Submitted by Maria Suzana Diniz (msuzanad@hotmail.com) on 2015-10-15T13:54:03Z No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1268226 bytes, checksum: 26c17288baccac504a24160ef3e570a7 (MD5) / Made available in DSpace on 2015-10-15T13:54:03Z (GMT). No. of bitstreams: 1 arquivototal.pdf: 1268226 bytes, checksum: 26c17288baccac504a24160ef3e570a7 (MD5) Previous issue date: 2015-02-23 / Coordenação de Aperfeiçoamento de Pessoal de Nível Superior - CAPES / This work aims to investigate whether the woman's skin color and the attacker's skin color influence the responsibility attributed to the woman for the violence she suffered. Therefore, three main hypotheses were formulated that guided the conduct of three empirical studies. Study 1 tested the following hypotheses: the black female victim of sexual violence will be seen as more responsible than the white female victim, and the victims will be seen as more responsible when the attacker is black. The participants were 200 college student volunteers with a mean age of 20.70 years (SD = 4.00; 99 men and 101 women), who were separated into each the four experimental conditions (photos of a black man and a white woman; photos of a white man and a black woman; photos of a black man and a black woman; and photos of a white man and a white woman). As a result it was observed that when the attacker is black, the white victim (M = 3.83, SD = 0.29) is seen as more responsible than the black victim (M = 2.87, SD = 0.26 ). Thus the first hypotheses were not confirmed, as contrary to expectations, the results indicate that the attacker's skin color influences the responsibility assigned to the victim. Since the participant's gender did not have any influence on these results, the hypothesis was raised that the professional context of the participants could influence the responsibility assigned to the woman for violence she suffered. Thus, Study 2 aimed to investigate whether the male and female occupational classification (Carvalho, 2003) remained in force in order to test this hypothesis in Study 3. The participants in Study 2 were 100 college students with a mean age of 21.66 years (SD = 3.53; 48 men and 52 women). The results indicate that the classification is still in force today, considering disciplines such as engineering, computing, physics, and mathematics as professions better performed by men, and nursing, nutrition, and pedagogy as disciplines considered feminine. Finally, Study 3 sought to test the third hypothesis that the participant's group membership (female vs. male courses of study) would alter the responsibility assigned to the victim. With the participation of 202 college students with a mean age of 21.51 years (SD = 5.17; 101 men and 101 women) it was found that there is a significant triple interaction effect between the victim's skin color, the skin color of the aggressor, and the participant's group membership, confirming the hypothesis raised. Thus, in the female courses of study, when the victim was white and the attacker black, she was found more responsible (M = 3,86, SD = 0,30) than in the other experimental conditions. / Esta dissertação tem como objetivo principal investigar se a cor da pele da mulher e a cor da pele do agressor influenciam na responsabilização da mulher pela violência por ela sofrida. Diante disso, foram formuladas três hipóteses principais que orientaram a execução de três estudos empíricos. O Estudo 1 testou as seguintes hipóteses: a vítima de violência sexual negra será mais responsabilizada do que a vítima branca e as vítimas serão mais responsabilizadas quando o agressor for negro. Participaram voluntariamente 200 estudantes universitários com idade média de 20,70 anos (DP = 4,00; 99 homens e 101 mulheres), os quais foram alocados em cada uma das quatro condições experimentais (fotos de homem negro e de mulher branca; fotos de homem branco e de mulher negra; fotos de homem negro e de mulher negra e fotos de homem branco e mulher branca). Como resultado observou-se que quando o agressor é negro, a vítima branca (M = 3,83, DP = 0,29) é mais responsabilizada do que a vítima de cor negra (M = 2,87, DP = 0,26). Dessa forma a primeira hipótese não foi confirmada, em oposição, como previsto os resultados indicam que a cor da pele do agressor influencia na responsabilização da vítima. Uma vez que o sexo dos participantes não exerceu nenhuma influência nesses resultados, levantou-se a hipótese que o contexto profissional dos participantes poderia influenciar na responsabilização da mulher pela violência por ela sofrida. Assim, o Estudo 2 buscou investigar se a classificação de profissões em masculinas e femininas (Carvalho, 2003) continuava em vigor para no Estudo 3 testar esta hipótese. Os participantes do Estudo 2 foram 100 estudantes universitários com idade média de 21,66 anos (DP = 3,53; 48 homens e 52 mulheres). Os resultados indicam que a categorização continua em vigor atualmente, considerando cursos tais como Engenharias, computação, física e matemática como profissões melhor desempenhadas por homens e enfermagem, nutrição e pedagogia como cursos considerados femininos. Por fim, o Estudo 3 buscou testar a terceira hipótese de que a pertença grupal do participante (cursos femininos vs. cursos masculinos) influenciaria na responsabilização da vítima. Com a participação de 202 estudantes universitários com idade média de 21,51 anos (DP = 5,17; 101 homens e 101 mulheres) constatou-se que há um efeito de interação tripla significativo entre cor da pele da vítima, cor da pele do agressor e pertença grupal do participante, confirmando a hipótese levantada. Assim, nos cursos femininos, quando a vítima era branca e o agressor negro, ela foi mais responsabilizada (M = 3,86, DP = 0,30) do que nas outras condições experimentais.

A presente pesquisa se baseia na teoria crítica da branquidade, especificamente no que concerne aos elementos mais evidenciados da formação da identidade Branca, para realizar uma análise, por amostra, da tendência das demandas judiciais e julgamentos jurisprudenciais acerca da conduta de discriminação racial, prevista na legislação brasileira. Tendo em vista que as decisões dos tribunais a respeito desse tema se mostram bastantes controversas, os elementos da branquidade são trazidos a esse trabalho com a finalidade de contribuir com a tarefa dos operadores do direito de realizar a interpretação sobre dúvidas, dubiedades, lacunas e questionamentos sobre a eficácia da implementação da norma em reduzir as manifestações do racismo. / This research is based on the critical theory of whiteness, especially on elements that compose the white identity formation, for the purpose of analyzing the judicial decisions selected from the Brazilians tribunals, concerned to racial discrimination conducts. The elements of whiteness theory is consider as a contribution to the work of the professionals of law in giving an interpretation about the racial conflicts trials, considering the doubt, dubiousness, lacuna and analyses about the discrimination law efficacy in reduce the racism manifestations.

O presente trabalho está baseado em uma revisão bibliográfica sobre o racismo no Brasil e busca investigar, sob um olhar sociológico, as contradições entre o discurso jurídico, expresso, sobretudo, na legislação anti-racista e entre algumas práticas sociais brasileiras. Em um primeiro momento, o trabalho apresenta uma recuperação histórico-social do processo de fixação do racismo no pensamento intelectual e suas conseqüências sociais para a vivência do cotidiano brasileiro. Em um segundo momento, é feita uma compilação do tema do racismo na Constituição Brasileira e uma breve recuperação dos instrumentos legais e políticos complementares implementados em nome da dignidade humana e da igualdade dos indivíduos perante a lei. Partindo destes dois aspectos (histórico-social e jurídico-legislativo) o trabalho apresenta dois exemplos que revelam a persistência do racismo na sociedade brasileira: o preconceito dirigido ao negro nas rotinas de abordagem da Polícia Militar e os obstáculos à eqüidade no acesso à justiça. Desta forma, a despeito dos instrumentos normativos existentes, é possível reconhecer que o Brasil ainda apresenta muitos exemplos do enraizamento de valores e comportamentos discriminatórios no âmbito das práticas sociais, não obstante, os avanços mais contemporâneos da legislação no combate ao racismo na realidade brasileira. / This research is based on a literature review on racism in Brazil and aims to investigate, from a sociological perspective, the contradictions between the legal anti-racist discourse and some social practices. Firstly, the work presents a historical and social recovery of the process of fixation of racism in intellectual thought and its consequences to the experience of Brazilian daily life. In a second step, a compilation of the theme of racism in the Brazilian Constitution is made as well as a brief recovery of the legal instruments and complementary policies implemented in the name of human dignity and equality of individuals before the law. Considering these two aspects (historical-sociological and legal), the research presents two examples that reveal the persistence of racism in Brazilian society: the prejudice against black people in the routine approach of the Military Police and the barriers to equitable access to justice. Thus, despite the existing legal rules, we can recognize that Brazil still displays many examples in the context of social practices that bring about the historical roots of discriminatory behavior and values, nevertheless, to the most contemporary of legislation to combat racism in Brazilian reality.

The present study related generational status, family dynamics, and perceptions of racial discrimination (PRD) to acute psychiatric outcomes among a nationally representative Asian American sample (N = 2095), using data from the National Latino and Asian American Study (NLAAS). High self-reports of PRD were correlated with endorsement of clinical depression and suicidality as predicted. Regression analyses suggested that high PRD, low family cohesion, and high family conflict served as significant predictors of poor mental health independently, but moderator hypotheses predicting the interaction of these factors were not supported. Clinical and research implications are provided.

<div>Exposure to racial discrimination has been consistently linked with risk for substance use. However, outside of affect-based factors, few other mechanisms have been examined in the literature. One potential candidate is locus of control (LOC). LOC is a learning processes that involves the degree to which an individual attributes rewards as resulting from their own control (internal LOC) versus outside control (external LOC). There is evidence that exposure to stressors is associated with LOC, with a separate body of literature linking LOC with substance use. Thus, it is plausible that LOC may be a mechanism underlying the relationship between racial discrimination and substance use. Additionally, there is evidence that depression is related to LOC. Thus, the relationship between racial discrimination, locus of control, and substance use may also be serially mediated through depressive symptoms. The current study investigated these two pathways among 503 racial/ethnic minority adults aged 18-35 who completed an online questionnaire that included measures on racial discrimination related stress, locus of control, depressive symptoms, and substance use. Results indicated a significant indirect effect of racial discrimination related stress through external locus of control, specifically the chance orientation, on substance use. Moreover, for both domains of external locus of control (i.e., chance and powerful others) a significant serial indirect effect was found through depressive symptoms within the racial discrimination-substance use pathway among racial/ethnic minority adults. These findings expand our understanding on potential mechanisms that underlie the racial discrimination-substance use risk pathway among racial/ethnic minority adults, which may in turn provide important targets for substance use intervention programming for this population.</div>

There is a lack of research on the effects of racial discrimination on the mental health of emerging Polynesian American adults (ages 17-29). This study examines the effects of racial discrimination and the indirect effects of forgiveness on mental health among 423 Polynesian American emerging adults. Correlations were conducted in preliminary analysis then data was further analyzed through multiple regressions to determine if racial discrimination predicts psychological outcomes. A mediation analyses with Hayes PROCESS macro bootstrapping was conducted to examine the indirect effects of forgiveness. Lastly, a point-biserial correlation was conducted to examine the effects of education level on perception of racial discrimination. Elevated experiences of racial discrimination were linked to increase of negative psychological outcomes including depression, anxiety, stress. In addition, experiences of racial discrimination were inversely correlated with anger and self-esteem. Participants with a high school education or less were more likely to report experiences of racial discrimination. Forgiveness mediated the relationship between racial discrimination and depression, anxiety, stress, and satisfaction with life. Implications are included regarding the necessity of mental health professionals to be aware of the psychological impacts of racial discrimination among Polynesian emerging adults. Additional results are provided, and implications of these findings are outlined.

As a result of apartheid and ethnocentric structures in South Africa and Cape Town, the unemployment is highest among the black youth. The purpose of this study is to examine how the black youth are experiencing their possibilities to get a job. This qualitative study was conducted among black youths at the age of 18-34 living in Cape Town. The theoretical framework chosen for this study was habitus and capital, social position, intersectionality and social stratification. Focus has been on how habitus and intersectionality plays a part in how black youths experience their possibilities of getting a job and how their experiences can be related to structural aspects in South Africa. The respondents differ in terms of background and individual experiences, but they all seem to unite in the experience of Cape Town’s labor market as racist and difficult to get job at as a young black individual. The study shows that their skin color is the most distinct trait that are being evaluated on the labor market, whereby it further seems that the darker skin, the harder to get a job. What separates the respondents experiences is mainly dependent on their socioeconomic background and the area of their upbringing, whereby the respondents from poorer areas has experienced the challenge to get a job much harder. On a structural level there’s a general problem according to the respondents experiences with informal recruitment, exploitation and especially discrimination of the black youth. Furthermore, contacts seems to be crucial for getting a job, which seems to be upheld by the mentality of "looking after one's own people". Overall there are several aspects on both individual and structural level that affect black youths experience of getting a job in Cape Town.

African American men experience impediments when entering the field of Information Technology (IT), which may portend the disappearance of this ethnic group from the technology-driven work force of the future. The purpose of this phenomenological study was to investigate the socioeconomic factors faced by African American men from their own viewpoints. With this goal in mind, three research questions were studied focusing on the availably of IT resources; the quality of science, technology, engineering, and math (STEM) based education; and existing hiring practices within the IT industry. The conceptual framework for this study was the critical theory perspective, which provided an understanding of real and perceived problems of African American men attempting to enter the field of IT. To facilitate the collection of data for this study, a Web questionnaire program was used. The data analysis process was a 3-phase coding method which included open, axial, and selective coding in order to identify emergent themes such as: racial discrimination, economic hardships, employment opportunity, interpretations from job seeking experiences, the effects of unfulfilled needs, and inadequate access to IT. The data analysis strategy used for this research was the homogeneous sampling method, which made it possible to choose a target population of African American men enrolled in the City Colleges of Chicago who have sought employment in the IT field. The findings from this study have implications for social change by illuminating the experiences of previously-underrepresented African American men in the IT industry.

Indiana University-Purdue University Indianapolis (IUPUI) / Exposure to racial discrimination has been consistently linked with risk for substance use. However, outside of affect-based factors, few other mechanisms have been examined in the literature. One potential candidate is locus of control (LOC). LOC is a learning processes that involves the degree to which an individual attributes rewards as resulting from their own control (internal LOC) versus outside control (external LOC). There is evidence that exposure to stressors is associated with LOC, with a separate body of literature linking LOC with substance use. Thus, it is plausible that LOC may be a mechanism underlying the relationship between racial discrimination and substance use. Additionally, there is evidence that depression is related to LOC. Thus, the relationship between racial discrimination, locus of control, and substance use may also be serially mediated through depressive symptoms. The current study investigated these two pathways among 503 racial/ethnic minority adults aged 18-35 who completed an online questionnaire that included measures on racial discrimination related stress, locus of control, depressive symptoms, and substance use. Results indicated a significant indirect effect of racial discrimination related stress through external locus of control, specifically the chance orientation, on substance use. Moreover, for both domains of external locus of control (i.e., chance and powerful others) a significant serial indirect effect was found through depressive symptoms within the racial discrimination-substance use pathway among racial/ethnic minority adults. These findings expand our understanding on potential mechanisms that underlie the racial discrimination-substance use risk pathway among racial/ethnic minority adults, which may in turn provide important targets for substance use intervention programming for this population

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