A inovação é um meio utilizado pelas empresas para se manterem no mercado, crescerem economicamente e gerarem vantagens competitivas. Seja a inovação referente a processo, produto, ou melhorias incrementais ou radicais, é importante estabelecer os fatores que devem ser levados em consideração no processo de adoção. Contudo, os gestores enfrentam dificuldades neste processo, dada a carência de ferramentas ou modelos que possam auxiliálos, oferecendo-lhes uma abordagem sistêmica dos fatores envolvidos. Desse modo, os objetivos desta pesquisa são identificar e analisar: 1) os fatores que devem ser levados em consideração na decisão de adotar-se a tecnologia RFID, Radio Frequency Identification, nas empresas e 2) as barreiras e facilitadores à implantação da tecnologia RFID na manufatura. Descoberta em 1935, pelo físico escocês Robert Alexander Watson-Watt, esta tecnologia foi utilizada inicialmente na Segunda Guerra Mundial para identificação de aviões inimigos. Entretanto, também pode ser empregada para rastreamento na cadeia de suprimentos, monitoramento de pessoas, verificação de autenticidade, identificação de pessoas em áreas de segurança e controle eletrônico, entre outros. O modelo apresenta quatro fatores (ambiente externo, ambiente interno, redes de inovação e tecnologia), todos passíveis de desdobramento em subfatores. Esta pesquisa limitou-se a apenas um grupo de subfatores, tendo partido da revisão bibliográfica sobre inovação tecnológica, adoção de inovação, tecnologia RFID, redes de inovação e manufatura. Na etapa seguinte, foram elaborados um questionário e um roteiro de entrevista para coleta de dados e informações. Para validá-los, foram realizados pré-testes e em seguida as modificações sugeridas pelo teste, chegando-se ao modelo conceitual final. Este foi aplicado com base na metodologia de estudos de casos múltiplos em um grupo de quatro empresas, duas das quais localizadas nos EUA e as demais no Brasil. O estudo demonstrou a utilidade dos modelos na decisão da adoção da tecnologia RFID e para a identificação das barreiras e facilitadores à sua implantação na manufatura. Por se tratar de uma tecnologia nova e dada a escassez de estudos já completados nesta área de gestão, sugere-se pesquisar elementos adicionais aos abordados nesta pesquisa. Estes incluem fatores relativos à especialidade ocupacional do indivíduo que irá operar a tecnologia, perfil, cultura e porte da empresa, influência do processo de comunicação e mensuração do retorno do investimento, bem como nível de centralização e modelo de gestão da empresa, além de outros fatores envolvidos nas redes de inovação, como governança, desenvolvimento de competências, tipo de relacionamento entre os integrantes e a sua influência no processo de internacionalização de empresas. A metodologia adotada não permite a generalização das conclusões. / Innovation is one of the means companies resort to, in order to safeguard their market position, grow financially and gain competitive advantages. Regardless of whether the innovation concerns process, product, and incremental or radical improvements, it is important to establish the factors that must be taken into account in the process of adopting it. Managers, however, have difficulty in this process, because of the lack of tools or models capable of helping them and of providing a systemic approach to the factors involved. Thus, the objectives of this research study are to identify and analyze (1) the factors that must be taken into account when deciding whether to adopt the Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology within a firm and (2) the barriers and facilitating elements for the implementation of RFID in manufacturing. Discovered in 1935 by the Scottish physicists Robert Alexander Watson-Watt, this technology was first used during World War II, to identify enemy aircraft. However, it can also be used to track the elements of a supply chain, monitor individuals, verify authenticity, identify people in security areas, or conduct electronic control, among other possibilities. Our model presents four factors (external environment, internal environment, innovation networks and technology), all of which can be broken down into sub-factors. This study focused on one sub-factors group. The research starting point was a bibliographical review of technological innovation, innovation adoption, RFID technology, innovation networks and manufacturing. The next stage consisted of developing a questionnaire and interview guidelines for data and information collection. These tools were then pretested for validation, which led to their adjustment and to the final conceptual model. This was then applied, based on the multiple case studies methodology, to a group of four enterprises, two of which were in the USA and the other in Brazil. The study showed the usefulness of the models for the decision of adopting RFID technology and for the identification of the barriers and facilitators connected with the implementation of RFID in manufacturing. Because it is a new technology, and given the scarcity of completed studies in this management area, we suggest researching other elements besides those addressed in our research, including those that concern the occupational specialization of the individual that will operate the technology, the profile, culture and size of the firm, the influence of the communication process and the return on investment metrics, as well as the enterprises level of centralization and management model, in addition to other factors involved in innovation networks, such as governance, development of competencies, type of relations among the network members and influence on the enterprises internationalization process. The methodology used, however, does not allow one to generalize the studys conclusions.

[pt] Esta dissertação propõe um framework de sistemas multi- agentes para aplicações do domínio de Radio Frequency Identification (RFID). Esta tecnologia de identificação automática de objetos vem se desenvolvendo rapidamente e promete substituir brevemente a tecnologia atual de identificação de produtos: código de barras. Além de promover o desenvolvimento de hardware para etiquetas e leitoras RFID, novos padrões de identificação estão sendo propostos, desafiando os desenvolvedores de software a produzirem novas soluções para lidar com o novo e maior volume de dados e com a natureza distribuída das leitoras e leituras de objetos. Esta dissertação propõe um framework projetado utilizando-se a abordagem de sistemas multi-agentes (SMA) capaz de instanciar SMA distribuídos que: - Interagem com a infra-estrutura RFID existente (leitoras, etiquetas e middlewares); - Facilitam a geração de informações com semântica de negócios a partir de dados crus gerados por esta infra-estrutura, e; - Facilitam a implementação de novas funcionalidades decorrentes do leque de aplicações vislumbradas pelo surgimento de RFID. / [en] Radio Frequency Identification (RFID) technology along with the Electronic Product Code (EPC) created a new complex environment for warehouses systems and supply chain systems in general. The EPC specification created one more level of identification: the product instance. This new level of identification had blown the volume of data being managed by applications. That fact, along with the deployment of distributed RFID readers, causes the necessity of new applications capable of interacting with this infrastructure and capable of processing, filtering and interpreting these new data. This work proposes a framework for distributed multi-agent systems capable of interacting with a deployed RFID infrastructure.

Sintetizadores de Freqüências são circuitos que geram sinais em freqüências pré-determinadas, sendo estes sinais usados tanto na recepção como na transmissão de Rádio Freqüência. Os circuitos Sintetizadores possuem diversos blocos, dentre os quais podemos citar, osciladores controlados por tensão (VCO Voltage-Controlled Oscillator), divisores programáveis (Prescaler), comparadores de fase (DFF Detectores de Fase e Freqüência), bombas de carga (CP Charge Pump) e Filtros Passa Baixas (LPF Low Pass Filters). Em 2003 foi projetado por Angel M.G. Argüello [Ar04] um circuito Sintetizador de Freqüências com arquitetura tipo Integer-N. Este circuito, projetado para ter banda centrada em torno de 2,4 GHz e 16 canais de 4,78 MHz, foi implementado na tecnologia CMOS 0,35 µm da AMS (Austrian Micro Systems), que possui quatro níveis de metais e dois níveis de polisilício. Após testes do circuito as seguintes conclusões sobre seu funcionamento foram derivadas: o circuito funcionou qualitativamente como projetado, sintetizando 16 tons de freqüência; o ruído de fase medido ficou acima do valor desejado; a potência consumida esteve dentro dos valores previstos, porém elevada. No decorrer de 2004 foram feitas alterações no layout do circuito de Argüello com o objetivo de melhorar o ruído de fase. Estas alterações serviram como estudo preliminar para este trabalho. Dando continuidade ao desenvolvimento de Sintetizadores, em 2005 foram estudadas novas estruturas e layouts mais eficientes no tocante a ruído de fase, dando-se especial atenção às alimentações dos circuitos digitais e analógicos e ao isolamento entre os mesmos. Um novo circuito Sintetizador foi desenvolvido para aplicações em sistemas ZigBee, que operam na banda de freqüência entre 2,400 GHz a 2,485 GHz, com 16 canais de largura igual 2 à 5 MHz. Resultados de simulação sobre o circuito projetado apontaram o funcionamento adequado, com consumo de potência inferior a 32 mW para tensão de alimentação de 3,3 V. / Frequency Synthesizers are circuits that generate pre-determined frequencies, used in both radio frequency reception and transmission. The Synthesizer circuits are composed by several blocks, such as Voltage-Controlled Oscillator (VCO), Prescaler, PFD (Phase/Frequency Detector), Charge Pump (CP), and Low Pass Filters (LPF). In 2003, an Integer-N architecture Frequency Synthesizer circuit was developed by Angel M.G. Argüello [Ar04]. This circuit, designed to have a band centered around 2.4 GHz and 16 channels with a 4.78 MHz, were implemented with the 0.35 µm CMOS technology from AMS (Austrian Micro Systems), using four metal levels and two polisilicon levels. After the circuit tests, the following conclusions about its operation were derived: the designed circuit operated as expected, generating 16 tons of frequency; the phase noise stayed above of the desired value; the power consumption were within the expected values although high. During the year of 2004, several modifications in the Argüello circuit layout have been done in order to improve the phase noise. These modifications were a preliminary study to this work. Advancing in the development of Synthesizers, in 2005 new structures and more efficient layouts, in terms of noise, were studied, with special attention given to the digital and analog power supplies and their isolation. A new Synthesizer was developed for applications with the ZigBee, which operates with frequencies from 2.400 GHz to 2.485 GHz and 16 channels of 5 MHz. The simulation results pointed out the correct operation of the circuit, with power consumption lower than 32 mW for power supply of 3.3 V.

Natural and manmade noise signals tend to exhibit impulsive behaviors. Therefore modeling those signals as α-stable processes is better suited towards the development of a practical spectrum sensing scheme. However, the performances of detectors operating in an α-stable noise environment are difficult to evaluate. This is because an α-stable random variable can usually only be modeled by the characteristic function since closed-form expressions are usually not available except for the special values of the characteristic exponent that correspond to the Cauchy and Gaussian noise distributions. In this thesis, we derive a general closed-form expression for the probability density function (PDF) of symmetric alpha stable processes having rational characteristic exponent (0<α≤2). Consequently, we obtain analytical expressions for the PDF and corresponding complementary cumulative distribution function (CCDF) of the proposed fractional lower order moment (FLOM) detector. Utilizing false alarm and detection probabilities, the performance analysis of the proposed spectrum sensing scheme is conducted with the assumption that the cognitive radio (CR) users are operating in non-fading channels. We validate the analytical results with Monte Carlo simulations. The effect of the distribution parameters on the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves is verified. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2016. / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

This document reports on a hands-on project aimed at learning and experiencing the concept of system-of-systems. The motivation behind this project is to study and implement the concept of System of Systems in the generation of a RF-based communication and control complex system. The goal of this project is to develop a multi-level integrated and complete system in which the vehicles that belong to a same network can become aware of their location, communicate with nearby vehicles (sometimes with no visible line of sight), be notified of the presence of different objects located in their immediate vicinity (obstacles, such as abundant vehicles), and generate a two dimensional representation of the vehicles’ location for a remote user. In addition, this system will be able to transmit back messages from the remote user to a specific or to all local vehicles. The end result is a demonstration of a complex, functional, and robust system built and tested for other projects to use and learn from. / Includes bibliography. / Thesis (M.S.)--Florida Atlantic University, 2015 / FAU Electronic Theses and Dissertations Collection

For the first method, a novel linearization scheme for CMOS double-balanced mixer based on the use of multi-bias dual-gate transistors is presented. In this technique, two intermodulation distortion components with proper phase relationship, generated by devices operating at different bias conditions, are added together to cancel each other for the improvement of mixer's linearity. The measured performance of a fabricated CMOS mixer operating at RF frequency of 2.45GHz and LO frequency of 2.35GHz is demonstrated. Over 35dB of IMD reduction is achieved by the proposed method under optimal biasing condition. / In the second design, a novel linearization scheme for cascode amplifier based upon capacitive feedback is presented. This method involves the optimal design of the feedback network for IMD reduction. By using Volterra series analysis, expression for IMD products is derived and the corresponding circuit parameters for optimized linearity are obtained. For experimental verification, CMOS cascode amplifiers are designed and fabricated to operate at 2.45GHz with supply voltage of 2V. By measurement, IIP3 is improved of almost 7dB by using the proposed feedback technique. The performance dependency of the fabricated amplifiers under different bias conditions is also examined. The results indicate that the proposed technique can offer low sensitivity to the variation of process parameters. / Linearity is one of the major requirements in modern communication systems due to the limited channel spacing. In the past years, various linearization schemes have been studied extensively for RF circuit design such as low-noise amplifiers and power amplifiers. These techniques offer IMD reduction at the expense of circuit complexity. In the last decade, much effort has been devoted to the development of single-chip RF transceiver using sub-micron CMOS technology. This thesis presents three simple and effective linearization techniques for CMOS mixer and amplifier design. They are experimentally verified by circuit fabrication based on 0.35mum CMOS process. / The last approach combines the advantages of source degeneration and the capacitive feedback for cascode amplifier linearization. Experiments are performed on CMOS amplifiers operating at 2.45GHz, and more than 11dB of IIP3 enhancement is observed. / Au Yeung, Chung Fai. / "August 2007." / Adviser: Chang Kwok Keung. / Source: Dissertation Abstracts International, Volume: 69-02, Section: B, page: 1189. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2007. / Includes bibliographical references (p. 153-161). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Electronic reproduction. [Ann Arbor, MI] : ProQuest Information and Learning, [200-] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract in English and Chinese. / School code: 1307.

Lin Pui-Yu. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2001. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 103-105). / Abstracts in English and Chinese. / Acknowledgement / Chapter Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter Chapter 2 --- Nonlinear Phenomenon of Power Amplifier --- p.5 / Chapter 2.1. --- AM-AM and AM-PM Distortion --- p.5 / Chapter 2.2. --- Intermodulation Distortion --- p.7 / Chapter Chapter 3 --- Linearization Techniques --- p.10 / Chapter 3.1. --- Power Backoff --- p.11 / Chapter 3.2. --- Feedback --- p.12 / Chapter 3.3. --- Predistortion --- p.12 / Chapter 3.4. --- Feedforward --- p.14 / Chapter 3.5. --- Other Linearization Techniques --- p.15 / Chapter Chapter 4 --- Analysis of Feedforward Power Amplifier --- p.17 / Chapter 4.1. --- Feedforward Efficiency --- p.18 / Chapter 4.2. --- Design Criteria of the Auxiliary Amplifier --- p.20 / Chapter 4.3. --- Sensitivity Analysis --- p.21 / Chapter 4.3.1. --- Phase and Amplitude Mismatch --- p.22 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- Delay Mismatch --- p.23 / Chapter 4.3.3. --- Combined Effect --- p.25 / Chapter 4.3.4. --- Practical Consideration --- p.27 / Chapter 4.4. --- Other Design Criteria --- p.28 / Chapter Chapter 5 --- Adaptive Control Networks for FFPA --- p.29 / Chapter 5.1. --- Basic Principles of the Adaptive Control Network --- p.30 / Chapter 5.1.1. --- Lookup Table --- p.30 / Chapter 5.1.2. --- Power Minimization Vs. Correlation --- p.31 / Chapter 5.2. --- Analog Vs Digital Implementation of the Adaptive Control Network --- p.34 / Chapter 5.3. --- Techniques for Improving the Convergence Behaviour at the Distortion Cancellation Loop --- p.35 / Chapter 5.4. --- Important Notes on the Control Networks --- p.38 / Chapter Chapter 6 --- Novel Analysis of Adaptive FFPA --- p.40 / Chapter 6.1. --- Gradient algorithm --- p.40 / Chapter 6.2. --- Dual Loop Adaptive FFPA --- p.41 / Chapter 6.2.1. --- System Modeling --- p.42 / Chapter 6.2.2. --- Adaptation Behavior of the Distortion Extraction Loop --- p.44 / Chapter 6.2.3. --- Adaptation Behavior of the Distortion Cancellation Loop --- p.48 / Chapter 6.2.4. --- Accuracy Requirement of the Control Signals --- p.50 / Chapter 6.2.5. --- Effect of Delay Mismatch on the Convergence Accuracy --- p.51 / Chapter 6.2.6. --- Convergence Behaviors for Two Tone Input Signal --- p.52 / Chapter 6.2.6.1. --- Distortion Extraction Loop --- p.53 / Chapter 6.2.6.2. --- Distortion Cancellation Loop --- p.55 / Chapter 6.2.6.3. --- Simulation Results --- p.57 / Chapter 6.2.7. --- Convergence Behaviors for Digital Modulated Test signal --- p.60 / Chapter 6.2.7.1. --- Distortion Extraction Loop --- p.61 / Chapter 6.2.7.2. --- Distortion Cancellation Loop --- p.66 / Chapter 6.2.7.3. --- Simulation Results --- p.68 / Chapter 6.2.8. --- Comparison for the Adaptation Performance with Two Tone and Digital Modulated Test Signal --- p.70 / Chapter 6.3. --- Triple Loop Adaptive FFPA --- p.71 / Chapter 6.3.1. --- Adaptation Performance of the Additional Loop --- p.73 / Chapter 6.3.2. --- Adaptation Performance of the Distortion Cancellation Loop --- p.75 / Chapter 6.3.3. --- Improvement in Bias Error at the Distortion Cancellation Loop --- p.76 / Chapter 6.3.4. --- Effect of Delay Mismatch --- p.77 / Chapter 6.3.5. --- Simulation Results --- p.79 / Chapter Chapter 7 --- Implementation and Measured Performance of Triple Loop Adaptive FFPA --- p.85 / Chapter 7.1. --- Hardware Design --- p.85 / Chapter 7.1.1. --- Vector Modulator --- p.87 / Chapter 7.1.2 --- Complex Correlator --- p.88 / Chapter 7.2. --- Experimental Setup and Measured Results --- p.90 / Chapter Chapter 8 --- Conclusion --- p.95 / Appendix I Matlab Program for Simulation of Dual Loop Adaptive FFPA --- p.97 / Appendix II Matlab Program for Simulation of Triple Loop Adaptive FFPA --- p.100 / Reference --- p.103 / Author's Publication --- p.106

無處不在的無線業務以其不斷增長的需求促進了對稀缺無線資源的高效利用。多年來，優化技術被廣泛地運用在無線資源分配的方案設計上，從而達到改善系統性能之目的。在此領域的大部分工作中，用於定義優化問題的系統參數被假設為精確可知。然而，實際的系統參數往往是時變且隨機的。忽略系統參數的不確定性極易導致資源分配決策偏離最優狀態，或者甚至違反系統運行約束而使分配決策不可行。 / 本論文提出了一套用於無線通信的動態資源分配的隨機優化框架。具體而言，本文抓住了不確定系統參數的隨機本質，從而建立結合實際的問題模型，並且開發了高效的算法，以獲得最佳的分配決策。本文將提出的框架成功地應用於三個很有前景的無線通信系統中：自適應正交頻分多址接入（OFDMA）系統，多輸入多輸出（MIMO）天線系統，以及位置感知網絡。每一個應用系統中都存在與實踐相關的挑戰，而這些挑戰則源自於傳統基於靜態優化的設計在提供滿意的服務質量（QoS）中遇到的困難。結果表明，使用隨機優化的動態資源分配，可達到了更加穩健的QoS性能，並且顯著增強系統的實用性。 / 在自適應OFDMA系統中，本文提出了一套“慢適應“的最優子載波分配方案。該方案通過採用更新遠慢於無線信道波動的資源分配策略，從而使計算複雜度和控制信令大大降低。本文根據不同的應用背景，將慢適應子載波分配問題描述成為幾個不同的隨機規劃問題。其中，我們設計了一個高效的算法專門用以求解機會約束規劃類型的子載波分配問題。 / 在MIMO天線系統中，本文提出了一套天線和發射功率聯合分配的方案，使利用多天線支持單一移動終端上的多個無線電模塊同時運行成為可能。該方案最大化了長期系統吞吐量，同時以容許偶爾違反系統約束的方式滿足每個無線模塊的短期傳輸速率需求。結果表明，最優天線和發射功率分配顯著提高系統的吞吐量和滿足QoS的成功概率；而最優天線分配與最優功率分配相比，對提高系統吞吐量有更大的貢獻。 / 在位置感知網絡中，本文提出了一套魯棒功率分配方案，用以抵抗網絡參數的不確定性，這些參數包括用戶位置以及信道狀態。本文提出了一種新的魯棒優化方法，用以獲得最優功率分配，從而提高定位精度和網絡能效。結果表明，魯棒方案顯著優於非魯棒的功率分配和平均分配方案。 / 本論文著眼於縮短傳統基於靜態優化的設計與其現實針對性之間的差距。鑒於許多無線系統的參數在本質上都具有隨機性，本文所提出的採用隨機優化的資源分配方法，有望在未來無線通信中得到更多的應用。 / The growing demand of ubiquitous wireless services has prompted the efficient utilization of scarce radio resources. Over the years, optimization techniques have been widely employed to design optimal resource allocation schemes to achieve performance improvement. Most work in this area assumes that the system parameters defining the optimization problem are precisely known. In practical systems, however, these parameters are often time varying and random. Ignoring the parameter uncertainties would easily lead to suboptimality or even infeasible solutions that violate system operation constraints. / This thesis presents a stochastic optimization framework for the dynamic resource allocation in wireless communications. In particular, practice-relevant problem formulations are proposed to capture the stochastic nature of the uncertain system parameters, and efficient algorithms are developed to obtain the optimal allocation decisions. The proposed framework has been successfully applied in three promising wireless systems: adaptive orthogonal frequency division multiple access (OFDMA) systems, multiple-input and multiple-output (MIMO) antenna systems, and location-aware networks. Each application contains practice-relevant challenges, where the conventional designs using deterministic optimization fail to provide satisfactory quality of service (QoS). The results demonstrate that the dynamic resource allocation using stochastic optimization achieves more robust QoS performance and remarkably enhances the system practicality. / In adaptive OFDMA systems, a slow adaptation scheme is proposed for optimal subcarrier allocation. The proposed scheme updates the resource allocation decisions on a much slower timescale than that of channel fluctuation, which drastically reduces the computational complexity and control signaling overhead. The problems are formulated into several stochastic programs based on different application scenarios. An efficient algorithm is developed for solving the chance constrained subcarrier allocation problem. / In MIMO antenna systems, an antenna-and-power allocation scheme is proposed to enable the use of multiple antennas to support multiple radios co-operating on the same mobile device. The proposed scheme maximizes the long-term system throughput while satisfying the short-term data rate requirement of each radio transmission with occasional outage. The results show that both system throughput and success probability of QoS satisfaction are improved, and the optimal antenna allocation contributes to a larger portion of throughput increase comparing with the optimal power allocation. / In location-aware networks, robust power allocation schemes are proposed to combat the uncertainties in network parameters including user positions and channel conditions. A novel robust optimization method is developed to obtain the optimal power allocation, which improves both localization accuracy and network energy efficiency. The results show that the robust schemes remarkably outperform both non-robust power allocation and uniform allocation. / The goal of this thesis is to bridge the gap between the current designs under the deterministic optimization framework and their practical relevance. Given the fact that many wireless system parameters are stochastic in nature, the proposed resource allocation methods using stochastic optimization are expected to find further applications in wireless communications. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Li, Weiliang. / Thesis (Ph.D.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 157-175). / Electronic reproduction. Hong Kong : Chinese University of Hong Kong, [2012] System requirements: Adobe Acrobat Reader. Available via World Wide Web. / Abstract also in Chinese. / 摘要 / Abstract --- p.iii / Acknowledgement --- p.vi / Contents --- p.ix / List of Figures --- p.xiii / List of Tables --- p.xvii / List of Acronyms --- p.xviii / List of Notations --- p.xxi / Chapter 1 --- Introduction --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1 --- Resource Allocation in Wireless Communications --- p.2 / Chapter 1.2 --- Stochastic Optimization and Its Applications --- p.4 / Chapter 1.2.1 --- Robust Optimization --- p.5 / Chapter 1.2.2 --- Chance Constrained Optimization --- p.8 / Chapter 1.3 --- Motivation and Research Focus --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.1 --- Motivation --- p.10 / Chapter 1.3.2 --- OFDM and OFDMA Systems --- p.14 / Chapter 1.3.3 --- MIMO Antenna Systems --- p.16 / Chapter 1.3.4 --- Location-Aware Networks --- p.18 / Chapter 1.4 --- Contributions --- p.20 / Chapter 1.5 --- Organization --- p.23 / Chapter 2 --- Slow Subcarrier Allocation in Adaptive OFDMA Systems --- p.25 / Chapter 2.1 --- System and Channel Model --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.1 --- Channel Model --- p.29 / Chapter 2.1.2 --- Slow Adaptive OFDMA --- p.30 / Chapter 2.2 --- Slow Adaptive OFDMA with Average Rate Constraints for Elastic Traffics --- p.32 / Chapter 2.2.1 --- Problem Formulation --- p.33 / Chapter 2.2.2 --- Computation of Expected Average Data Rate --- p.34 / Chapter 2.2.3 --- Numerical Results --- p.37 / Chapter 2.3 --- Slow Adaptive OFDMA with Average Rate Constraints for Inelastic Traffics --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.1 --- Problem Formulation --- p.40 / Chapter 2.3.2 --- Numerical Results --- p.43 / Chapter 2.4 --- Slow Adaptive OFDMA with Probabilistic Rate Constraints --- p.46 / Chapter 2.4.1 --- Problem Formulation --- p.47 / Chapter 2.4.2 --- Safe Tractable Constraints --- p.48 / Chapter 2.4.3 --- Algorithm Design --- p.51 / Chapter 2.4.4 --- Problem Size Reduction --- p.59 / Chapter 2.4.5 --- Numerical Results --- p.61 / Chapter 2.5 --- Summary --- p.70 / Chapter 3 --- Dynamic Antenna-and-Power Allocation in Composite Radio MIMO Networks --- p.72 / Chapter 3.1 --- System Model --- p.76 / Chapter 3.1.1 --- Composite Radio System --- p.76 / Chapter 3.1.2 --- Channel Model --- p.77 / Chapter 3.1.3 --- Dynamic Antenna-and-Power Allocation --- p.78 / Chapter 3.2 --- Problem Formulation --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2.1 --- MIMO Channel Capacity --- p.80 / Chapter 3.2.2 --- Chance Constrained Formulation --- p.81 / Chapter 3.2.3 --- Safe Tractable Formulation --- p.82 / Chapter 3.3 --- Search for Feasible Solutions --- p.85 / Chapter 3.3.1 --- Algorithm Design --- p.87 / Chapter 3.4 --- Approach to Optimal Solution --- p.89 / Chapter 3.4.1 --- Cutting-Plane-Based Algorithm --- p.91 / Chapter 3.4.2 --- Optimal Antenna-and-Power Allocation --- p.95 / Chapter 3.5 --- Simulation Results --- p.96 / Chapter 3.6 --- Summary --- p.106 / Chapter 4 --- Robust Power Allocation for Energy-Efficient Location-Aware Networks --- p.107 / Chapter 4.1 --- System Model --- p.110 / Chapter 4.1.1 --- Network Settings --- p.110 / Chapter 4.1.2 --- Position Error Bound --- p.111 / Chapter 4.1.3 --- Directional Decoupling of SPEB --- p.113 / Chapter 4.2 --- Optimal Power Allocation via Conic Programming --- p.115 / Chapter 4.2.1 --- Problem Formulation Based on SPEB --- p.115 / Chapter 4.2.2 --- Problem Formulation Based on mDPEB --- p.117 / Chapter 4.2.3 --- Formulations with QoS Guarantee --- p.120 / Chapter 4.3 --- Robust Power Allocation under Imperfect Network Topology Parameters --- p.122 / Chapter 4.3.1 --- Robust Counterpart of SPEB Minimization --- p.123 / Chapter 4.3.2 --- Robust Counterpart of mDPEB Minimization --- p.131 / Chapter 4.4 --- Efficient Robust Algorithm Using Distributed Computations --- p.132 / Chapter 4.4.1 --- Algorithm for SPEB Minimization --- p.132 / Chapter 4.4.2 --- Algorithm for mDPEB Minimization --- p.136 / Chapter 4.5 --- Simulation Results --- p.137 / Chapter 4.5.1 --- Power Allocation with Perfect Network Topology Parameters --- p.137 / Chapter 4.5.2 --- Robust Power Allocation with Imperfect Network Topology Parameters --- p.140 / Chapter 4.6 --- Summary --- p.144 / Chapter 5 --- Conclusions and Future Work --- p.145 / Chapter 5.1 --- Conclusions --- p.145 / Chapter 5.1.1 --- Slow Adaptive OFDMA Systems --- p.146 / Chapter 5.1.2 --- Composite Radio MIMO Networks --- p.147 / Chapter 5.1.3 --- Energy-Efficient Location-Aware Networks --- p.148 / Chapter 5.2 --- Future Work --- p.150 / Chapter A --- Bernstein Approximation Theorem --- p.153 / Chapter B --- Ergodic MIMO Capacity and Moment Generating Function --- p.155 / Bibliography --- p.157

近十年來，無線通訊技術、流動電話服務以及無線網絡的發展一日千里。不單止為社會帶來很多新的技術及先進的設備，更加帶來了許多新穎的應用構想。其中最被廣泛討論的要數室內無線實時定位系統。室內定位，顧名思義就是一種對一個或多個室內目標進行定位及追蹤的技術。這種技術的潛在應用非常多元化，例如倉庫管理、人力資源調配等等。透過這種技術可以使一些室內位置信息相關的服務更加自動化，從而提升服務效率。正因為市場狂熱的需求，近年來室內無線實時定位系統一直都是一個熱門的研究課題。 / 本論文的上半部主要是討論一種基於無線射頻識別技術的室內無線實時定位系統。這個系統的特點是在閱讀器的天線上應用了模擬一維綫相控陣列天線。系統的定位原理是基於三角測距法，透過相控陣的主波束掃描配合信號強度測量去估算出信號入射角。比較其他入射角測量的方法，應用這種方法的硬件成本更低而且能確保一定的精度。整個系統的開發包括有無線射頻標籤、閱讀器、模擬一維綫相控陣列天線、網絡控制器、數據庫、圖像應用界面及一種有效壓抑室內多徑問題的定位算法。這個系統的最大好處就是它不像其他一些現存的定位系統一樣，在安裝後需要進行大量的離線實地校準。我們進行了大量的實驗去客觀地驗證系統的定位性能，實驗的結果指出系統的定位誤差平均值小於一米。 / 為了控制系統的硬件成本，上述所提及到的模擬一維綫相控陣列天線會採用一種非常便宜的板材：FR4。但是FR4這種板材便宜的代價便是它相對較高的介質損耗。較高的介質損耗對模擬一維綫相控陣列天線的實現存在着一個重要的難題：模擬360º移相器的插入損耗相對電壓變化不平滑。有見及止，本論文的下半部會討論一種新穎而有效壓抑因高介質損耗而導致插入損耗不平滑的反射式移相器。新的移相器設計包含兩種壓抑插入損耗不平滑的技術。在仿真結果中，新的設計把傳統設計的插入損耗不平滑從1.4分貝大幅降低至0.3分貝。實驗的結果指出，在360o 的移相範圍內只存在着0.6分貝的插入損耗不平滑。 / 最後在此作一個總結。本論文主要是討論一種高效、低成本、基於無線射頻識別技術及模擬一維綫相控陣列天線技術的室內無線實時定位系統。大量的實驗數據證明了它良好的定位性能。而且系統的網絡設計使到它可以更彈性地應用到不同的場所。 / In recent years, the rapid development in wireless communication technologies, mobile computing devices and wireless networks has stimulated a fast growing interest in various location-aware systems that can provide real time information of physical locations of objects or persons. In this thesis, an active radio frequency identification (RFID) indoor positioning system utilizing analog linear phased array antenna (PAA) technology has been proposed and demonstrated. By using beam steering of an analog linear PAA and measuring the corresponding received signal strength indicator (RSSI), one can determine the angle of arrival (AoA) of the transmitted signal from a tag. In this work, a complete locationing system has been built, which includes RFID tag, reader integrated PAA, network controller and database with event driven functions. Besides that, a novel positioning algorithm that can effectively overcome indoor multipath effect is also proposed. The major advantage of the proposed system is that it doesn’t require any on-site calibration. Therefore, the setup of the proposed system is scenario-independent. A large number of experiments and results have demonstrated that the probabilities of spatial errors of less than 1 meter and 1.5 meters of the proposed system are about 80% and 95% respectively. / In order to have a cost-effective system, those analog linear PAAs are fabricated in FR4 substrate, with which constant insertion loss under phase steering of a 360º analog phase shifter is difficult to realize due to the substrate loss. In order to overcome this difficulty, a novel loss-compensated microstrip 360º reflection-type diode phase shifter with constant insertion loss has been proposed and concept proven. In this regard, two techniques have been investigated to reduce the insertion loss variation which is caused by using lossy substrate. As compared with the conventional design, simulation results have shown a considerable improvement on the insertion loss variation from 1.4dB to 0.3dB. Measurement results have demonstrated a 0.6dB insertion loss variation over 360º phase steering range. / In conclusion, a low-cost but with moderate performance RFID indoor locationing system based on analog linear PAA technology has been proposed and experimentally demonstrated. The prototype system has shown its high accuracy, flexibility in network deployment, and scenario-independent operation. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Detailed summary in vernacular field only. / Hung, Wing Hung. / Thesis (M.Phil.)--Chinese University of Hong Kong, 2012. / Includes bibliographical references (leaves 85-87). / Abstracts also in Chinese. / ABSTRACT --- p.I / 論文摘要 --- p.III / ACKNOWLEDGEMENT --- p.V / TABLE OF CONTENT --- p.VI / LIST OF FIGURES --- p.IX / LIST OF TABLES --- p.XIII / LIST OF ABBREVIATIONS --- p.XIV / Chapter CHAPTER 1 --- INTRODUCTION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.1. --- RESEARCH MOTIVATION --- p.1 / Chapter 1.2. --- OVERVIEW OF THE THESIS ORGANIZATION --- p.5 / Chapter CHAPTER 2 --- FUNDAMENTALS IN LINEAR PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA AND REFLECTION-TYPE PHASE SHIFTER --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1. --- LINEAR PHASED ARRAY ANTENNA --- p.6 / Chapter 2.1.1. --- Operating Principle --- p.7 / Chapter 2.1.2. --- Simulation Example --- p.9 / Chapter 2.2. --- REFLECTION-TYPE PHASE SHIFTER --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.1. --- Operating Principle --- p.10 / Chapter 2.2.2. --- Simulation Example --- p.12 / Chapter CHAPTER 3 --- CONVENTIONAL INDOOR POSITIONING METHODOLOGIES --- p.15 / Chapter 3.1. --- RSSI RANGING --- p.15 / Chapter 3.1.1. --- Radio Fingerprint --- p.15 / Chapter 3.1.2. --- Radio Propagation Model --- p.17 / Chapter 3.1.3. --- Reference Tags --- p.18 / Chapter 3.1.4. --- Ordered Signal Strength Sequence --- p.19 / Chapter 3.2. --- UWB RANGING --- p.20 / Chapter 3.3. --- NEAR FIELD ELECTROMAGNETIC RANGING (NFER) --- p.21 / Chapter CHAPTER 4 --- CONVENTIONAL 360º REFLECTION-TYPE PHASE SHIFTER DESIGNS --- p.23 / Chapter 4.1. --- PARALLELING TWO SERIES-RESONANT VARACTOR CIRCUIT --- p.23 / Chapter 4.1.1. --- 360º Phase Shift --- p.24 / Chapter 4.1.2. --- Constant Insertion Loss --- p.24 / Chapter 4.1.3. --- Performance --- p.25 / Chapter 4.2. --- PARALLELING TWO ARMS HAVING 180O PHASE CHANGE WITH 90º OUT OF PHASE --- p.27 / Chapter 4.2.1. --- Linearity and 180º Phase Shift --- p.27 / Chapter 4.2.2. --- Constant Insertion Loss --- p.29 / Chapter 4.2.3. --- 360º Phase Shift --- p.29 / Chapter 4.2.4. --- Performance --- p.30 / Chapter 4.3. --- CONNECTING TWO ARMS HAVING 180O PHASE CHANGE WITH 90O OUT OF PHASE IN-SERIES --- p.31 / Chapter 4.3.1. --- Constant Insertion Loss --- p.31 / Chapter 4.3.2. --- 360º Phase Shift --- p.32 / Chapter 4.3.3. --- Performance --- p.32 / Chapter CHAPTER 5 --- AN ACTIVE RFID INDOOR POSITIONING SYSTEM UTILIZING ANALOG LINEAR PHASED ARRAY --- p.34 / Chapter 5.1. --- POSITIONING METHODOLOGY --- p.35 / Chapter 5.2. --- SYSTEM ARCHITECTURE --- p.37 / Chapter 5.2.1. --- Analog Linear Phased Array Antenna --- p.39 / Chapter 5.3. --- POSITIONING ALGORITHM --- p.51 / Chapter 5.3.1. --- Zone Decision --- p.51 / Chapter 5.3.2. --- Point Location --- p.52 / Chapter 5.4. --- EXPERIMENTAL RESULT --- p.58 / Chapter CHAPTER 6 --- NOVEL 360º REFLECTION-TYPE DIODE PHASE SHIFTER WITH CONSTANT INSERTION LOSS UNDER LOSSY SUBSTRATE --- p.65 / Chapter 6.1. --- REVIEW --- p.66 / Chapter 6.2. --- PROBLEMS --- p.68 / Chapter 6.3. --- PROPOSED SOLUTIONS --- p.71 / Chapter 6.3.1. --- Closed Reflection Coefficient Circle --- p.71 / Chapter 6.3.2. --- Centered Reflection Coefficient Circle --- p.74 / Chapter 6.4. --- SIMULATION AND MEASUREMENT RESULT --- p.77 / Chapter CHAPTER 7 --- CONCLUSION --- p.83 / REFERENCES --- p.85 / AUTHOR’S PUBLICATIONS --- p.88 / Chapter APPENDIX 1: --- DESIGN OF RFID TAG --- p.89 / Chapter APPENDIX 2: --- DESIGN OF RFID READER --- p.98 / Chapter APPENDIX 3: --- DESIGN OF RFID CONTROLLER --- p.100

Currently there is a need to design, develop, and deploy autonomous and portable indoor geolocation systems to fulfil the needs of military, civilian, governmental and commercial customers where GPS and GLONASS signals are not available due to the limitations of both GPS and GLONASS signal structure designs. The goal of this dissertation is (1) to introduce geolocation systems; (2) to classify the state of the art geolocation systems; (3) to identify the issues with the state of the art indoor geolocation systems; and (4) to propose and assess four WPI indoor geolocation systems. It is assessed that the current GPS and GLONASS signal structures are inadequate to overcome two main design concerns; namely, (1) the near-far effect and (2) the multipath effect. We propose four WPI indoor geolocation systems as an alternative solution to near-far and multipath effects. The WPI indoor geolocation systems are (1) a DSSS/CDMA indoor geolocation system, (2) a DSSS/CDMA/FDMA indoor geolocation system, (3) a DSSS/OFDM/CDMA/FDMA indoor geolocation system, and (4) an OFDM/FDMA indoor geolocation system. Each system is researched, discussed, and analyzed based on its principle of operation, its transmitter, the indoor channel, and its receiver design and issues associated with obtaining an observable to achieve indoor navigation. Our assessment of these systems concludes the following. First, a DSSS/CDMA indoor geolocation system is inadequate to neither overcome the near-far effect not mitigate cross-channel interference due to the multipath. Second, a DSSS/CDMA/FDMA indoor geolocation system is a potential candidate for indoor positioning, with data rate up to 3.2 KBPS, pseudorange error, less than to 2 m and phase error less than 5 mm. Third, a DSSS/OFDM/CDMA/FDMA indoor geolocation system is a potential candidate to achieve similar or better navigation accuracy than a DSSS/CDMA indoor geolocation system and data rate up to 5 MBPS. Fourth, an OFDM/FDMA indoor geolocation system is another potential candidate with a totally different signal structure than the pervious three WPI indoor geolocation systems, but with similar pseudorange error performance.