on improvisations that do not meet the use objectives so proper. We have also seen that it is not enough to equip schools with computer labs. It is necessary to enhance the development of specific actions for each school reality and available human and financial resources so that ICT can be used as a learning tool. / Esta pesquisa tem como objetivo problematizar a quest?o da exclus?o digital em escolas rurais e colaborar com investiga??es para a acelera??o do processo de inclus?o digital nas escolas do meio rural. A inclus?o digital, trabalhada no ?mbito escolar, pode ajudar os alunos a desenvolverem uma compreens?o consciente e cr?tica da natureza dos meios de comunica??o de massa, das t?cnicas utilizadas, e o impacto dessas t?cnicas, para que as use de forma respons?vel. Embora a inclus?o digital j? venha sendo bastante debatida nos meios urbanos, este estudo se fez necess?rio para entendermos a import?ncia do uso das tecnologias no ?mbito rural do pa?s. Devemos considerar que muito j? foi dito a respeito do uso de tecnologias no contexto educacional, mas pouco se sabe sobre o processo de inclus?o digital no meio rural. Embora previsto na legisla??o e nos programas de Educa??o de nosso pa?s, trata-se de um processo ainda em fase inicial de implementa??o nas escolas localizadas na zona rural - e em algumas escolas esse processo ainda nem come?ou. O trabalho foi desenvolvido com pesquisa bibliogr?fica e explorat?ria. No primeiro momento, foram levantados os conceitos de alfabetiza??o e de inclus?o digital. Tamb?m discutiram-se as pol?ticas p?blicas de inclus?o, assim como o papel da Educa??o dentro do processo de inclus?o. A parte emp?rica da pesquisa se desdobrou em v?rias etapas: foi feito um levantamento das a??es de informatiza??o no laborat?rio da escola p?blica pesquisada, assim como os investimentos, infraestrutura e cursos realizados nos treinamentos de inform?tica de professores e alunos. Com os dados obtidos, foi poss?vel avaliar o processo de inclus?o digital nas escolas rurais do sert?o pernambucano. Vimos que h? v?rios fatores que dificultam a inser??o pedag?gica das TICs nas escolas, pois ainda n?o existe uma gest?o elaborada para o laborat?rio de inform?tica das escolas, e as poucas atividades desenvolvidas mostraram-se baseadas em improvisos que n?o atingem os objetivos de uso de maneira adequada. Vimos tamb?m que n?o basta equipar as escolas com laborat?rios de inform?tica. ? necess?rio potencializar o desenvolvimento de a??es espec?ficas para cada realidade escolar, e disponibilizar recursos humanos e financeiros necess?rios, para que as TICs possam ser utilizadas como instrumento de aprendizagem.

Orientador: Maria Angela Miorim / Dissertação (mestrado) - Universidade Estadual de Campinas, Faculdade de Educação / Made available in DSpace on 2018-08-25T03:52:05Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 Fernandes_LuziadeFatimaBarbosa_M.pdf: 5039326 bytes, checksum: d3ddfd08dd5c7ef7299a886eaa4bc934 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2014 / Resumo: Esta investigação, que utilizou a História Oral como método de pesquisa, conforme proposto por Garnica (2010), teve o objetivo central de estudar práticas de ensinar/aprender Matemática nas séries iniciais do ensino fundamental de escolas rurais de Tanabi-SP, durante a segunda metade do século XX. As práticas de ensino de Matemática são entendidas neste estudo como relacionadas a "um grande conjunto, difícil de delimitar e que, a título provisório, pode ser designado como o dos procedimentos. São esquemas de operações e manipulações técnicas" (CERTEAU, 2004, p.109). Apresentado em quatro capítulos, o estudo contemplou, num primeiro momento, aspectos do surgimento das escolas rurais no município em sua relação com o movimento mais amplo de criação destas escolas no Estado de São Paulo. Em seguida, discutiu condições de funcionamento das escolas, dando especial atenção à formação dos professores e às práticas escolares. No terceiro capítulo, a atenção foi dedicada às práticas específicas no ensino da Matemática: na escrita de números, nas operações de adição, subtração, multiplicação e divisão, e no trabalho com a tabuada. Nas considerações finais apresentamos algumas reflexões sobre as práticas de ensino de Matemática de nossos colaboradores, considerando, assim como Fiorentini (1995), que "cada professor constrói idiossincraticamente seu ideário pedagógico a partir de pressupostos teóricos e de sua reflexão sobre a prática" (p. 3). Nessas reflexões apontamos para apropriações da Matemática Moderna que se entrecruzam com pressupostos da Escola Nova / Abstract: This research, that used oral History as a research method, as proposed by Garnica (2010), has as its main objective of studying practices of teaching/learning Mathematics in the early grades of elementary schools in Tanabi-SP during the final years of the twentieth century. Teaching practices of Mathematics are understood - in this study - as related to "a large set that is difficult to define and, provisionally, may be designated as the procedures. Schemes are technical operations and manipulations" (CERTEAU, 2004, p.109). Presented in four chapters, the research tried to show, at first, some aspects of the establishment of rural schools in Tanabi, SP and its relationship with the wider movement for the creation of this type of schools in the State of São Paulo. We then discussed how these schools operated, paying special attention to the training of teachers and school practices. In the third chapter,attention was devoted to specific practice math, such as writing number in the four operations (addition, subtraction, multiplication and division), and the work with the multiplication tables. In the "Conclusion", we present some reflections on the practices of Mathematics teaching of teachers who were interviewed, considering, as Fiorentini (1995), that "each teacher builds idiosyncratically his pedagogical ideas from theoretical assumptions and their reflection on practice" (p.3). These reflections aim to appropriations Modern Mathematics assumptions that intersect with the fundamentals of the Brazilian movement called "New School" / Mestrado / Ensino e Práticas Culturais / Mestra em Educação

Dans les années 1960/1970, toutes les études ont montré que les élèves issus de milieux défavorisés ont de moins bons résultats que ceux issus de milieux favorisés (Coleman, 1966 ; Bourdieu & Passeron, 1964 et 1970 ; Baudelot & Establet, 1971). Les recherches menées durant les années 1990/2000 ont démontré que les élèves des écoles rurales obtiennent de bonnes performances scolaires (Oeuvrard, 1993 ; Lebossé, 1998, les travaux de l’Observatoire de l’École Rurale, 2001 et 2005). Or, les territoires ruraux sont majoritairement composés de familles issues de milieux défavorisés. Quelles sont alors les raisons de ces bons résultats ? La présente étude a pour objectif de vérifier les hypothèses selon lesquelles un effet-établissement, un effet-classe et un effet-maître, spécifiques aux écoles rurales expliquent ces performances. Afin de valider ces hypothèses, une enquête est menée concernant les résultats aux évaluations nationales de 2011, des 1 810 élèves de CM2 des écoles du département des Alpes de Haute-Provence. Elle est exploitée au moyen de calculs statistiques et d’une analyse de contenu des rapports d’inspection des enseignants de ces élèves. Les conclusions de cette recherche révèlent que ce sont des effets structurels, liés à la spécificité des écoles rurales qui sont les déterminants de ces résultats scolaires. Ce sont en effet, les écoles primaires, celles de moins de cinq classes, les classes à plusieurs cours, le peu d’élèves scolarisés dans une classe ainsi que les gestes professionnels spécifiques et les qualités professionnelles des enseignants qui expliquent ces performances. / In the 1960s/1970s, all the studies have reported that pupils from disadvantaged backgrounds perform less well in school than those from advantaged backgrounds (Coleman, 1966 ; Bourdieu & Passeron, 1964 et 1970 ; Baudelot & Establet, 1971).Research during the 1990s/2000s has shown that pupils from rural schools get good performance (Oeuvrard, 1993 ; Lebossé, 1998, the works of the Rural School Observatory, 2001 et 2005).Yet rural territories are mostly composed of families who come from disadvantaged backgrounds. So, what are the reasons for these good results ?The objective of this study is to test the hypotheses that the effect of the establishment, the effect of the class and the effect of the teacher, which are specific to rural school, explain this good performance.To validate these hypotheses, a survey was conducted concerning the results of national assessments in 2011, for the 1810 pupils in CM2 of the schools situated in the department of Alpes de Haute-Provence. The data is used by means of statistical calculations and a content analysis of the inspection reports of these pupils' teachers.The findings of this research reveal that it is structural effects which are linked to the specificity of rural schools that are the determinants of these educational outcomes. These are in fact primary schools, those less than five classes, multigrade classrooms, only a few pupils enrolled in a class as well as teachers' specific professional acts and professional skills that explain this good performance.

Doctorat en sciences psychologiques / info:eu-repo/semantics/nonPublished

In rural areas, including rural schools, the water intended for human consumption may not have quality, due to problems in their capture and storage, leaving the rural population in the mercy of contamination and diseases of hydric veiculation. This work has the follows objectives: a) achieve a diagnosis of the quality of water for human consumption in schools and rural communities of the Central Region of Rio Grande do Sul, b) verify its relationship with the system of water supply used, their level of maintenance, the hygienic situation of the establishments and the existence of point and diffuse sources of pollution. To do so, it was selected up the municipalities of Jaguari, São Francisco de Assis, Santa Maria, São Sepé and Tupanciretã, therefore include different agricultural and social realities. In these municipalities, were sampled 34 schools in rural communities which do not participate in programmes official tracking of water quality. There were, within one year, three collections of water, which was characterized in chemistry, physics, organoleptic and biologically. Moreover, the points of collection were characterized environmentally through photographs and a spreadsheet. Of the 34 points monitored, 64.7% are supplied by well tubular, has 35.3% of surface water catchment and none has treatment of water and sewage. São Francisco de Assis is the council that sets water quality with greater commitment, because of four of the eight schools and rural communities is supplied by surface water, come from sources and wells poorly constructed. However, the municipality Tupanciretã presented the highest number of points with drinking water of good quality, because of six of the seven points are supplied by wells and by tubular perform and had annual cleaning of the water reservoirs. In all monitored points 73.5% are supplied through water in disagreement of the limits established by Order Nº 518/2004 of the Ministry of Health for the parameters evaluated. Thus, it appears that most of the users of schools and rural communities of the Central Region of RS are consuming water out of the patterns of drinking stipulated by Brazilian legislation and the improvement of water quality offered depends on dissemination of technologies for sanitation and the efficient use of methodologies for the environmental education of the residents of rural areas. / No meio rural, incluindo as escolas rurais, a água destinada ao consumo humano pode não ter boa qualidade, em decorrência de problemas na sua captação e no seu armazenamento, deixando a população rural a mercê de contaminações e de doenças de veiculação hídrica. O presente trabalho tem por objetivos: a) realizar um diagnóstico da qualidade da água destinada ao consumo humano das escolas e comunidades rurais da Região Central do Rio Grande do Sul; b) verificar a sua relação com o sistema de abastecimento utilizado, seu nível de manutenção, a situação higiênica dos estabelecimentos e a existência de fontes pontuais e difusas de poluição. Para tanto, selecionou-se os municípios de Jaguari, São Francisco de Assis, Santa Maria, São Sepé e Tupanciretã, pois contemplam realidades agrícolas e sociais distintas. Nesses municípios, foram amostradas 34 escolas e comunidades rurais que não participassem de programas oficiais de monitoramento da qualidade da água. Realizaram-se, no prazo de um ano, três coletas de água, que foi caracterizada química, física, organoléptica e microbiologicamente. Além disso, os pontos de coleta foram caracterizados ambientalmente através de fotografias e de uma planilha descritiva. Dos 34 pontos monitorados, 64,7% são abastecidos por poço tubular, 35,3% tem captação de água superficial e nenhum deles conta com tratamento de água e de esgoto. São Francisco de Assis é o município que apresenta águas com maior comprometimento de qualidade, pois quatro das suas oito escolas e comunidades rurais é abastecida por água superficial, oriunda de fontes e poços mal construídos. Em contrapartida, o município de Tupanciretã apresentou o maior número de pontos com água de boa qualidade, em virtude de seis dos sete pontos serem abastecidos por poços tubulares e por executarem limpeza anual dos reservatórios de água. De todos os pontos monitorados, 73,5% é abastecido por águas em discordância dos limites estabelecidos pela Portaria Nº 518/2004 do Ministério da Saúde para os parâmetros avaliados. Assim, conclui-se que grande parte dos usuários das escolas e comunidades rurais da Região Central do RS está consumindo água fora dos padrões de potabilidade estipulados pela legislação brasileira e, que a melhoria da qualidade da água ofertada passa pela difusão de tecnologias de saneamento e pelo uso de metodologias eficientes para a educação ambiental dos moradores dos espaços rurais.

M.Ed. / Unfortunately, many teachers seem not to be aware of the role played by emotions, especially the negative ones, in the teaching and learning situation. As a result, many teachers attribute poor scholastic performance indiscriminately to either laziness or stupidity ( Pringle, 1986: 77) and other factors that are exclusive of emotional problems. Because of these negative attitudes, children with emotional problems may find it difficult to learn effectively. If teachers are, therefore, not trained to teach children with emotional problems, children's learning and overall development may continue to suffer. A secure emotional base is a pre-requisite for effective learning (Winkley, 1996: 1-2 ). A learner whose emotional life is taken care of, stands a better chance of making academic progress over those who are emotionally deprived or abused.Teachers, therefore, need to be equipped with knowledge of the children's emotional life, especially the strategies for teaching children with emotional and behavioural problems. This knowledge is of vital importance if their attitudes towards children with emotional and behavioural problems is to be changed to the benefit of these children, because knowledge forms part of beliefs and beliefs are the cornerstone of attitudes ( Hewstone, Stroebe, Codol, & Stephen, 1988: 143 ). Successful learning may be enhanced by identifying the unproductive attitudes held by teachers and by inculcating positive ones by equipping them with knowledge about the emotional states of children with emotional and behavioural problems. Against this background, the problem to be researched in this study can be stated as follows : What knowledge do teachers have with regard to emotional and behavioural problems of learners? What are the perceived causes of emotional and behavioural problems in learners, and what are the attitudes of teachers with regard to these learners? What guidelines can be developed for teachers in order to enhance their teaching of these learners?

This research study examined whether the physical resources in rural secondary schools are adequate and are managed properly by the school principals, for quality education to be achieved in the Eastern Cape Province. The dramatic changes in South Africa recognized that the future depends on an education system which develops the full potential of all learners. Although the Constitution of South Africa is advocating for equal education for all, there are disparities which are evident in the quality of the infrastructure, especially in remote rural areas where the fundamental requirements for effective education are lacking such as, water, electricity, sanitation and basic educational equipment. This shows that, although policy and legislative frameworks for transforming the education system have been put in place, managing the change is still a key challenge especially that of physical resources. Management of physical resources illustrates the problems facing principals by pointing to the lack of basic facilities in many rural secondary schools. In terms of the provision and management, many challenges remain, like most schools do not have adequate physical facilities. School buildings such as classrooms are inadequate or unsafe with no toilets, libraries, laboratories and many learners and teachers do not have learner teaching support materials (LTSMs). On the other hand, in terms of the Constitution, the Department of Education is responsible for bringing redress, equality and to upholding the Constitutional values such as shared decision-making, transparency, shared accountability and empowerment for equal partnership with other stakeholders. The physical resource management is one of the major responsibilities of principals. Their leadership is largely about ensuring that a clear and shared sense of direction is developed for both leadership and management. The school viii system meant that schools have moved nearer to the communities they serve and this has led to schools being more accountable to their communities. This study further investigated whether there is a significant correlation between the management of physical resources and quality education as well as the eradication of poverty in the rural secondary schools of the ECP. The proper execution of the management tasks of planning, organizing, leading, and controlling (POLC) by the principals have contributed extensively to the success of the schools. Therefore, this will mean that the act of managing physical resources through POLC and the process of working with or through SGBs, teachers, parents, learners, EDOs and the community at large to achieve set goals of education of relevance, excellence and quality education by effectively and efficiently using the physical resources in a school climate and environment that is collegial. The study showed that there is a link between management tasks (POLC) and collegial style of leadership in the school. The literature reviewed supported the view that the invitational style of leadership and collegiality increase the potential of a school to manage its physical resources economically, efficiently and effectively, particularly in a climate where the resource handlers take ownership of the school especially in remote rural settings. The 255 out of 300 subjects (85%) chosen to participate in this study were selected on the basis of their accessibility. Convenience sampling was used to conduct the study as this ensured that the population represented stakeholders that manage physical resources at schools, such as deputy principals, head of departments and teachers. Questionnaires were distributed, completed and collected personally. The questionnaires were analyzed and gaps such as the effects of lack of physical resources and how the learners’ profile were affected were reinforced by individual and group interviews that were semi-structured as ix well as participant observations from principals at O.R Tambo, Chris Hani and Amathole District Municipalities were conducted. It was deduced from the statistical data presented that there is a significant correlation between the principals’ management tasks and the quality of education. This shows that the more the principals blend properly planning, organizing, leading and control management tasks the more the physical resources will be managed better, that is, effectively, efficiently, economically and transparently and the less the bringing together of management tasks the less the meaningful management of physical resources will be. The study supported the hypothesis that a combination of management tasks performed by the principals positively influences the proper management of physical resources in rural secondary schools of ECP. The study rejects both null hypotheses that there is no significant correlation between planning, organising, leading and controlling as leadership functions of PRs and the quality of education in rural secondary schools of ECP as well as, that principals of rural secondary schools are not expected to possess adequate leadership knowledge and skills to effectively manage available PRs in their rural secondary schools. This study affirms the view that adequate physical resources are crucial as well as the appropriate management skills of principals for high quality education to be achieved in rural secondary schools. Without adequate physical resources, proper handling of the limited physical resources and the possession of management skills by principals, rural schools are less likely to succeed in their efforts to improve education.