This dissertation offers a literary-thematic investigation based on a postcolonial approach to the representation of the Khoisan and their descendants. I restricted my scope to selected Afrikaans novels at the centre of critical attention between between 1994 and 2014. Earlier novels in this period under discussion are Dolf van Niekerk’s Koms van die hyreën (1994), Willem Kotze’s Tsats van die Kalahari (1994), Die spoorsnyer (1994), Olifantjagters (1997) and Gif (2001) by Piet van Rooyen, plus Karel Schoeman’s Verkenning (1996). Later texts in the focus are Duiwelskloof (1998) and Bidsprinkaan (2005) by André P. Brink, Dalene Matthee’s Pieternella van die Kaap (2000), Eben Venter’s Santa Gamka (2009) and most recently, the Hertzog prize winner of 2015, Buys by Willem Anker (2014). Themes central to South African literature will form the focus of the research, namely intercultural interaction between the first inhabitants of South Africa and missionaries, the question of land ownership, the language motif, and the role of religion (indigenous versus Western belief systems). Attention will also be on more specific issues such as the nature of the relationship between the Khoisan and the colonisers, the characterization of the Khoisan by the selected white authors, as well as other contemporary debates. The secondary objective of the study is to review the historical presence of the Khoisan and their descendants as reflected through the fictional lense of these authors writing over the last two decades, since democratization of the regime in 1994. My focus is particularly on the substantial cultural contribution of the Khoi and the San, as reflected through their representation in fictional works. The question will be posed whether the portrayal of Khoisan characters in novels after 1994 is different from the portrayal in fiction before 1994? My hypothesis is that in the fictional representation one finds a move towards restoration of their human dignity, yet the fact remains that all the authors are white. A different study of fictional works by coloured writers (whose numbers as Afrikaans authors grew substantially after 1994), investigating their representation of the descendants of the Khoi and the San, would in all probability yield radically different results, as the white authors imagine the characters and their consciousness from outside the community and the racial group, whereas the coloured writers belong to the community and the group that they portray.

[pt] O objetivo do estudo dessa pesquisa visou primeiramente refletir sobre a Lei 10639/03, seu corolário e projetos de implementação, buscando identificar os alcances e limites que ela se expressa, e de que forma a resignificação da história e cultura negra contribuem para a construção de novos sujeitos coletivos. Para o desenvolvimento da pesquisa foi escolhido o projeto A Cor da Cultura, um dos projetos de implementação da lei, por intermédio da análise dos materiais que compõem seu kit e entrevistas com diversos atores sociais que o vivenciaram. A referida lei caracteriza uma política que busca combater toda e qualquer prática discriminatória e racista na comunidade escolar através de uma nova valorização do patrimônio cultural afrodescendente no Brasil. É notório que o espaço escolar reproduz uma série de conceitos, idéias e práticas que contribuem efetivamente com a construção do mito da inferioridade do negro. Não se pode deixar de levar em consideração o caráter ideológico da escola. Enquanto espaço privilegiado de socialização, a escola tanto pode contribuir para a transformação da sociedade quanto para manutenção das bases hierárquicas que possibilitam as desigualdades sociais. Das cinco entrevistas feitas, com capacitadores, professores, coordenadores, o que se pode identificar é que apesar de consideraram a importância da legislação enquanto instrumento de superação do racismo, também apontam a dificuldades encontradas no cotidiano da escola por falta de uma política efetiva. / [en] This work deals with the 10.639/2003 Law, its corollary and implementation projects, with the goal of understanding its reaches and limitations. The purpose of this study is to understand how far the re-signification of the African and Afro-descendent Brazilian history can contribute to the construction of new collective subjects. To develop the fieldwork it was selected the project “The Color of Culture” (Fundação Roberto Marinho, Canal Futura), one of the most accepted and recognized application projects of the Law. The methodology included an analysis of the kit materials and the realization of five interviews, with several social agents involved with its implementation. That Law is a substantial part of a set of policies designed to oppose any form of racial discrimination through the educational system, by re-affirming the value of the Afro descendent cultural heritage in Brazil. It is well known that the school environment reproduces a series of concepts, ideas and social practices that effectively contribute to the construction of the black inferiority myth. In this context, it cannot be forgotten the ideological aspects of the educational system. For this reason, as a privileged socialization environment, the school holds a potential to transform society in terms of bridging social inequalities, as well as to maintain them. The research interviews were done with teachers, coordinators and project coaches. The findings point out to the fact that, although all the interviewed agreed on the importance of that Law as an instrument to surpass racism, they also recognize a lack of effectiveness of the policy in the day-to-day school life.

Magister Psychologiae - MPsych / Although transformation processes are making progress in addressing racial inequality in post-apartheid South Africa, white South Africans are, in many repects, still privileged, economically, in terms of access to services, land, education and particularly in the case of English-speaking whites, language. This study is an exploration of everyday situations of inequality as they have been experienced from a position of advantage. As a qualitative, phenomenological study, the aim was to derive the psychological essence of the experience of being privileged as white English-speaking young adult within the context of post-apartheid South African everyday life. / South Africa

Literature reviews (Casas, 1984, 1985; Ponterotto, 1988) on the status of racial/ethnic minority research indicate that one of the problems in coming to definite conclusions about the effectiveness of counseling with the culturally different is the lack of research accounting for heterogeneity within ethnic groups. This study investigates ethnic identity as a possible variable tapping into intra-group variability with persons of Chinese origin currently living in Canada. Specifically, Atkinson, Morten & Sue (1979)'s model of ethnic identity development is examined in relation to its validity with this ethnic group. Atkinson et al.'s (1979) Minority Identity Development model postulates five stages minority persons experience in trying to discern and appreciate themselves based on their culture of origin, the mainstream culture and the relationship and meaning between the two. These stages are Conformity, Dissonance, Resistance and Immersion, Introspection and Synergetic Articulation and Awareness. Based on the model, 81 items were generated, translated and administered to 44 participants via Q-Sort Methodology. Also, relevant demographic information was collected. Factor analysis and qualitative analysis for Q-Methodology as suggested by Talbott (1971) generated four factors. The emerging factors reflected the Conformity, Dissonance, Resistance and Immersion, and Synergetic Articulation and Awareness Stages. Thus, based on the partial support for the five-stage model among persons of Chinese origin; a four-stage model was generated. The analysis of results suggests the following conclusions: (1) heterogeneity within ethnic groups must be accounted for it is accounted for within the mainstream culture; (2) ethno-cultural identity emerges as a viable construct (variable) tapping into intra-group differences; (3) Q-Methodology appears as a culturally non-intrusive method; and (4) ethno-cultural identity may mediate the counseling process. / Education, Faculty of / Educational and Counselling Psychology, and Special Education (ECPS), Department of / Graduate

No description available.

The Black population in the United States is undergoing a significant transformation. Over the last four decades, the African immigrant population has increased from 130,000 to 2 million, making them one of the fastest growing groups in the United States. Yet, notably absent from much of the discourse on how immigration is changing our society is a serious engagement with the dynamic changes happening within the country’s Black population. This dissertation examines how these demographic realities are experienced in young people’s daily lives. I use the case of low-income, adolescent children of West African immigrants to understand how processes of immigrant integration and racialization unfold generationally across racial and ethnic lines. I focus specifically on their identity-work and acculturation in the context of families, local institutions, and transnational social fields. Methodologically, I draw on ethnographic observations and interviews with 71 second-generation West African teenagers in three New York City public high schools. The dissertation consists of five substantive chapters. Chapters 1 and 2 examine the ethnic and racial identifications of second-generation West Africans, some of the meanings they make around these identities, and begins to delve into the contextual mechanisms shaping these identities, namely their families, neighborhoods and law enforcement. Chapters 3 and 4 respectively analyze the role of transnational visits to parent home countries and religion on acculturation and understandings of Blackness and Africanness, among other identities. The final chapter, Chapter 5, explores three mechanisms shaping the selective acculturation of African immigrant youth: adoption of American cultural features, maintenance of ethnically distinct features, and the introduction of African cultural forms. My research makes three contributions. First, by placing adolescent children at the center of my analysis, I show how these young people are both making and made by a unique sociohistorical and political context that has significant consequences for their racial and ethnic identity-work. Second, it contributes to understandings about the relationship between socioeconomic status and second-generation immigrant integration. Contrary to arguments that second-generation identification and acculturation are patterned by class, I find that low-income African immigrant youth selectively acculturate into American society and maintain strong ethnic identities similar to their middle-class counterparts. The third contribution provides evidence that as immigrants, their children and their host communities continually interact through institutions like schools and neighborhoods, a mutual cultural reconstitution process occurs that fundamentally transforms both immigrants and the cultural landscape from which communities in the host society fashion an “American” identity. Taken together, in shedding light on second-generation Black immigrant racialization processes, this dissertation challenges assumptions about low-income Black youth and offers a dynamic, agentic and relational understanding of immigrant integration. It also highlights how broader meanings of immigrant integration and Blackness in the United States are fundamentally changing.

This study was to explore the relationship between race of interviewer, cultural mistrust level and type of problem upon black students' ratings of an initial interview. It was hypothesized that the combination of interviewer's race, mistrust level and the type of problem discussed would significantly influence students' ratings of the interviewer. Initially, 12 4 black students were administered the Cultural Mistrust Inventory (CMI). Based upon CMI scores, participants were divided into groups of high and low cultural mistrust. Next, half of these participants were interviewed by one of five white interviewers and the remainder were interviewed by one of five black interviewers. Within each of these groups, half of the participants were asked to discuss problems with their racial identity and the others were asked to discuss their vocational aspirations. After the session, each subject rated the interviewer on the Counselor Evaluation Inventory, Counselor Rating Form and Counselor Effectiveness Rating Scale.

Orientador: Francisco Cláudio Alves Marques / Banca: Gabriela Kvacek Betella / Banca: Sandro de Cássio Dutra / Resumo: Nesta peleja serão analisadas trinta e três crônicas futebolísticas de Nelson Rodrigues publicadas no Manchete Esportiva e n'O Globo, nas décadas de 1950 e 1960, nas quais o cronista elabora um modelo de identidade para o "homem brasileiro" calcado na figura de ídolos negros cujas imagens evoluem em espaços e contextos onde as glórias são efêmeras e tudo ocorre de maneira muito transitória: o futebol e o carnaval. Tais imagens, em constante transformação e, portanto, inacabadas, constituem-se uma espécie de síntese da discussão em torno da indefinida questão racial brasileira. Ao construir uma imagem do negro transmudado em herói, autor de "feitos coletivos", e por isso mesmo de fácil aceitação popular, o cronista compartilha estrategicamente com o leitor o mesmo "horizonte de expectativas" circunscrito numa época em que o mito da democracia racial de Gilberto Freyre começava a ser questionado. No plano literário, a exaltação do craque negro ajuda a desinstalar do imaginário coletivo o estigma que foi se formando em torno do mulato e do mestiço nas décadas anteriores, preparando, desse modo, sua "aceitação", promovendo sua "apoteótica" ascensão social e viabilizando sua afirmação moral no imenso e indefinido amálgama de etnias e culturas que compõem o Brasil / Abstract: Throughout this journey, thirty three soccer chronicles by Nelson Rodrigues, which were published between the 1950s and 1960s in Manchete Esportiva and in O Globo will be analysed. In these papers, the writer elaborates an identity model for the Brazilian men, based on the the black idols' figures whose images wander in areas and contexts where the glories are transient and everything happens in a very transitional way: soccer and carnival. Such images, in a continuous change, and therefore, unfinished, represent a brief summary of the still indefinite Brazilian racial issue. When the author builds up an image of a black man, transmuted into a hero and able of collective achievements, this black man becomes easily accepted, and the writer strategically shares with his readers the same enclosed expectations of a time where the conceptual racial democracy defended by Gilberto Freyre started to be questioned. In literature, the exaltation of a black soccer star helps to remove the social stigma built around mulattos and mestizos in previous decades from the collective imaginary, preparing his acceptance, promoting his meteoric upward mobility, and facilitating his morale statement, in this huge ethnic and cultural featureless Brazil / Resumen: En este debate serán analizadas treinta y tres crónicas futbolísticas de Nelson Rodrigues publicadas en la revista Manchete Esportiva y en O Globo en las décadas de 1950 y 1960, en las cuales el cronista elabora un modelo de identidad para el "hombre brasileño" diseñado sobre la figura de ídolos negros, cuyas imágenes se desarrollan en espacios y contextos donde las glorias son efímeras y todo pasa de manera transitoria: el fútbol y el carnaval. En estas imágenes en constante transformación y, por lo tanto, inacabadas, se constituye una especie de síntesis de la discusión en torno a la indefinida cuestión racial brasileña. Al construir una imagen del negro transformado en héroe, autor de "hechos colectivos", y por eso mismo, de fácil aceptación popular, el cronista comparte estratégicamente con el lector el mismo "horizonte de expectativas", circunscripto en una época en que el mito de la democracia racial de Gilberto Freyre comenzaba a ser cuestionado. En el plano literario, la exaltación del crack negro ayuda a retirar del imaginario colectivo el estigma que se fue formando sobre el mulato y el mestizo en las décadas anteriores, preparando de esta forma su "aceptación", promoviendo su "apoteótico" ascenso social y canalizando su afirmación moral en la inmensa e indefinida mezcla de etnias y culturas que componen el Brasil / Astratto: In questa dissertazione saranno analizzate trentratré cronache calcistiche di Nelson Rodrigues pubblicate su Manchete Esportiva e su O Globo tra gli anni '50 e '60 in cui si suggerisce un modello d'identità all "uomo brasiliano" fondato sulle figure di idoli neri del calcio le cui immagini sono sviluppate in luoghi e contesti in cui le glorie sono effimeri e tutto succede transitoriamente: il calcio e il Carnevale. Queste immagini, in continua evoluzione e quindi incompiute, costituiscono una sorta di sintesi dell'indefinita discussione sul problema razziale brasiliano. Quando Nelson costruisce l'immagine del nero trasformato in eroe, protagonista di "eventi collettivi", e quindi di facile accettazione popolare, condivide strategicamente con il lettore lo stesso "orizzonte d'attesa", relativo all'epoca in cui il mito della democrazia razziale di Gilberto Freyre cominciava ad essere messo in discussione. Nella finzione, l'esaltazione della figura del nero aiuta a disinstallare dello immaginario collettivo lo stigma che si stava formando attorno alla figura del mulatto e del meticcio nei decenni precedenti, preparando così la loro "accettazione", promuovendo la loro "apoteotica" mobilità sociale e consentendo la loro affermazione morale nell'amalgama immenso e indefinito di etnie e culture che compongono il Brasile / Mestre

While the literature on Black-white differences in major depressive disorder (MDD) and depressive symptoms is robust, less robust is the literature on how these outcomes are patterned within the US Black population and why differences exist. Given increasing numbers of first-generation immigrants from the Caribbean, sub-Saharan Africa, Latin America, among other regions of the world, as well as increasing numbers of second- and third-generation immigrants, continued aggregation has the potential to mask intra-racial differences between these ethnic-immigrant groups and Black Americans with more distant ancestral ties to Africa (i.e., African Americans). Among these subgroups, the extremely limited data disaggregating the US Black population suggest the following patterns. First, foreign-born Black immigrants have lower levels of MDD and related symptoms relative to US-born Black Americans, a finding which is consistent with theories of foreign-born health advantage. Second, among the US-born, Caribbean adults have higher levels of MDD and related symptoms relative to all other Black Americans, a finding which is inconsistent with theories related to intergenerational declines in health toward convergence to native-born levels. Lastly, and contrary to results among adults, first- and second-generation Caribbeans have lower levels of depressive symptoms relative to all other Black youth. This dissertation sought to better understand how depression and its related symptoms are patterned within the US Black population, as well as how mechanisms causing these outcomes may vary across subgroups defined by domains related to immigration. Chapter 1 was a systematic review, which comprehensively synthesized depression and related symptoms within the US Black population across these domains, including a summary of mechanisms proposed toward explaining intra-racial variation. Using longitudinal data, Chapter 2 examined whether, and if so when, growth curve models of depressive symptoms varied by immigrant generation contrasts among a representative sample of Black youth followed into adulthood. And using representative data from the largest study of Black mental health, Chapter 3 examined whether the relationship between racial identity, a presumed protective factor against depression and related symptoms, and MDD varied between US-born Caribbeans and all other US-born Black Americans. The systematic review of Chapter 1 revealed substantial variation in the prevalence of depression and its related symptoms within the US Black population by nativity, region of birth, age at immigration, and Caribbean ethnic origin. Results additionally confirmed that much of what is known about intra-racial heterogeneity comes from a single data source, the National Study of American Life (NSAL). Using longitudinal data of youth followed into adulthood, Chapter 2 found evidence of diverging depressive symptoms trajectories among Black respondents by immigrant generation (first/second-generation compared with third and higher generations); notably, contrasts among Black respondents varied from those of other racial/ethnic groups (Asian, Hispanic/Latinx, non-Hispanic white). Lastly, results from Chapter 3 suggest aspects of racial identity may not be protective for US-born Caribbeans, pointing to variations in racialization experiences as a distal cause. Additional research using larger sample sizes, more diverse subgroups of Black ethnic immigrants, as well as longitudinal data, is needed to further understand patterns of and additional sources underlying heterogeneity of depression and its related symptoms within the US Black population.

The aim of this study was to contribute to the limited literature on Mixed-Race identity development in the post-apartheid context while providing a personal, evocative, and critical exploration of Mixed-Race identity. The objectives were to use self-reflection as a tool to think critically about how close relationships and other systemic factors (such as friendships, school environment and broader societal factors) that contributed to my Mixed-Race identity development, played a significant role. The autoethnographic methodology was used to harness the quality of evocative and personal writing in the process of knowledge creation and establishing a voice for the Mixed-Race experience through the narration of my personal experiences. Autoethnography is a methodology that situates the researcher as the ‘data’ by using first-person accounts of their experiences to analyse and discuss particular social and cultural phenomena. Root’s ecological model for multiracial identity development was used as a framework to explore and analyse how systemic factors influenced and shaped my Mixed-Race identity development. Additionally, Worthman’s bio-ecocultural model was used to explore the influence of my bond with my parents on my racial identity formation in childhood. Data collection involved me engaging in a reflexive journaling process. Thematic analysis was used to develop themes from my reflexive journal. Three main themes were found, namely my bond with my parents and their socialisation practices, my experience of being ‘the other’ and an outsider in social settings, and my close friendships. While I discuss the themes separately, there was considerable overlap between the themes and the factors involved in the discussion which suggests a complex relationship between multiple systemic factors (i.e. gender, skin tone, familial relationships, and social settings) that influenced my racial identity development. In conclusion, my racial identity development was (and still is) a lifelong process of self-discovery as I continue to be confronted with my dual-racial heritage in a predominantly monoracial South Africa. Based on the findings and conclusions of this study, the limitations and potential recommendations for future research has also been discussed. / Mini Dissertation (MA (Clinical Psychology))-- University of Pretoria, 2021. / Psychology / MA (Clinical Psychology) / Unrestricted