The problem addressed by this study was that of determining whether significant differences existed among selected apprehensions concerning work, church, social, and family life of sample groups drawn from the black and white faculties in selected Virginia Community Colleges where student population are no less than 10 percent black. The subjects consisted of 256 community college faculty of which 190 faculty members responded. These subjects consisted of 75 black faculty members and 181 white faculty members in 9 selected Virginia Community Colleges. The study utilized the descriptive-survey research design to define and interpret the problem under investigation: (1) the willingness of the faculty members of the opposite race, (2) the kinds of people with whom black and white faculty members were most willing and unwilling to associate, and (3) the apprehensiveness of the faculty members and the intensity of such apprehension in campus-related situations. To answer the first concern of the study, a twenty-item questionnaire containing a rating scale was constructed. The rating scale was designed to ascertain the attitudes of faculty members in Different Role Behavior Situations. To respond to the second concern of the study, a list of twentyseven items were derived from pertinent literature. The subjects were asked to indicate by selecting only one response from two categories consisting of six items each and from "yes" or "no" in fifteen attitude situations. To respond to the third concern of the study, a twenty-item questionnaire containing a numerical rating scale was constructed. The rating scale was designed to ascertain the apprehensions of faculty members with respect to campus-related situations and determine the relative intensity of each. The Statistical Package Program SPSSH, Version 6.01 and contributed programs in the computer user's library at Virginia Western Community College were used to test chi-square between groups. Further, analysis of data using the Wilcoxan and Friedman tests also contributed to the computer user's library at Virginia Western Community College were used. The analysis was done on the Hewlett-Packard System 3000 in the computer center at Virginia Western Community College, Roanoke, Virginia. The findings revealed a relationship in the data to support conclusions concerning the varying degrees of apprehension related to role behavior, interpersonal reactions, and campus-related situations. These conclusions are summarized below. In the area of role behavior as it related to levels of apprehension expressed by respondents the following conclusions can be drawn: 1. The analysis of the data suggests that there exists a relationship between years teaching experience and the respondent's expressed level of apprehension about associating with members of the opposite race. Since this relationship was indicated by the chi-square test, but not confirmed by the Wilcoxan test further study in this area is needed before a conclusion can be reached. 2. The data analysis indicated a relationship between degree of apprehension a respondent expressed about associating with members of the opposite race and the respondent's own race. Additional analysis of the data indicates that blacks are less apprehensive than whites. 3. The analysis suggests there is a relationship between the respondent's sex and the degree of apprehension expressed concerning association with members of the opposite race. Males appeared to be more apprehensive than females collectively. Also, white males appear to be more apprehensive than black males and white females more apprehensive than black females. Additional investigation into the question suggest there is a relationship between sex and the degree of apprehension among whites. The data did not show a statistically significant relationship between sex and degree of apprehension among blacks. Analysis of individual survey items suggested a relationship between sex and the degree of apprehension in two social situations: (a) joining a club where most of the members are women and (b) joining a church where half of the members are of the opposite race. The examination of the responses related to different kinds of interpersonal reactions revealed the following trends: The data suggests a relationship between race and characteristics of individuals of the opposite race with whom the respondents would be most willing to associate. The data did not produce statistically significant findings that a relationship exists between race and the characteristics of individuals of the opposite race with whom the respondents would be most unwilling to associate. Neither did the analysis suggest a relationship between sex and characteristics of individuals of the opposite race with whom the respondents would be most willing or unwilling to associate. An examination of the data related to campus-related situations suggested that: 1. There is a relationship between degree of apprehension expressed and race, with blacks being more apprehensive than whites. 2. There is a possible relationship between degree of apprehension expressed and sex with white females expressing less apprehension than black females. / Ed. D.

Racial discrimination has been linked to depressive symptoms (Pascoe & Richman, 2009), but only a few studies have explored this relationship longitudinally. This study examines the possible moderating role of faculty and peer support on the discrimination-depression relationship amongst 180 ethnic minority college freshmen. Results of the hierarchical regression indicate that racial discrimination, β = .13, p < .05, in the first semester of freshman year significantly predicted depressive symptoms in the second semester of freshman year. No interactions were found between discrimination and peer support (β = .06, p > .05), or between discrimination and two forms of faculty support (faculty interactions, β = .05, p > .05, and faculty concern, β = -.10, p > .05). Thus, unlike predicted, peer and faculty support did not serve as protective factors against discrimination-related stress. Future studies should investigate which types of coping most benefit ethnic minority freshmen.

Master of Arts / Department of Sociology, Anthropology, and Social Work / Spencer D. Wood / In the wake of Barack Obama becoming the first nonwhite President of the United States and the diminishing instances of explicit racism, a number of Americans believe that the United States has surpassed race and therefore racism (Neville et al. 2000; Nayak 2006; Brayboy et al. 2007; Gawronski 2008; Quillian 2008; Wise 2009; Bonilla-Silva 2010; Gusa 2010; Ikuenobe 2010; Moras 2010; Gainous 2012). On the surface, the problem of overt racial discrimination has dramatically declined, yet, there are key studies that argue that new and subtler forms of racism are still prevalent (Feagin 2000; Krysan 2000; Sydell and Nelson 2000; Swim et al. 2003; Leach 2005; Henkel et al. 2006; Williams and Land 2006; Anderson 2007; D’Andrea and Daniels 2007; Sue et al. 2007; Gawronski et al. 2008; Wise 2009; Gainous 2012; Torres-Harding et al. 2012). This thesis will focus on assessing the dimensions of present-day racism and racial prejudice by replicating and updating Forman’s (2004) study of racial apathy. Using data from 2011 Monitoring the Future Survey, I explore the persistence of racial apathy, which proposes that the blatant racial discrimination of the past has manifested into racial indifference and lack of caring for existing racial inequalities (Perry and Shotwell 2009; Forman 2004; Forman and Lewis 2006; Gafford 2010; Maly et al. 2012). Consistent with previous research, this study finds that the expression of racial apathy has continued to increase, but also that political preference, gender, father’s education level and religiosity affect one’s level of racial apathy.

Thesis advisor: David Takeo Takeuchi / Racism is a persistent and pervasive social problem embedded throughout U.S. society. Previous research has established that racism, particularly racial discrimination, is a strong risk factor of various health statuses among racial/ethnic minorities, but the contexts that modify the health burden of racial discrimination are less understood. This dissertation aims to investigate how race-related micro- and meso- level contexts modifies the link between racial discrimination and health. In addition, I pay attention to the moderating role of nativity status to address the potential differences in individuals’ perception on American racial/ethnic categorizations and experiences of racial discrimination. On the micro level, I focus on racial/ethnic identity given that it is particularly important cultural group membership status for many racial/ethnic minorities whose identities are rooted in collectivistic cultures. I test the identity-relevant stressor hypothesis which argues that stressful events can be particularly detrimental based on its pertinence to the valued identities of individuals. On the meso level, I pay attention to racial residential segregation, which has been identified as the hallmark of U.S. urban areas and the fundamental cause of racial/ethnic health disparities. This three-paper dissertation utilizes multiple existing population-based data sources. The first and second papers use data from the National Epidemiologic Survey on Alcohol and Related Conditions-III (NESARC-III). The third paper uses data from the 2000 U.S. Census and the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS). Several analytical strategies, including binary logistic regression, heterogeneous choice models, and nested logistic regression, are employed. Taken together, the present dissertation underscores great complexity in the link between race and health. Through the course of three studies, I show that the dynamics between race-related stressors and health status are not uniform, and should be understood in the realm of individuals’ social identity and their neighborhood environment. Specifically, the findings of this study contribute to expanding stress theory in the context of identity-relevance and living environments. Moreover, the study results evince that efforts to ameliorate racial health disparities should be accompanied by the consideration of the centrality of the race/ethnicity of individuals and their residential environments. / Thesis (PhD) — Boston College, 2018. / Submitted to: Boston College. Graduate School of Social Work. / Discipline: Social Work.

Includes vita / Title from PDF of title page. / Document formatted into pages; / Thesis (Ph.D.)--University of South Florida, 2002. / Includes bibliographical references. / Text (Electronic thesis) in PDF format. / ABSTRACT: Two studies examined the relationship between reported racial discrimination and depression, and whether this relationship may be due to depressed mood induced influences. In study 1, sixty-four African American undergraduates completed measures of current depression, a racial discrimination index, and rated vignettes that were ambiguous in terms of the presence or absence of racial discrimination. A significant correlation was found between depression and reported racial discrimination. The purpose of Study 2 was to examine the effect of mood on recall of past experiences with discrimination. Groups of subjects were randomly assigned to either a sad mood induction condition or a neutral mood condition, and completed a racial discrimination index. Using analysis of covariance, no significant mood congruent effects were found. / ABSTRACT: Results are discussed in terms of contributions to our understanding of the effects of chronic racism, clinical implications of discrimination, and the need to consider cultural differences in definitions of and responses to racial discrimination. / System requirements: World Wide Web browser and PDF reader. / Mode of access: World Wide Web.

Orientador: Lucia Helena Oliveira Silva / Banca: André Figueiredo Rodrigues / Banca: Maurício Gonçalves Saliba / Banca: Juciene Ricarte Apolinário / Banca: Florisvaldo Paulo Ribeiro Júnior / Resumo: Este trabalho tem como objetivo, por meio da análise da repercussão da Lei Afonso Arinos em jornais brasileiros entre os anos de 1950 a 1952, pensar sobre aspectos de natureza política e ideológica presentes nas representações dominantes da sociedade brasileira naquele momento histórico em relação à temática racial, os quais podem ter influído na formulação da referida lei e na sua recepção por diversos segmentos sociais. A análise parte do pressuposto de que as relações raciais no Brasil eram então marcadas simultaneamente por uma visão influenciada pelo mito da democracia racial brasileira e pela prática insidiosa de manifestações discriminatórias. Após o delineamento do quadro histórico e teórico necessário à compreensão da Lei Afonso Arinos em suas dimensões histórica, jurídica, política e ideológica, o trabalho se concentrará na abordagem da temática racial brasileira e da Lei Afonso Arinos em particular a partir da análise de matérias jornalísticas sobre tais assuntos, estabelecendo uma conexão entre as representações veiculadas pela imprensa brasileira naquele período e as determinações de ordem histórica e ideológica. A síntese conclusiva procurará relacionar tais representações e determinações com o perfil da Lei Afonso Arinos enquanto um diploma legal caracterizado pela preponderância de sua função simbólica sobre sua eficácia social. / Abstract: By means of the analysis of the repercussion, in Brazilian newspapers between 1950 and 1952, of Law 1390/51, known as Afonso Arinos Law, the first Brazilian anti-discrimination law, this work aims to reflect on the political and ideological aspects, present in the predominant representations concerning racial thematic in Brazilian society at that historical moment, that may have influenced the formulation of the aforesaid law and its reception by different social segments. The analysis assumes that racial relations in Brazil were then marked by a view influenced both by the myth of racial democracy and the insidious practice of discriminatory manifestations. After outlining the historical and theoretical picture necessary for the understanding of the Afonso Arinos Law in its historical, juridical, political and ideological dimensions, this work concentrates on the approach of the Brazilian racial thematic and the Afonso Arinos Law in special from the analysis of the journalistic coverage of those subjects, establishing a link between the representations conveyed by the Brazilian press at that time and the historical and ideological determinations. It concludes with a synthesis that tries to relate such representations and determinations with the profile of the Afonso Arinos Law as an act characterized by the preponderance of its symbolic functions over its social effectiveness. / Doutor

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Two studies examined the relationship between reported racial discrimination and depression, and whether this relationship may be due to depressed mood induced influences. In study 1, sixty-four African American undergraduates completed measures of current depression, a racial discrimination index, and rated vignettes that were ambiguous in terms of the presence or absence of racial discrimination. A significant correlation was found between depression and reported racial discrimination. The purpose of Study 2 was to examine the effect of mood on recall of past experiences with discrimination. Groups of subjects were randomly assigned to either a sad mood induction condition or a neutral mood condition, and completed a racial discrimination index. Using analysis of covariance, no significant mood congruent effects were found. Results are discussed in terms of contributions to our understanding of the effects of chronic racism, clinical implications of discrimination, and the need to consider cultural differences in definitions of and responses to racial discrimination.

Racial discrimination continues to be a major issue, particularly in the lives of minorities. In the United States, racial discrimination significantly influences many aspects of minorities’ lives such as physical health, psychological health, access to jobs, and access to higher education. In this research, discrimination is conceptualized as a psychological stressor in the lives of minority adolescents since it poses a risk to healthy adolescent development; it can lead to feelings of helplessness, derogation, and demoralization. Using a cross-sectional sample of 618 African-Americans and Hispanic-Americans, and drawing on the integrative model for the study of developmental competencies in minority children, risk and resilience, social identity, and intersectionality, this paper examines (a) the relationship between racial discrimination and mental health problems of pre-adolescents and adolescents, (b) the moderating role of the importance of racial/ethnic identity, religious importance, and other support factors, (c) the moderating influence of gender and (d) the moderating influence of neighborhood factors. Results indicate that worrying about discrimination, having a negative future outlook, high levels of policing in the neighborhood, poverty, and experiences of violence, increased depression. In contrast, importance of ethnicity, having a close relationship with parents, and the availability of services for youths, reduced depression for adolescents. In addition, experiences of violence moderated the effect of discrimination on depression for Hispanic girls only. Results for aggression indicate that negative future outlook, and experiences of violence, significantly increased aggression, while importance of ethnicity, and having a close relationship with parents decreased aggression. In addition, importance of ethnicity moderated the effect of parental closeness, while the availability of services for youths, moderated the effect of worrying about discrimination for African-American girls only. Results for withdrawal, indicate that worrying about discrimination, having a negative future outlook, high levels of policing in the neighborhood, and experiences of violence increased withdrawal. In contrast, importance of ethnicity, importance of religion, and having a close relationship with parents, reduced withdrawal for adolescents. For African-American boys only, the importance of religion moderated the effect of discrimination, while the importance of ethnicity moderated the effect of parental closeness. For Hispanic girls only, the availability of services for youths moderated the effect of discrimination.

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