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<p>Marijuana use has been shown to increase and peak during young adulthood (i.e., ages 18-35). However, it appears that Black individuals do not decline in use at rates similar to other race groups. Marijuana use among Black adults has been linked to more problems such as increased arrests, greater mental health disorder diagnoses, and substance dependence. The biopsychosocial model of racism and race-based theoretical framework aims to understand how factors such as racial discrimination as a traumatic event could be associated with marijuana behaviors, particularly among Black adults. The present study aims to examine the association between racial discrimination and marijuana use and problem use above and beyond trauma exposure. Further, I aimed to explore whether gender or vocation (college, community, and military) moderated the relationships. 391 Black adults (57.5% female; mean age 24.9) completed measures on marijuana use and problems, trauma exposure, and racial discrimination distress. Hierarchical linear regression and Hayes PROCESS macro were used to evaluate the study aims. Racial discrimination distress was associated with marijuana use above and beyond trauma exposure (DR2=.016, <em>p</em>=.004). However, racial discrimination distress did not add significant variance within the model for problem marijuana use (DR2=.001, <em>p</em>=.419). Additionally, moderation by gender and vocation were not supported in either model. Taken together, the present results support that examining psychological and health outcomes among Black young adults should include an evaluation of racial discrimination distress. Further, future studies should continue to evaluate sociodemographic factors in larger more representative community-based studies to better understand potential variation in risk among Black young adults.</p>

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Marijuana use has been shown to increase and peak during young adulthood (i.e., ages 18-35). However, it appears that Black individuals do not decline in use at rates similar to other race groups. Marijuana use among Black adults has been linked to more problems such as increased arrests, greater mental health disorder diagnoses, and substance dependence. The biopsychosocial model of racism and race-based theoretical framework aims to understand how factors such as racial discrimination as a traumatic event could be associated with marijuana behaviors, particularly among Black adults. The present study aims to examine the association between racial discrimination and marijuana use and problem use above and beyond trauma exposure. Further, I aimed to explore whether gender or vocation (college, community, and military) moderated the relationships. 391 Black adults (57.5% female; mean age 24.9) completed measures on marijuana use and problems, trauma exposure, and racial discrimination distress. Hierarchical linear regression and Hayes PROCESS macro were used to evaluate the study aims. Racial discrimination distress was associated with marijuana use above and beyond trauma exposure (R2=.016, p=.004). However, racial discrimination distress did not add significant variance within the model for problem marijuana use (R2=.001, p=.419). Additionally, moderation by gender and vocation were not supported in either model. Taken together, the present results support that examining psychological and health outcomes among Black young adults should include an evaluation of racial discrimination distress. Further, future studies should continue to evaluate sociodemographic factors in larger more representative community-based studies to better understand potential variation in risk among Black young adults.

Associations between greater perceived racial discrimination and both higher levels of depressive symptomology and higher blood pressure have been established in the literature. Research has found that depression is often comorbid with diabetes and individuals with type 2 diabetes are at an increased risk for depression as the prevalence of depression is 2 to 3 times higher in people with diabetes when compared to the general population. Additionally, individuals with type 2 diabetes are also at an increased risk for high blood pressure. Although these associations are present in the literature, no studies have been found that examine all of these variables in conjunction. The current study used data from the 2014 Health and Retirement Study to examine the associations among perceived racial/ethnic discrimination, depression symptoms, and blood pressure for older Latinx adults (ages 50+) with type 2 diabetes (n = 303) and without type 2 diabetes (n = 521), while controlling for sex, age, partner status, and education. Findings indicated diabetes status was positively associated with both depression symptoms (t(790) = 5.32, p < .001) and systolic blood pressure (t(703) = 2.74, p = .006). Racial/ethnic discrimination was positively associated with depression (r(206) = .14, p = .045); however, it was not associated with blood pressure. No statistically significant interactions were found. Discussion focuses on possible explanations for the research findings, future directions, and clinical implications.

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Religion is important to most African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans. Church attendance is positively associated with aspects of subjective well-being. However, research concerning the influence of religiosity on African Americans' and Afro-Caribbeans' subjective well-being is scarce. Research into whether measures other than church attendance is positively linked to measures of subjective well-being is thin. In addition, investigations into which mechanisms shape religion's impact on subjective well-being for both groups are also lacking. Next, investigations into whether religiosity buffers the influence of stressors on subjective well-being is limited. To address these concerns this three-part study examined the relationship among race/ethnicity, dimensions of religiosity, psychological and social resources, stressors, and subjective well-being for African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans. I used data from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL; Jackson et al. 2004) to conduct my investigation. Collectively these studies address the following overarching research questions: Is religiosity (organizational religious involvement and non-organizational religious involvement) associated with better subjective well-being for both African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans? Does religious social support mediate the relationship between religiosity and subjective well-being? Does racial discrimination adversely impact subjective well-being for African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans? Does religiosity buffer the adverse impact of racial discrimination on subjective well-being for both groups? Does religiosity interact with financial stress to influence subjective well-being? Does self-esteem mediate any buffering effects of religiosity on this relationship? Results showed that organizational religious involvement was positively associated with African American and Afro-Caribbean's subjective well-being. Non-organizational religious involvement had no association with most measures (Only position on the life ladder). Organizational religious involvement benefited happiness, life satisfaction, and position on life ladder more for Afro-Caribbean immigrants than African Americans and U.S born Afro-Caribbeans. Religious social support partially mediated the relationships between organizational religious involvement and life satisfaction and position on the life ladder for African Americans and Afro-Caribbeans. Organizational religious involvement fully mediated the relationship between organizational religious involvement and self-rated mental health for both groups. Next, organizational religious involvement did not help protect subjective well-being against the negative effects of racial discrimination for African Americans. Organizational religious involvement alleviated the negative impact of racial discrimination on happiness more for Afro-Caribbean non-immigrants and the other two groups. In addition, organizational religious involvement buffered the negative effect of racial discrimination on being on a better position on the life ladder more for Afro-Caribbean immigrants than their counterparts. Finally, organizational religious involvement was associated with less adverse effects of financial stress on subjective well-being. Organizational religious involvement buffered the deleterious effect of financial stress on subjective well-being by protecting self-esteem. / Ph. D.

This thesis deals with issues related to decision-making practice of Czech courts in cases where the plaintiff sought protection against racial discrimination in civil proceedings. Specifically, the thesis endeavours - through the analysis of selected decisions of higher courts and the practice of lower courts - to answer the question of whether the judicial practice together with the applicable laws provide sufficiently effective judicial protection of the right to equal treatment. The first part defines the concept of race as discriminatory ground, as this term is used in legislation in a very broad way and contrary to some scientific concepts of race. The second part contains a brief summary of the legal regulation of non-discrimination in international, European and Czech law. This section focuses on the legal framework applied by Czech courts in the decisions discussed and provides a basis for the following analytical part. The third part, which is the key part of the thesis, deals with decision-making practice of the courts with focus on the problematic aspects of protection against racial discrimination in legislation regulating the protection of personal rights. The shortcomings of judicial practice ascertained are then compared with the new rules contained in the Anti-Discrimination Act....

The effects of parent-child relationship quality and racial socialization on reports of racial discrimination to parents are examined in an African American emerging adult population. The effects of parent-child relationship quality and racial socialization on reports of racial discrimination to parents are also considered. The influences of demographic characteristics on reports of racial discrimination are also assessed. The purpose of this study is to examine if there are relationships between cultural origin, gender, socio-economic status and reports of racial discrimination to parents. The study also aims to determine if parent-child relationship quality has an effect on whether or not black youth report experiences of racial discrimination to their parents. The study included 133 emerging adult participants between the ages of 18-25, and 33 didactic pairs of parents and their emerging adult children. Via electronic surveys, young adults answered questions about their relationships with their parents, while the parents answered questions about their racial socialization strategies. The results indicated that cultural origin, gender, and SES did not have a relationship with reports of racial discrimination to parents. However, analyses suggested that having a low or working SES has a relationship with reporting racial discrimination to parents. Findings also showed that racial socialization along with parent-child relationship quality had an effect on reports of discrimination. Implications of these findings and future directions are discussed.