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  • About
  • The Global ETD Search service is a free service for researchers to find electronic theses and dissertations. This service is provided by the Networked Digital Library of Theses and Dissertations.
    Our metadata is collected from universities around the world. If you manage a university/consortium/country archive and want to be added, details can be found on the NDLTD website.
11

Study of the Electron-Transfer properties of phenolics and their relationship with the biological activity on cancer cells

Carreras Cardona, Anna 04 May 2012 (has links)
During aerobic cell metabolism, molecular oxygen is reduced to water through electron-transfer reactions, and the oxygen not completely reduced is transformed into a set of neutral and free radical molecules with high oxidant ability, generally denominated Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS). To regulate the cellular ROS content, organisms are endowed with an efficient endogen antioxidant system. The physiological ROS levels may be excessively increased by different factors including unbalanced diets, ionizing radiations, and tobacco smoke among others, leading to the oxidative stress, term referred to the imbalance between ROS production and its neutralization by the endogenous antioxidant system. More importantly, in vitro and in vivo studies reveal the relationship between suffering oxidative stress and the development of cardiovascular and respiratory diseases, diabetes, and cancer. To prevent and treat the oxidative stress and its adverse effects, exogenous, readily oxidizable molecules may help the organism to neutralize ROS into less dangerous species. The phenolic compounds or (poly)phenols, molecules very abundant in our diet (i.e. fruits, vegetables, and beverages such as tea and wine) may be responsible for this antioxidant activity of fruits and vegetables. Currently, (poly)phenols are regarded as natural antioxidant molecules with outstanding beneficial effects, including anti-aging activity, and the prevention of cancer and diabetes. The antioxidant activity of (poly)phenols is mainly associated with their radical scavenging activity, action conferred by the transfer of a hydrogen atom or an electron to a free radical, rendering a less reactive molecule. On the other hand, chemical probes and in vitro studies have demonstrated that some highly reacting (poly)phenols are able to generate small quantities of ROS. Phenolic compounds have shown antiproliferative activity which may be caused inter alia by their ability to scavenge or generate toxic radicals. To further understand the connection between the redox reactivity of (poly)phenols and their biological actions, studies with more sensitive and selective chemical probes may help to clarify the role of redox reactions in the physiological actions of phenolics and their metabolites. In this thesis, we have focused on the utilization of two stable radicals synthesized in our laboratory, the tris(2,4,6-trichloro-3,5-dinitropehnyl)methyl (HNTTM) and the tris(2,3,5,6-tetrachloro-4-nitrophenyl)methyl)radical (TNPTM), as chemical probes to determine the electron-transfer activity of dietary (poly)phenols and some metabolites. The different reducing potential of the two stable radicals facilitates the quantitative evaluation of the radical scavenging capacity of each (poly)phenol, as well as the establishment of the most reactive moieties. TNPTM is a useful tool to determine the most reactive (poly)phenols as electron transfer donors, (poly)phenols that cannot be differentiate with any other chemosensor. The results obtained are compared with two well-established methods for the quantification of electron-transfer capacity. The action of these (poly)phenols on cell cultures of a colon cancer cell line is also presented, showing a correlation between those (poly)phenols detected with TNTPM and with those that produce the highest antiproliferative activity. This cell line is particularly relevant because dietary (poly)phenols are in contact with epithelial cells of this kind during their transit along the digestive tract and may exert some preventive action on colon cancer. In addition, a chemoenzymatic strategy to prepare glucuronated metabolites of (-)-epigallocatechin-3-O-gallate (EGCG), the most abundant and active (poly)phenol of green tea, was attempted, obtaining the acetylated and methylated precursor of the EGCG-4’’-glucuronide, the most abundant EGCG glucuronide obtained in the human metabolism. The final conjugated, the EGCG-4’’-glucruonide, was obtained albeit with not enough quantity to be purified. / "Estudi de la Transferència Electrònica de compostos fenòlics i la seva relació amb l’activitat biològica en cèl•lules canceroses" En el metabolisme i respiració dels organismes aeròbics, l’oxigen és utilitzat com a receptor electrònic reduint-se principalment a aigua. Una petita part d’aquest oxigen no és totalment reduint obtenint-se un conjunt d’espècies radicalàries i no radicalàries (ROS). Aquestes espècies en ser altament reactives poden malmetre macromolècules, activitat que està relacionada amb l’aparició de malalties com el síndrome metabòlic i el càncer. Per aquest motiu els organismes han desenvolupat un sistema de regulació de la seva concentració. En determinades situacions, aquest sistema no és suficient i per tant, antioxidants exògens poden ajudar a aquest sistema endògen. Els polifenols molècules abundants en la nostra dieta (fruita i verdures) són els principals candidats, i s’ha demostrat un efecte preventiu i terapèutic en la salut per la seva part. L’efecte beneficiós exercit pels polifenols pot tenir lloc per dos mecanismes de reacció; per transferència d’hidrogen i per transferència electrònica. Actualment, no hi ha cap mètode prou eficaç que ens permeti determinar la acció del polifenols exercida per transferència electrònica, mecanisme que també habilita als polifenols per a formar ROS. En el nostre laboratori hem sintetitzat dos radicals lliures estables, els radicals tris(2,4,6-tricloro-3,5-dinitrofenil)metil (HNTTM) i el tris(2,3,5,6-tetracloro-4-nitrofenil)metil (TNPTM) com a quimiosensors de transferència electrònica. Aquests radicals ens permeten mesurar la activitat antiradicalària dels polifenols, i el TNPTM ens permet detectar a aquells polifenols amb una reactivitat per transferència electrònica més elevada i que no poden ser diferenciats amb altres mètodes. S’han fet estudis d’antiproliferació per part dels polifenols en cèl•lules de càncer de còlon HT-29 i s’ha demostrat que els polifenols amb més activitat antiproliferativa són els que tenen activitat front al TNPTM. Per tant, el radical TNPTM permet determinar als polifenols amb una elevada reactivitat per a cedir electrons i es suggereix que els mecanismes de transferència electrònica juguen un paper important en els mecanismes d’ antiproliferació en cèl•lules de càncer de còlon HT-29. S’ha proposat metodologia sintètica per a obtenir els principals glucuronats de l’epigal•locatequin-3-O-gal•lat (EGCG) el més abundant i més actiu dels polifenols del te verd. S’ha obtingut el precursor acetil•lat i metil•lat del glucuronat majoritari de l’EGCG obtingut en el metabolisme humà, l’EGCG-4’’-glucurònid i s’ha obtingut el conjugat final però no amb una quantitat suficient com per a ser aïllat.

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